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Amin, A., & Howell, P. (2016). Releasing the Commons. Rethinking the future of the commons. （P145-160）

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Amin, A., & Howell, P. (2016). Releasing the Commons. Rethinking the future of the commons. （P145-160）

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This imaginary of the commons operates in the realm of rights, data, and citizenship. It maps and counts exclusion.

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What kind of urban commons do we have in mind when we call for fairer cities?

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What kind of urban commons do we have in mind when we call for fairer cities?

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This is not to consider the urban commons as a monolithic universalist position, but rather to promote a spatially, socially vectorial (gender, caste, class, religion, age, etc.)

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A civil society action that puts the knowledge, capacity and imagination of the urban poor at the centre of the struggle for better conditions

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It exists largely outside the programmes and activities of civil society organisations, but is crucial to sustaining some form of metabolic urban commons and is important for the functioning of civil society organisations

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https://youtu.be/ym4EJQ7XORk?si=I0OOLDcdmPt1zI12

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https://youtu.be/QLNuvQB1q0k?si=r7g6uv6hrYKzfHJI

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https://youtu.be/V4_MeS6SOwk?si=tdOdCviNb8gv4FUP

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Key reference point: “Right to Pee” in Mumbai （an umbrella group of civil society organisations）

Action: ‘Right to pee’ has been campaigning for the availability of public toilets for women in the city, with over 50,000 signatures on the petition, and eventually state women and child development minister Gaikwad was petitioned by Right to Pee

Achievement: Successfully pushed for the Maharashtra State Women's Policy, which mandates the construction of a women's toilet every 20 kilometres. However, actual construction has been slow.

Significance: Unprecedented recognition of women's right to use public toilets, seen not only as a victory for improved sanitation but also for the women's movement.

Limitations: The neglect or opposition of middle-class women to the movement reflects the obstacles to gender solidarity posed by class differences.

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Key reference point: Toilet block project in Khotwadi neighbourhood, Mumbai.

Action: Toilet block was made a centre of community development through self-management and innovation by community organisations such as Triratana Prerana Mandal (TPM).

Achievement: winner of the Deutsche Bank Urban Age Award (DBUA), whose prize money was used to build facilities such as a community sports centre and computer classroom, which has improved the overall quality of life in the community.

Significance: An outstanding example of self-help by the poor, refuting the stereotype of slum dwellers as helpless or lazy victims.

Limitations: Dependent on external funding and government co-operation, there are challenges of project sustainability. At times, partnerships facilitated by Entrepreneurial civil society may break down, and certain conditions or offers can no longer be sustained in their form.

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Key reference point: Protest by residents of Rafinagar against rising toilet charges.

Action & Significance: Through impromptu protests, such as defecating in public spaces, Residents have success- fully come together on two occasions to protest against the demolition attempts and drive away the demolition crew, and managed, if temporarily, to obtain support from the municipal councillor.Its emanation of odour which is a form of protest in which the urban collective temporarily constitutes a political moment dramatises the limited possibilities of human waste metabolism. limited possibilities, especially for women. to draw social attention and force concessions from administrators.

Achievement: successful in stopping the rise in toilet charges, but such protests are usually short-lived and localised, a successful case with specificities.

Limitations: such small-scale acts of resistance, born out of metabolic and social desperation, have meagre but not insignificant results, are repeated daily across the country, and lack organisation and long-term planning to achieve systemic change.

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Indian fight for 'right to pee' - BBC News

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Sewer cleaners have one of South Asia’s most dangerous jobs. #dangerous #india #sanitation

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https://twocircles.net/2007nov02/german_award_two_projects_transform_lives.html

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https://www.mentimeter.com/app/presentation/al6q9ncg73euvsa9phytd5i1ugfz3mq2/present?question=8zm5p9czommm

1. All Students Name (in Classroom NOW!) - Roll CALL

2. In promoting the Urban Metabolic Commons,what do

you think of the strengths and limitations of Commons 1: the right to urban metabolism and Commons 2: entrepreneurial civil society?

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1.Han Su/Qian Qiaoyu/Wang Linlu/Liu Zixu

2.e.g. common1 may focus more on equity and safeguarding the rights of the disadvantaged,but may face resourse and efficiency problems in implementation ;common2 may be more innovative,but may rely too much on rational thinking and neglect social equity.

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Violence, the body, and metabolising waste

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Violence, the body, and metabolising waste

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Rafinagar is part of the city’s ‘slum belt’ or ‘malnutrition belt’, one of the densest areas and described in the 2009 Mumbai Human Development Report as having the lowest scores for human development and the highest rates of infant mortality.

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A vul- nerability produced by caste oppression, the normalisation of horrific violence against poor women, and the structural and systematic failure of the Indian state to provide the minimum of everyday rights: a clean, functional toilet. The National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights reported that 67 per cent of low- caste Dalit women – often referred to as ‘untouchable’ – in India have faced some form of sexual violence (Soundararajan 2014).