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2.Email address of the NIH organisation 👍🏽

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2.Email address of the NIH organisation 👍🏽

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drugfacts@nida.nih.gov.

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2.Organization that can help those who consume or think of consuming peformance enhancing drugs😇

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2.Organization that can help those who consume or think of consuming peformance enhancing drugs😇

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Organisation contact details and information

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But it wasn't until 1994 that the marketing of these drugs burst into the mainstream. Amgen and Johnson & Johnson began trying to expand the uses of their energy-boosting drugs to include treatment for fatigue, depression and quality-of-life issues. Commercials depicted old, slow-moving people who, after a shot of Procrit, displayed a zest for life, and a young cancer patient, who after an EPO injection happily returned to work.

The aggressive marketing worked. Soon, exhausted but otherwise healthy people were begging doctors for a shot of what one Amgen executive called "red juice."

And many doctors went along with these off-label promotions, even though regulators hadn't approved them. Indeed, in March 2007, Congressional hearings revealed that many oncologists were profiting. The drug makers paid doctors to prescribe the blood booster in high doses to unwitting patients. Some earned honorariums for speaking to their peers about the unapproved, off-label uses; others pocketed "education grants," or joined marketing studies that never quite addressed the safety of high doses even as they recommended them. The two drug companies were told to stop paying doctors for overprescribing, but that flew in the face of our cultural belief: if a little of something is good, then a lot must be better.

Increasingly, scientists were discovering that EPO doping doesn't work so well - in fact it can be lethal. Yes, it multiplies your red blood cells. But too many red blood cells turn your blood to sludge and make the heart work overtime. The drug raised the risks of strokes, blood clots and heart attacks. Even worse was that EPO could potentially multiply cancer cells. In fact, just last year, regulators warned most patients they should try and stay off the red juice completely.

But it's too late. We live in a world where the 7-year-old reality TV star Honey Boo Boo feels the need to drink "go-go juice" (a blend of Mountain Dew and Red Bull) just to maintain her energy and ratings; where a seven-time winner of the Tour de France feels emboldened to lie repeatedly about doping; where doctors would risk the health of their patients to make them better, quicker, and to make themselves richer.

It's too bad about Lance Armstrong. But the real shame is that, in our get-rich, quick-fix, more-is-better culture, we are all culpable in this blood-doping scandal - both on and off the race course.

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Opinion | Lance Armstrong and Our Doping Nation

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But it wasn't until 1994 that the marketing of these drugs burst into the mainstream. Amgen and Johnson & Johnson began trying to expand the uses of their energy-boosting drugs to include treatment for fatigue, depression and quality-of-life issues.

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Erythropoietin Drugs are used in treating anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy.

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1.3What are the perceived benefits of using Erythropoietin?

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1.3What are the perceived benefits of using Erythropoietin?

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The benefits of using Erythropoietin are to increase oxygen absorption, reduce fatigue and improve endurance by increasing the rate of red cell production

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1.4What are the side effects of using Erythropoietin Drugs?

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1.4What are the side effects of using Erythropoietin Drugs?

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The effects of using Erythropoietin Drugs are:

High blood pressure.

Swelling.

Fever.

Dizziness.

Nausea.

Pain at the site of the injection.

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2.Anti-enhancing drug organisations in SA🚫☡

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2.Anti-enhancing drug organisations in SA🚫☡

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Learners testing positive for anabolic steroids could be suspended from participating in school sport for a year, and those found guilty of selling the performance-enhancing drugs face being expelled.

That is if a new policy is given the green light - which would make South Africa the first country in the world to implement a drug-testing programme for anabolic steroids in state schools.

These are the sanctions that the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport wants the governing bodies of state schools to impose on errant schoolchildren.

The move to get the institute to conduct testing for banned performance-enhancing drugs at public high schools came a step closer to realisation after a concept document was submitted two weeks ago to the department of basic education's director general, Mathanzima Mweli, for approval.

This document, as well as another, which the Mail & Guardian has seen, details how principals will have to delegate power to the institute to conduct either random or "with notice" tests on athletes for prohibited substances.

The test would be done after taking into account the best interests of the athlete as well as his or her safety, and would require reasonable evidence to be provided that the learner was using a prohibited substance.

If the proposal is approved, testing for prohibited substances could start as early as next year and would be confined to high schools.

For the first year of the programme, which is a partnership involving the institute and the departments of basic education and sport and recreation, R2?million would be set aside for drug testing and a further R1.75?million for training.

Plans outlined in the concept document include:

Getting governing bodies to add sanctions for learners found guilty of taking banned drugs to the school's code of conduct;

The South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport developing anti-doping education content to include in the school curriculum;

Getting the institute to train teachers and coaches at school level on what to do when an athlete tests positive for a banned substance; and

Asking the sports department to bring retired athletes on board to run anti-doping programmes at schools.

Importantly, the coach, teacher or any other staff member who is complicit "in the performance-enhancing substance abuse behaviour of an athlete" will also face a sanction, but this is not spelled out in detail in the document.

The concept document defines anabolic substances as hormone and metabolic "modulators", diuretics and other masking agents. Urine samples will be taken from the schoolchildren who are tested and then sent to a laboratory accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency for analysis.

A child who tests positive will be suspended from participating in any school sport until the disciplinary process is finalised. The institute said that, should the programme go ahead, it would not disclose the identity of any child who tested positive or the name of their school, but would use the finding for statistical purposes alone.

According to the protocol, schools would be obliged to inform the institute of any schoolchild suspected of taking, possessing or trafficking in banned substances.

The basic education department's acting director for the safety in education directorate, Charles Wilson, said, in terms of the proposed policy, they would help provide anti-doping training to sports coaches at school and district level.

