# data[].attributes.body
Pedro, A., Krutnik, M., Yadack, V. M., Pereira, L., & Morais, H. (2023). Opportunities and challenges for small‑scale flexibility in European electricity markets. Utilities Policy, 80, 101477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101477

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Zagubień, A., & Wolniewicz, K. (2022). Energy efficiency of small wind turbines in an urbanized area—case studies. Energies, 15(14), 5287. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145287

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Energy Efficiency of Small Wind Turbines in an Urbanized Area—Case Studies

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This study aimed to determine whether the wind zone that characterizes a given area of the country in open area is reflected in the built-up area lying within the zone. Analysis included four Polish cities located in different wind zones. The two-parameter Weibull density distribution function was used to present the wind conditions at each location. Two 3 kW VAWT devices were selected to evaluate the productivity of wind turbines at the locations analyzed. It was shown that the wind zones characterizing the wind potential of a region in an open area have no significant influence on the wind conditions in the built-up area located in that area. It was determined that the study location’s did not exhibit wind potential that could be economically justified by a wind turbine. WTs in the city do not reach their nominal productivity. A decisive advantage of very light winds was observed (up to 2 m/s) and a large proportion of so-called atmospheric calms. It was shown that the installation of small wind turbines in an urbanized area requires a minimum of annual wind measurements at the exact location and height of each future turbine planned.

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Karasu Asnaz, M. (2018). A case study: Small scale wind turbine system selection and economic viability. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, 5(4), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.464059

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Loganathan, Bavin Raj (2019). Aerodynamic study of single stage multi-blade drag-based vertical axis wind turbines. RMIT University. Thesis. https://doi.org/10.25439/rmt.27597588

# data[].attributes.body
Rojas-Solórzano, L., Andrade, E. A., Bayon, A., & Torres, E. A. (2023). Modeling and experimental comparative analysis on the performance of small-scale wind turbines. Renewable Energy, 207, 909–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.041

# data[].attributes.body
Li, J., Li, Z., Jiang, Y., & Tang, Y. (2022). Typhoon Resistance Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines: A review. Atmosphere, 13(3), 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030451

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Typhoon Resistance Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review

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A typhoon is a tropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean and the China seas. Typhoons are some of the most destructive natural disasters on Earth. In China, typhoons have had major impacts on the stability and structural integrity of offshore wind turbines in the complex and harsh marine environment. In this research, first, the main causes of wind turbine damage were analyzed based on the characteristics of a typhoon and a wind turbine structure for typical typhoon-induced accidents. Second, the research progress of the anti-typhoon design of offshore wind turbines and the anti-typhoon strategy of wind farms operation and maintenance was summarized. Finally, the problems to be further solved in these research fields were presented to provide references for the development of offshore wind turbines, in particular, floating wind turbines in typhoon-prone areas.

# data[].attributes.body
Adannou, N. H. A., Christophe, N. N., & Maurice, N. G. D. (2024). Design and construction of a mini wind turbine for second-year science students: Case study of learning a skills-based approach. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(3), 382–394. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2024.21.3.0512

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Haroun Ali Adannou 1, 2, *, Nguemadjita Christophe 1 and Golque Deidi Maurice 1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Design and construction of a mini wind turbine for second-year science students: Case study of learning a skills-based approach | GSC Advanced Research and Reviews

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The aim of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of assembling a wind turbine from a 12V coil in the context of secondary education. Through an educational and practical approach, the study shows how students can learn the basic principles of wind energy by building their own wind turbine from simple and accessible materials. This project allows students to develop their

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Chu, Mu (2025). Aspects of the blade tower interaction of 2-blade 5kW horizontal wind turbine operating in highly turbulent conditions. Open Research Newcastle. Thesis. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1407988

