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Quote: "The Orient was almost a

European invention, and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences." - Edward Said, 'Orientalism'"

Ai Summary: Edward Said argues that “the Orient” (the Middle East, Asia, and North Africa) was not just a real place but something that Europeans imagined in a way that suited their interests. For centuries, they saw it as mysterious, exotic, and full of adventure, rather than understanding it as a complex and diverse region with its own cultures and histories. This idea, known as Orientalism, allowed Europeans to justify their control over these lands by portraying them as different, less advanced, and needing Western influence.

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Ispahani, Farahnaz. Purifying the Land of the Pure : A History of Pakistan’s Religious Minorities. Oxford University Press, 2017.