He said Mweli would have the final say over which sporting codes would be targeted for testing, adding: "My thinking is it would be rugby and athletics. "We are hoping that the education and training of sports coaches will start this year, so we can start implementing testing next year."

He said schools would have to register directly with the institute to confirm their acceptance of the drug protocol, before being targeted for education and training programmes and testing. Wilson said his department would contact those schools that did not register and encourage them to do so.

Khalid Galant, chief executive of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport, said South Africa is regarded internationally as a pioneer as a result of its moves to introduce drug testing at state schools. "During our annual global conferences, I met representatives from the United Kingdom, Ireland and New Zealand, and they were all looking at how we were going about it and how they can implement a similar programme."

He said the protocol applied specifically to school sports, and that the institute's anti-doping rules would apply when athletes participated in a competitive sport under the auspices of the various national sporting federations.

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south african institute for drug-free sport

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South Africa to pioneer school steroid tests

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Learners testing positive for anabolic steroids could be suspended from participating in school sport for a year, and those found guilty of selling the performance-enhancing drugs face being expelled. That is if a new policy is given the green light - which would make South Africa the first country in the world to implement a drug-testing programme for anabolic steroids in state schools.

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How are Red Blood Cells made? Erythropoiesis - Erythropoietin - Regulation - Hematopoiesis

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USADA has tools and tips to help athletes at all levels navigate their anti-doping rights and responsibilities.

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Injecting erythropoietin alfa (Eprex) using the Eprex syringe

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Bill Burr: I Don’t Mind If Athletes Use 'Roids  - CONAN on TBS

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Lance Armstrong "Using EPO" with Oprah Winfrey on Oprah Winfrey Network

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Cite this for Me | Free Reference Generator - Harvard, APA, MLA, Chicago...

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FREE Harvard Referencing Generator | Cite This For Me

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Use Cite This For Me's FREE Harvard referencing generator to get accurate Harvard style citations in seconds. Sign up now to cite all your sources.

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4. A link to a newspaper article that reports the use of performance enhancing drugs in SA schools

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4. A link to a newspaper article that reports the use of performance enhancing drugs in SA schools

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10:13 06/11/2014

Durban - Sports medicine experts, school heads and sports administrators are hailing a breakthrough week in their battle against school pupils using steroids and illegal performance enhancing drugs after Parliament discussed key draft amendments that will pave the way for improved testing and sanctions.

Representatives from the Basic Education Department joined forces with the Department of Sport and Recreation to brief Parliament on draft changes to the South African Schools Act that will facilitate random drug testing at schools, with recommended sanctions for those caught using steroids and banned stimulants.

South Africa will become the first country in the world where random steroids testing of minors in schools is allowed.

"These proposed changes to the current legislation are essential," said Glen Hagemann, the director of the Discovery SharkSmart program that has driven a strong anti-steroid message into its 23 partner high schools in KwaZulu-Natal for more than a decade, under the mantra 'Play Safe Play Fair'.

"While there has been widespread support in KZN for the principle of testing school pupils for steroid use and performance enhancing substances, the fundamental stumbling blocks in the law have made this difficult to implement in the manner that was envisaged.

"These proposed changes to the SA Schools Act will effectively remove those stumbling blocks and allow us to treat school pupils similarly to senior athletes," added Hagemann, who also sits on the South African Institute for Drug Free Sport's disciplinary committee.

"For many of us that have been working hard to deal with counter the problem of steroid use by school pupils, this is a huge step in the right direction," he added. "This will place South Africa right at the forefront of dealing with the problem of steroid use amongst teenage athletes worldwide.

"It is a huge stepping stone," said Fahmy Galant, the General Manager of the South African Institute for Drug Free Sport (SAIDS). "It finally gives us jurisdiction over the schools that we lacked with the current initiative.

"We had to get special permission from WADA to take this step," he added. "While there may be some that are still sceptical about it, we are confident that this will make a big difference. Ideally this will act as a deterrent to the pupils who are thinking about using steroids."

Galant confirmed that the current SAIDS steroids testing programme by nomination was still continuing in KwaZulu-Natal , where he said there was excellent support from high schools.

Last year, Discovery SharkSmart and SAIDS launched the ground-breaking steroid-testing programme that centred on the 23 KwaZulu-Natal high schools participating in the Discovery SharkSmart programme that involved planned testing by consent of nominated athletes for steroids use.

This week's briefing to Parliament's portfolio committees outlined important amendments proposed to the Schools Act that will pave the way for not only the scheduled tests for steroid usage but also for random surprise tests throughout the year.

If the working groups have their way, the draft amendments will be tabled in Parliament for approval early next year.

SAIDS will distribute guidelines for sanctions to the schools, which will ultimately be responsible for sanctioning pupils caught using steroids. Sanctions for such transgressions have not been determined yet and will be an important part of the consultative process.

"The intention is to educate and rehabilitate the school pupil, not end their sporting career," said Galant.

He also confirmed that little change is envisaged to the SA Schools Act clauses that protects the confidentiality of the minor being tested, even if that test comes back positive.

The Department of Basic Education has stressed that the latest initiative will balance punishment with education of pupils, parents, coaches, teachers and governing bodies and, where necessary, rehabilitation of offenders.

Research conducted by Discovery SharkSmart in recent years has highlighted the prevalence of steroid usage in high schools, with a significant proportion of that steroid use not aimed at improving athletic performance but rather for cosmetic purposes as boys "bulk up" their physiques.

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10:13 06/11/2014 Durban - Sports medicine experts, school heads and sports administrators are hailing a breakthrough week in their battle against school pupils using steroids and illegal performance enhancing drugs after Parliament discussed key draft amendments that will pave the way for improved testing and sanctions.