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Aspects of the blade tower interaction of 2-blade 5kW horizontal wind turbine operating in highly turbulent conditions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The research work documented in this thesis is focused on understanding how flow shadow from a downstream monopole wind turbine tower effects the blades on a high-efficiency small wind turbine operating in highly turbulent wind flows. Experimental measurement campaigns and computational fluid dynamics simulations were undertaken to investigate this phenomenon. All experimental campaigns reported in this thesis were done using a two-bladed upwind 5kW Aerogenesis wind turbine over a range of turbine operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics modelling of the flow over the turbine and tower and modelling the fluid blade-structure interactions were done using the ANSYS suite of software. One of the turbine’s 2.5 m long composite blades was instrumented with 12 strain gauges attached to the blade’s pressure and suction surfaces to measure its mechanical response during operation. Signals from these gauges were initially acquired using a V-link data acquisition system, but due to incompatibility with other data acquisition systems used on the turbine, this system was replaced with an Arduino-based data acquisition system. The Arduino data acquisition system, built by the Wind Energy Group at The University of Newcastle, was modular allowing easy integration with other data acquisition systems; important aspects of this data acquisition system are documented in this thesis. The blade’s composite structure was modelled using ANSYS Composite PrepPost with a series of static and dynamic blade tests undertaken to verify the accuracy of this finite element model, and to later verify a formulation that infers blade deflections from strain gauges signals. The derivation of this formulation is documented in this thesis. The ANSYS structural model of the blade was also used to remove the centrifugal strain component from the strain gauge signals, allowing the blade’s operating flapwise deflections to be inferred. On-site experiments were carried out to determine the blade’s flapwise deflection for a range of wind conditions and for two different tower diameters and associated blade tower clearances. Signals from the strain gauges attached to the blade were acquired at 500 Hz allowing detailed examination of the structural response of the blade as it passed in front of the tower. Analysis of these experimental results indicate that blade tower shadow caused a slight reduction in blade deflection when the blade past in front of the tower. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was performed on the blade strain gauge data for measurement undertaken with both tower diameters, with the 1P (once per revolution) and 2P (twice per revolution) signals clear visible and distinguishable. The 1P frequency coincided with the blade rotating frequency. A number of 2D and 3D simulations were undertaken confirming that the Shear Stress Transport turbulence model combine with a hybrid mesh strategy was the most appropriate combination to simulate flow over a full-sized model of the 5 kW Aerogenesis wind turbine. The blade’s aeroelastic response was modelled by linking ANSYS CFX and ANSYS Mechanical to perform the fluid blade-structure interaction simulations. These simulations indicated that wind shear across the blade rotor resulted in minimal variation in the blade’s flapwise deflection. For turbine yaw rates of less than ±12°/sec, gyroscopic loading had a negligible contribution to the strain measured on an operating blade. Simulations indicated that increasing the tower diameter and subsequently reducing the blade tower gap, reduced blade deflection by only 3 mm. This small change in blade deflection as it passed in front of the turbine tower is likely to have minimal effect on the blade’s fatigue life.

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Charabi, Y., Abdul-Wahab, S. Wind turbine performance analysis for energy cost minimization. Renewables 7, 5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40807-020-00062-7

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Wind turbine performance analysis for energy cost minimization - Sustainable Energy Research

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The use of wind energy worldwide has overgrown in recent years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Wind power is free, but the installation and maintenance of wind turbines remain very costly. The size of the installation of the wind turbine is not only determined by wind statistics at a given location, but also by turbine infrastructure and maintenance costs. The payback time of the turbine is dependent on turbine energy costs. This study estimates the wind power generation capacity of Northern and Southern Oman and discusses the selection of the most economical, efficient and reliable wind turbines in Oman. HOMER Pro Software was used in this paper to evaluate the wind energy data in the north and south of Oman and to provide well-informed guidance on the most suitable turbines for the power needs of each area. Six different standard wind turbines were measured and compared in terms of the cost of energy and performance. The simulation analysis reveals that the DW54 turbine is the best possible turbine to generate electricity in northern Oman at $0.119/kW. Due to the difference in the wind regime between the north and the south of Oman, the simulation showed that the Hummer H25.0–200 kW turbine is the best option for south Oman with power generation at $0.070/kW. The northern wind turbine plant can efficiently contribute to decarbonization of the energy sector in Oman, with a potential reduction of CO2 emission approximately 19,000 tons/year in comparison to natural gas and 28,000 tons/year in comparison to diesel. In the Southern Power Plant, carbon emissions are reduced by 18,000 and 12,000 tons/year compared to diesel and natural gas.

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A Comprehensive Review on Signal-Based and Model-Based Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines: Fault diagnosis and Lifetime Prognosis. (2022, June 1). IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9774410

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McMorland, J., Flannigan, C., Carroll, J., Collu, M., McMillan, D., Leithead, W., & Coraddu, A. (2022). A review of operations and maintenance modelling with considerations for novel wind turbine concepts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 165, 112581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112581

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Elgendi et al. (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100289

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“This paper presents the state-of-the-art technologies and development trends of wind turbine drivetrains the system that converts kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy – in different stages of their life cycle: design, manufacturing, installation, operation, lifetime extension, decommissioning and recycling.

