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Define the following translation techniques and give 5 examples from Spanish into English:

1. Borrowing

2. Calque

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1. Borrowing

Definition:

Borrowing is the direct transfer of a word or expression from one language into another without translation. The borrowed word is often integrated into the target language, sometimes with minor phonetic or orthographic adjustments.

Essentially, it's taking a word as it is.

Spanish to English Examples:

1. Jalapeño: A type of chili pepper.

2. Mosquito: From the Spanish "mosquito," meaning "little fly."

3. Taco: Directly from the spanish word taco.

4. Macho: This word is used in English to describe a strongly masculine, often aggressive, man.

5. Poncho: is a loose, sleeveless cloak made of a single piece of fabric with a hole for the head, traditionally worn in Latin America for warmth or rain protection.

2. Calque

Definition:

A calque, is a phrase or expression that is translated literally, word-for-word, from one language into another. It involves taking the structure and components of a source language expression and translating them directly into the target language.

It is a form of borrowing, but one where the components of the phrase are translated.

Spanish to English Examples:

Luna de miel → Honeymoon: "Luna" (moon) and "miel" (honey) are translated literally.

Rascacielos → Skyscraper: "Rascar" (to scrape) and "cielos" (skies) are translated directly.

Perro caliente → Hot dog: "Perro" (dog) and "caliente" (hot)

Baloncesto -> Basketball: "Balon" (ball) and "cesto" (basket)

Fin de semana → Weekend (literally “end of week”)

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Borrowing: It is where words or expressions are taken directly from the source text and carried over into the target language. This technique is often used when there is no target language equivalent, such as food or clothing, and can help to preserve the cultural context of the source text.

1. S.L: Kimchi →T.L: Kimchi

2. S.L: Kombucha →T.L: Kombucha

3. S.L: Internet → T.L: Internet

4. S.L: Global →T.L: Global

5. S.L: Robot →Robot

Calque: It is actually a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation. The term calque is borrowed from French and it derives from the verb calquer which means to copy, to trace.

1. S.L: Rascacielos → T.L: Skyscraper

2. S.L: Solución de compromiso→T.L: Compromise solution

3. S.L: Casa Blanca →T.L: White House

4. S.L: Teléfono inteligente → T.L: Smartphone

5. S.L: Perros calientes → T.L: Hotdogs

By Hidekel Barría: 4-822-2252

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Borrowing is a translation technique that involves using words or phrases directly from the source language in the target language.

Examples:

1. Software: Is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks

2. Robot: Is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions.

3. Ballet: Dance style

4. Karaoke: A form of entertainment where people sing along to pre-recorded music.

5. Taco: Mexican dish

Calque: Is actually a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation.

Examples:

1. Skyscraper: Rascacielos

2. Wordbook: Diccionario

3. Basketball: Baloncesto

4. Honeymoon: Luna de miel

5. Bushmeat: Carne de animales silvestres

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Arturo Espinosa 4-826-2013

Borrowing

What it is: Think of borrowing like inviting a word from another language to come live in your own. You take the word as it is, without changing its form. It's often done when there's no perfect equivalent in the target language or when the borrowed word carries a certain cultural flavor.

Examples:

1. Spanish: "Me gusta el croissant con mantequilla." English: "I like the croissant with butter." (We often use "croissant" as is in English)

2. Spanish: "Vamos a ver un partido de fútbol." English: "Let's go see a fútbol game." (While "soccer" is more common in the US, "fútbol" is understood and used in some contexts)

3. Spanish: "Necesito un smartphone nuevo." English: "I need a new smartphone." (This term is widely used in English)

4. Spanish: "El chef preparó una cena deliciosa." English: "The chef prepared a delicious dinner." (We've adopted "chef" into common English usage)

5. Spanish: "Quiero ir de shopping." English: "I want to go shopping." ("Shopping" is used as is, even though it originates from English)

Calque

What it is: A calque is like building a new word in your language using the structure of a word from another language. You translate the individual parts of the word literally, creating a new term.

Examples:

1. Spanish: "baloncesto" (basket + ball) English: "basketball"

2. Spanish: "rascacielos" (scrape + sky) English: "skyscraper"

3. Spanish: "luna de miel" (moon + of + honey) English: "honeymoon"

4. Spanish: "primer ministro" (first + minister) English: "prime minister"

5. Spanish: "agua mala" (bad + water) English: "jellyfish"

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1. Borrowing: Taking words straight from one language into another.

