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As tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated, President Harry Truman introduced the Truman Doctrine, a policy aimed at containing the spread of communism. It provided military and economic assistance to countries resisting Soviet influence, starting with Greece and Turkey.

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When the Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin to force it under communist control, the U.S. and its allies responded with the Berlin Airlift, a massive operation that supplied the city with food, fuel, and medical supplies for nearly a year.

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To help rebuild war-torn Europe and prevent the spread of communism, the U.S. launched the Marshall Plan, an economic aid program that provided over $12 billion to Western European countries.

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The Korean War was the first major military conflict of the Cold War. The U.S. led a United Nations coalition to defend South Korea from a communist invasion by North Korea, which was supported by China and the Soviet Union.

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During the 1950s, fear of communist infiltration in the U.S. led to the Red Scare, where government officials, Hollywood figures, and ordinary citizens were accused of being communist sympathizers. Senator Joseph McCarthy became the face of anti-communist hysteria, leading to blacklists, investigations, and violations of civil liberties.

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The McCarthy Era & Red Scare (1950s)

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The launch of the Soviet Sputnik satellite in 1957 shocked the U.S. and ignited the Space Race between the two superpowers. The U.S. responded by creating NASA and heavily investing in science and technology education.

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In October 1962, the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from its shores. For 13 tense days, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev negotiated a resolution. The crisis ended with the Soviets withdrawing their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba and a secret agreement to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.

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 The Creation of the Internet (ARPANET, 1969)

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 The Creation of the Internet (ARPANET, 1969)

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During the Cold War, the U.S. Department of Defense developed ARPANET, an early computer network designed to ensure secure communication in case of a nuclear attack.

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The Berlin Wall, which had divided communist East Berlin from capitalist West Berlin since 1961, fell on November 9, 1989. This event symbolized the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.