Nejad, A. R., Keller, J., Guo, Y., Sheng, S., Polinder, H., Watson, S., Dong, J., Qin, Z., Ebrahimi, A., Schelenz, R., Guzmán, F. G., Cornel, D., Golafshan, R., Jacobs, G., Blockmans, B., Bosmans, J., Pluymers, B., Carroll, J., Koukoura, S., . . . Helsen, J. (2022). Wind turbine drivetrains: state-of-the-art technologies and future development trends. Wind Energy Science, 7(1), 387–411. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Wind turbine drivetrains: state-of-the-art technologies and future development trends

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Abstract. This paper presents the state-of-the-art technologies and development trends of wind turbine drivetrains – the system that converts kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy – in different stages of their life cycle: design, manufacturing, installation, operation, lifetime extension, decommissioning and recycling. Offshore development and digitalization are also a focal point in this study. Drivetrain in this context includes the whole power conversion system: main bearing, shafts, gearbox, generator and power converter. The main aim of this article is to review the drivetrain technology development as well as to identify future challenges and research gaps. The main challenges in drivetrain research identified in this paper include drivetrain dynamic responses in large or floating turbines, aerodynamic and farm control effects, use of rare-earth material in generators, improving reliability through prognostics, and use of advances in digitalization. These challenges illustrate the multidisciplinary aspect of wind turbine drivetrains, which emphasizes the need for more interdisciplinary research and collaboration.

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-created to capture wind generated by moving vehicles inside road tunnels. This miniature turbine is built to be compact and efficient, turning wasted wind energy from traffic into useful electricity.

Gallorini and Barelli.(2024, October 1)ScienceDirect.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544224020826

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v121n11/58396/html
-study emphasizes the efficiency of micro wind turbines for sustainable, localized power generation.
Parametric analysis and design considerations for micro wind turbines: A comprehensive review. (2024, October 21). Tech Science Press. https://www.techscience.com/energy/v121n11/58396/html

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Parametric Analysis and Design Considerations for Micro Wind Turbines: A Comprehensive Review

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Wind energy provides a sustainable solution to the ever-increasing demand for energy. Micro-wind turbines offer a promising solution for low-wind speed, decentralized power generation in urban and remote areas. Earlier resear... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

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-It involves designing, simulating, building, and testing mini wind turbines to evaluate their performance in generating electricity for small devices.
Bhati, M. U. (2025). Micro wind turbine - Modelling and testing. Clemson OPEN.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Micro Wind Turbine - Modelling and Testing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The global energy demand continues to rise as people consume more electricity to power their personal electronics, electric vehicles, and consumer products such as outdoor tools. To generate renewable energy, large scale solar and wind farms continue to receive the most commercial attention. However, portable wind energy turbines have the potential to generate sufficient power for cell phones and other electronic devices. There are two types of wind turbines, horizontal and vertical axis each having their pros and cons. Vertical-axis wind turbines are the main focus of this thesis, with a reduction in their form factor or size and portable applicability. However, a gap exists in the development and deployment of miniaturized VAWT to generate electricity in remote areas. To accomplish this research investigation, a series of tasks were undertaken including the design, modeling, analysis, fabrication and testing of small multi-blade vertical rotors for electricity generation. Eight different airfoil profiles were selected, and two distinct numerical studies were conducted on them. First, the aerodynamic capabilities of these airfoil profiles were virtually analyzed using two software packages, COMSOL and QBlade. Specifically, the airfoil performance was assessed including the lift and drag coefficients at different angles of attack for the incoming wind flow. Second, the airfoils were integrated into rotors and then fabricated using a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing process. The number of turbine rotor blades was determined using the tip speed ratio. A small-scale wind turbine was available in the laboratory to support limited experimental testing. The wind turbine rotors were attached to various AC/DC electric generators and tested in the wind tunnel with supporting instrumentation. Representative experimental results were collected using National Instruments data acquisition hardware and software. Overall, vertical axis wind turbine rotors with airfoils having a lower camber radius had the highest lift and drag forces, which also translated to higher electricity generation. Also, turbine rotors with airfoil blades that utilized both lift and drag forces optimally generated more electricity as compared to turbine rotors with airfoils that were either lift or drag only. In terms of electric power, a mismatch in the AC/DC electric generator size to the rotors, and mechanical alignment leading to lower efficiency likely contributed to smaller values than anticipated. The numerical and experimental results offer a promising pathway for continued study on miniature VAWT systems.