Examples:

1) Patio

SL: Olvidé limpiar el patio.

TL: I forgot to clean the patio.

2) Quesadilla

SL: Me gusta preparar quesadillas para mi familia.

TL: I enjoy making quesadillas to my family

3) Tango

SL: El tango es muy reconocido en Argentina.

TL: Tango is very recognized in Argentina.

4) Tilde

SL: En español no podemos olvidar las tildes al escribir.

TL: We can forget about the tilde when we write in Spanish.

5) Chipotle

SL: Quiero aprender a hacer una salsa chipotle.

TL: I wanna learn how to create a chipotle sauce.

2. Calque: Literal translation that consists of taking loan words into another language changing the pronunciation, but keeping the syntax for the most part.

Examples:

1) Brisa

SL: En estos días esta corriendo una gran brisa.

TL: There is a strong breeze these days.

2) Aguacate

SL: Comer aguacate es muy saludable.

TL: Eating avocado is very healthy.

3) Luna de miel

SL: Disfrutaron de una agradable luna de miel en la playa.

TL: They enjoyed a pleasant honeymoon at the beach.

4) Quinua

SL: Alguna vez has probado la quinua?

TL: Have you ever tried quinoa?

5) Hamaca

SL: Dormir por las tardes en una hamaca es un lujo.

TL: Sleeping in a hammock during the afternoon is a privilege.

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Translation Technique

Borrowing Definition: Borrowing is a translation technique where a word or phrase from one language is directly taken and used in another language without translation. This often occurs when there is no equivalent term in the target language, or when the borrowed term is widely recognized and accepted in the new language.

Examples:

1- Empanada – "These empanadas are delicious!"

2- Ceviche – "We had ceviche at the seafood restaurant."

3- Margarita - "I'll have a margarita on the rocks, please."

4- Salsa - "She loves dancing to salsa music."

5- Yoga → Yoga (the practice of physical and mental exercises)

Calque Definition: A calque is a translation technique where a foreign expression is translated literally into the target language, maintaining the original structure and meaning. This often involves translating the components of a phrase word-for-word.

Examples:

1- Public relations" (English) → "Relaciones públicas" (Spanish)

2- ""Reloj de arena" (Spanish) → "Hourglass" (English)

"Reloj de arena" literally translates to "sand clock," which becomes "hourglass" in English.

3- Paseo marítimo → Seafront (literal translation: “seaside walk”)

4- Estrella de mar → Starfish (literal translation: “star of the sea”)

5- Sacar de quicio → Take out of joint (literal translation: “take out of anger” or “take out

of composure”)

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Borrowing

What it is: Think of borrowing like inviting a word from another language to come live in your own. You take the word as it is, without changing its form. It's often done when there's no perfect equivalent in the target language or when the borrowed word carries a certain cultural flavor.

Examples:

1. Spanish: "Me gusta el croissant con mantequilla." English: "I like the croissant with butter." (We often use "croissant" as is in English)

2. Spanish: "Vamos a ver un partido de fútbol." English: "Let's go see a fútbol game." (While "soccer" is more common in the US, "fútbol" is understood and used in some contexts)

3. Spanish: "Necesito un smartphone nuevo." English: "I need a new smartphone." (This term is widely used in English)

4. Spanish: "El chef preparó una cena deliciosa." English: "The chef prepared a delicious dinner." (We've adopted "chef" into common English usage)

5. Spanish: "Quiero ir de shopping." English: "I want to go shopping." ("Shopping" is used as is, even though it originates from English)

Calque

What it is: A calque is like building a new word in your language using the structure of a word from another language. You translate the individual parts of the word literally, creating a new term.

Examples:

1. Spanish: "baloncesto" (basket + ball) English: "basketball"

2. Spanish: "rascacielos" (scrape + sky) English: "skyscraper"

3. Spanish: "luna de miel" (moon + of + honey) English: "honeymoon"

4. Spanish: "primer ministro" (first + minister) English: "prime minister"

5. Spanish: "agua mala" (bad + water) English: "jellyfish"

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Borrowing: It is where words or expressions are taken directly from the source text and carried over into the target language. This technique is often used when there is no target language equivalent, such as food or clothing, and can help to preserve the cultural context of the source text.