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explains how small wind turbines can be used on homes or farms to generate electricity.

Electricity generation using small wind turbines for home or farm use. (2021, July 29). ontario.ca. https://www.ontario.ca/page/electricity-generation-using-small-wind-turbines-home-or-farm-use

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-turbines provide renewable energy in areas with steady wind and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While they are less common than large turbines or solar panels, they offer a clean energy solution, especially in rural or remote locations.

Micro wind turbines. (n.d.). Project Drawdown. https://drawdown.org/solutions/micro-wind-turbines

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Micro wind turbines can generate clean electricity in diverse locations, from urban centers to rural areas without access to centralized grids.

Solution Summary*

With capacity of 100 kilowatts or less, micro wind turbines are akin to the windmills of yore-standing solo in a cornfield, capturing the wind's kinetic energy to meet the electricity needs of a family or small farm. Today, they are often used to pump water, charge batteries, and provide electrification in rural locations, all without producing greenhouse gases.

Experts estimate that a million or more micro wind turbines are currently in use around the world. The key factor for growing that number is cost. Currently, the price per kilowatt of small-scale wind is much higher than that of utility-scale turbines, and payback periods can be long, in part because they are installed individually.

In lower-income countries, micro wind turbines can help expand access to electricity, giving people a way to light their homes or cook their evening meals, which can avoid emissions from dirty diesel generators or kerosene lamps.

Micro wind turbines can also be placed on large structures, such as skyscrapers, to take advantage of stronger, steadier breezes. The Eiffel Tower now sports vertical axis turbines that produce electricity for use on site.

Increasing micro wind turbines tenfold to nearly 20 terawatt-hours of global electricity generation by 2050 can deliver 0.1-0.13 gigatons of greenhouse gases emissions reductions with marginal first costs ranging from US$53 to $US70 billion. Like small hydro systems, micro wind turbines allow for the extension of clean, renewable electricity in areas without grid access.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Micro wind turbines can generate clean electricity in diverse locations, from urban centers to rural areas without access to centralized grids. Solution Summary* With capacity of 100 kilowatts or less, micro wind turbines are akin to the windmills of yore-standing solo in a cornfield, capturing the wind's kinetic energy to meet the electricity needs of a family or small farm.

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Reference:

Mthethwa, T., Ayo, D., & Naidoo, R. (2024).

Design and testing of a micro wind turbine system for powering mobile evaporative cooling units. Sustainable Energy Research, 13(1), Article 7.

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Development of a portable small wind turbine for integration into a mobile cooling technology - Sustainable Energy Research

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In this study, a small wind turbine prototype was developed to provide electric power for a mobile cooling unit The aim of this study was to design and develop a 600-W small wind turbine that can generate electric energy to power a mobile cooling unit used for the storage of fruits and vegetables, mainly for the benefit of smallholder farmers. Smallholder farmers suffer from high postharvest losses, approximated at 50%, some of which can be avoided by using efficient low-cost cooling units, rather than open transport. Cooling slows down the metabolic rate which consequently extends the produce’s shelf life and prevents spoilage, allowing farmers to provide high-quality produce to the market. This could potentially increase the farmers’ monetary returns. The study was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal on the road that stretches between Pietermaritzburg and Estcourt. The wind turbine is made of a 600-mm-diameter rotor with three PVC blades, a permanent magnet synchronous generator, a bridge rectifier, a 230-V AC inverter and a battery for energy storage. The wind turbine was tested against three vehicle speeds of 60, 80, and 100 km h−1, and the two opening levels, level 1 at 45 $$^\circ$$ ∘ and level 2 at 80 $$^\circ$$ ∘ relative to the louvre mechanism frame. The results of this study revealed that the power generated by the wind turbine is greatly influenced (p < 0.001) by both the vehicle travelling speed and louvre opening level. The power output of 113.4, 159.6 and 210.0 W per hour was observed for the vehicle speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km h−1, respectively, on louvre opening level 1. The power output of 142.8 W h−1, 268.8 W h−1 and 294.0 W h−1 were observed for a wind speed of 60 km h−1, 80 km h−1, and 100 km h−1, respectively, on Louvre opening level 2. This shows that higher wind speeds (vehicle speeds) produce high-power output which accounts for the small size of the wind turbine rotor. A maximum power coefficient of 0.49 was achieved for this study. The wind turbine can generate the power required to run a cooling technology to a limited extent, thus must have a backup power supply from the diesel engine or be used in a hybrid system.

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Reference:

Sartor, K., Ferreira, C., Bottasso, C. L., & van Kuik, G. A. M. (2022).

Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology. Wind Energy Science, 7(5), 2003–2026.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Abstract. While modern wind turbines have become by far the largest rotating
machines on Earth with further upscaling planned for the future, a renewed
interest in small wind turbines (SWTs) is fostering energy transition and smart
grid development. Small machines have traditionally not received the same
level of aerodynamic refinement as their larger counterparts, resulting in
lower efficiency, lower capacity factors, and therefore a higher cost of
energy. In an effort to reduce this gap, research programs are developing
worldwide. With this background, the scope of the present study is 2-fold.
In the first part of this paper, an overview of the current status of the
technology is presented in terms of technical maturity, diffusion, and cost.
The second part of the study proposes five grand challenges that are thought
to be key to fostering the development of small wind turbine technology in
the near future, i.e. (1) improving energy conversion of modern SWTs through
better design and control, especially in the case of turbulent wind; (2)
better predicting long-term turbine performance with limited resource
measurements and proving reliability; (3) improving the economic viability of
small wind energy; (4) facilitating the contribution of SWTs to the energy
demand and electrical system integration; (5) fostering engagement, social
acceptance, and deployment for global distributed wind markets. To tackle
these challenges, a series of unknowns and gaps are first identified and
discussed. Based on them, improvement areas are suggested, for which 10 key
enabling actions are finally proposed.

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Reference:

Tummala, A., Velamati, R. K., Sinha, D. K., Indraja, V., & Krishna, V. H. (2016).

A review on small scale wind turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 1351–1371.

# data[].attributes.body
Reference:

Aryal, A., Srestha, M., & Lamichhane, P. (2025).

Development and testing of a laboratory-scale horizontal-axis wind turbine. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.18420.

# data[].attributes.headline
Micro Wind Turbine - Modelling and Testing

# data[].attributes.subject
Micro Wind Turbine - Modelling and Testing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Micro Wind Turbine - Modelling and Testing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The global energy demand continues to rise as people consume more electricity to power their personal electronics, electric vehicles, and consumer products such as outdoor tools. To generate renewable energy, large scale solar and wind farms continue to receive the most commercial attention. However, portable wind energy turbines have the potential to generate sufficient power for cell phones and other electronic devices. There are two types of wind turbines, horizontal and vertical axis each having their pros and cons. Vertical-axis wind turbines are the main focus of this thesis, with a reduction in their form factor or size and portable applicability. However, a gap exists in the development and deployment of miniaturized VAWT to generate electricity in remote areas. To accomplish this research investigation, a series of tasks were undertaken including the design, modeling, analysis, fabrication and testing of small multi-blade vertical rotors for electricity generation. Eight different airfoil profiles were selected, and two distinct numerical studies were conducted on them. First, the aerodynamic capabilities of these airfoil profiles were virtually analyzed using two software packages, COMSOL and QBlade. Specifically, the airfoil performance was assessed including the lift and drag coefficients at different angles of attack for the incoming wind flow. Second, the airfoils were integrated into rotors and then fabricated using a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing process. The number of turbine rotor blades was determined using the tip speed ratio. A small-scale wind turbine was available in the laboratory to support limited experimental testing. The wind turbine rotors were attached to various AC/DC electric generators and tested in the wind tunnel with supporting instrumentation. Representative experimental results were collected using National Instruments data acquisition hardware and software. Overall, vertical axis wind turbine rotors with airfoils having a lower camber radius had the highest lift and drag forces, which also translated to higher electricity generation. Also, turbine rotors with airfoil blades that utilized both lift and drag forces optimally generated more electricity as compared to turbine rotors with airfoils that were either lift or drag only. In terms of electric power, a mismatch in the AC/DC electric generator size to the rotors, and mechanical alignment leading to lower efficiency likely contributed to smaller values than anticipated. The numerical and experimental results offer a promising pathway for continued study on miniature VAWT systems.

# data[].attributes.body
Experimental investigation of a micro-wind turbine featuring adjustable blade pitch and MPPT control. Demonstrates efficiency gains through pitch angle adjustments—highly relevant for a ~6-inch turbine design

Reference

Chudzik, S. (2023). Experimental investigation of a wind microturbine with adjustable blade pitch angle and MPPT control. Energies, 16(2), 945. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020945