1. El concierto fue en la plaza central. = The concert was held in the central plaza

2. Nos reuniremos en la cafetería a las 9 a.m. = We will met in the cafeteria at 9 o’clock.

3. Diana le gusta comer tacos todos los días. = Diana loves to eat tacos everyday.

4. En esta casa hay demasiados mosquitos. = In this house, there is a lot of mosquitoes.

5. Burrito = burrito

Calque: it's a form of borrowing that retains the structure of the source language's syntagm while translating its individual elements. It often retains the structure of the original language while introducing new terms into the target language. This method is commonly used to create new expressions that reflect the source language's meaning.

1. Sangre azul = blue blood

2. Luna de miel= honeymoon

3. Ropa interior= underwear

4. El cuerpo docente en la universidad está altamente cualificado para atenderles. = The teaching staff at the uni is high qualified to serve you.

5. Teléfono móvil= Mobile phone

By: Icsamary Guerra / 4-822-2041

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Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation technique that involves taking a word or phrase directly from the source language without translating it. This is often done when there is no exact equivalent in the target language or when the borrowed term is widely recognized.

Examples (Spanish → English):

1. Tortilla → Tortilla

2. Fiesta → Fiesta

3. Guacamole → Guacamole

4. Plaza → Plaza

5. Siesta → Siesta

Calque

A calque (or loan translation) is a technique where a phrase or expression is translated literally from the source language into the target language, maintaining the structure of the original words.

Examples (Spanish → English):

1. Rascacielos → Skyscraper

2. Luna de miel → Honeymoon

3. Ciencia ficción → Science fiction

4. Mapa mental → Mind map

5. Ratón de biblioteca → Library mouse (though "Bookworm" is more natural in English)

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Borrowing:Is the use of words or phrases from the source language directly to the target language.

Examples

1. Pizza

SL: Can I have a piece of pizza, please?

TL: Me puede dar un pedazo de Pizza, por favor?

2. Animal

SL: I saw an animal get in through that gate

TL: Vi un animal entrar por esa puerta.

Calque.

3. Television

SL: My television isn´t working anymore.

TL: Mi televisión ya no esta funcionando.

4. China

SL: China is one of the biggest country in Asia.

TL: China es uno de los paises mas grandes de Asia.

5. Visa

SL: I need a visa to enter in the country.

TL: Necesito una visa para entrar al pais.

Calque: Is a translation technique that involves a word or phrase from one language into another word-for-word.

1. Volleyball

SL: To play volleyball you need to be tall and have a lot of experience.

TL: Para jugar voleibal necesitas ser alto y tener mucha experiencia.

2. Classroom

SL: The classroom is a mess and dirty.

TL: El aula de clases es un desastre y esta sucio.

3. Toothpaste

SL: I went to the store to buy a toothpaste

TL: Fui a la tienda para comprar una pasta de dientes.

4. Voicemail

SL: Instead of tex me why don´t you send me a voicemail.

TL: En lugar de enviarme un mensaje de texto, ¿por qué no me envías un mensaje de voz?

5. Nightlife

SL: You need to sleep, instead of having a nightlife.

TL: Necesitas dormir, en vez de tener una vida nocturna.

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Calque
calque is actually a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation.
1 Rascacielo - skycraper
2 tarjeta de crédito - credit card
3 ciencia ficción - science-fiction
4 alta tecnología - high technology
5 baloncesto - basketball

Borrowing
It is a technique that involves taking words directly from another language
1 Pizza - pizza
2 internet - internet
3 futball - futball
4 Banana - Banana
5 Karaoke - Karaoke

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Borrowing: Borrowing happens when we take a word from one language and use it in another without changing it.

Examples from Spanish to English:

1. Churro - Churro (A fried dough pastry)

2. Rodeo - Rodeo (A competitive event with horseback riding and cattle roping)

3. Tornado - Tornado (a violent windstorm)

4. Piñata - Piñata (A decorated container filled with candy, popular at parties)

5. Patio - Patio (An outdoor area, often behind a house)

Calque: Is when we translate a phrase word-for-word from one language to another. Sometimes, these translations sound natural, but other times they can feel a bit strange if the structure isn’t typical in the target language.

Examples from Spanish to English:

1. Lavado de cerebro - brainwash (a literal way to describe manipulating someone’s thoughts)

2. Doble cara - two-faced ( someone who acts differently in different situations)

3. Fin de semana - weekend (literally ‘’end of the week’’)

4. Luna de miel - honeymoon ( A sweet ay to describe the time right after a wedding)

5. Mano derecha - right hand (as in a trusted person)