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electricity as long as more fuel and oxidizer 

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Please write the name of team member who contribute on each entry

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Historical Development Timeline of Fuel Cell

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Historical Development Timeline of Fuel Cell

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Source: http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/history
By: Ng Kian Kiong

Relative Space Programme

In the late 1950s and early 1960s NASA, in collaboration with industrial partners, began developing fuel cell generators for manned space missions, which the first PEMFC unit was the result of this (credited by William Thomas Grubb).

Grubb’s PEMFC was refined by Leonard Niedrach, further developed in cooperation with NASA which was then used in Gemini space programme.

International Fuel Cell (IFC) developed 1.5 kW AFC (Alkaline Fuel Cell) for use in the Apollo space missions.

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(Project Gemini) April 8, 1964, First commercial use of a fuel cell

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(Project Gemini) April 8, 1964, First commercial use of a fuel cell

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Source: http://www.astronautix.com/g/gemini5.html
By Yap Kai Wen

Gemini 5 demonstrated the 8-day endurance necessary for an Apollo lunar mission with the first use of fuel cells to generate its electrical power.

evaluating fuel cell performance was one of its secondary objectives

problems with the fuel cells and maneuvering system forced the cancellation of several other experiments.

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By Lee Jie Shin

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/topics/technology/hydrogen/fc_shuttle.html
By Lee Jie Shin

Fuel cells are used in the space shuttle as one component of the electrical power system. Three fuel cell power plants, through a chemical reaction, generate all of the electrical power for the vehicle from launch through landing rollout.

Before launch, electrical power is provided by ground power supplies and the onboard fuel cell power plants. Each fuel cell power plant consists of a power section, where the chemical reaction occurs, and a compact accessory section attached to the power section, which controls and monitors the power section's performance.

The three fuel cell power plants are individually coupled to the reactant (hydrogen and oxygen) distribution subsystem, the heat rejection subsystem, the potable water storage subsystem, and the electrical power distribution and control subsystem. The fuel cell power plants generate heat and water as by-products of electrical power generation.

The excess heat is directed to fuel cell heat exchangers, where the excess heat is rejected to Freon coolant loops. The water is directed to the potable water storage subsystem.

The picture below is one of the three fuel cells that make up the generating system that provides electrical power to the space shuttle orbiter. The unit is a little more than a foot high and weighs approximately 200 pounds. Credit: NASA

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In the early 1960s, aircraft engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney licensed the Bacon patents and won the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contract to power the Apollo spacecraft with alkali cells. Its successes notwithstanding, alkali technology has challenges ahead. Current alkali fuel cells still demand very pure hydrogen and expensive platinum catalysts, and other kinds of fuel cells are mounting stiffer competition. Pratt & Whitney technicians assemble alkali fuel cells for Apollo service modules, 1964.
Alkali Fuel Cell Applications

NASA selected alkali fuel cells for the Space Shuttle fleet, as well as the Apollo program, mainly because of power generating efficiencies that approach 70 percent. Alkali cells also provide drinking water for the astronauts. The cells are expensive -- perhaps too expensive for commercial applications -- but several companies are examining ways to reduce costs and improve the cells' versatility. Most of these alkali fuel cells are being designed for transport applications.

Source:
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/alk/alk3.htm

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Why Apollo mission use fuel cells instead of solar array ?

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Why Apollo mission use fuel cells instead of solar array ?

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By Nabila Mustapa

Solar cells are large and delicate and not really suitable for a highly maneuverable spacecraft such as Apollo. One of the main reasons to use fuel cells is their dual role . Fuel cells combine oxygen and hydrogen to produce electricity very efficiently and high power output but also the oxygen and hydrogen during combination make water of course .This water is very pure and is then passed on for the crews drinking water etc .

So overall the reliability , long duration output , safety , efficiency, weight and lifetime of fuel cells meet the requirements of Apollo  the best .

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By Lee Hui Yin

Glenn is investigating three types of fuel cells:

proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs),

regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems, and

solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).

PEMFCs

NASA first developed for the Gemini mission, but because PEMFCs had water-management problems, alkaline fuel cells were used through the 1990s.

Improved to be more powerful, lighter, safer, simpler to operate, and more reliable. They will last longer, perform better, and may cost much less than current alkaline fuel cells.

use hydrogen fuel and produce only water--so pure that NASA plans to use it as drinking water for spacecraft crews.

may also produce electricity for spacesuits, airplanes, uninhabited air vehicles, and reusable launch vehicles.

RFC

fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. Then a solar-powered electrolyzer breaks the water into hydrogen and oxygen so that the fuel cell can use it again. The waste heat is also used.

provide efficient, environmentally friendly, highly reliable, renewable energy conversion.

Glenn researchers have developed RFC concepts for storing energy on the International Space Station, high-altitude balloons, and high-altitude aircraft.

now investigating RFCs for storing energy on the Moon or Mars.

SOFCs

high efficiency, high power density, and extremely low pollution.

have an all-solid construction and can operate at high temperatures--producing clean, efficient power from easy-to-transport fuels instead of pure hydrogen.

developed for portable electronic devices, cars, and aircraft.

Source : https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/fuel_cells.html

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Members:
Viknaraj Subramaniam
Lee Hui Yin
Lee Jie Shin
Nabila Mustapa
Yap Kai Wen
Ng Kian Kiong
Lam Kuek Shen

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By Viknaraj

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By Lee Hui Yin

A fuel cell combines a fuel (hydrogen or hydrogen source) with an oxidizer (oxygen or air) to produce electrical power. When atoms of the two gasses hydrogen and oxygen are put next to one another, they spontaneously combine to form water. This combination results in the release of a lot of energy and lets an electron loose temporarily. They never run down or need to be recharged.

A fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process. It has two electrodes, the negative anode and positive cathode, separated by an electrolyte that only allows specific ion flows. Fuel is delivered to the anode and oxygen to the cathode. In a fuel cell, the electrode is not consumed, and the cell can produce electricity as long as more fuel and oxidizer are pumped through it.

In a fuel cell, the hydrogen and oxygen are separated by a membrane. The membrane captures the free electrons during the chemical reaction that forms water, which in turn powers anything hooked up to the fuel cell. It also releases some heat.

Fuel cells are a remarkable power source. They store energy in two naturally occurring elements (oxygen and hydrogen) and form a single waste product (pure water). Refueling a fuel cell means providing more hydrogen and oxygen. With an external source of electricity such as a solar panel, one can split the waste water back into its component parts and use it again as fuel.

Fuel cells can use hydrogen directly, or they can obtain hydrogen from another fuel, like liquid methanol (wood alcohol), which is renewable and can be transported more easily than hydrogen.

With hydrogen fuel, heat and water are the only byproducts.

With methanol fuel, heat and water are still the major byproducts, along with only a fraction of the carbon dioxide and none of the other pollutants produced by a gasoline-burning engine.

Unfortunately, fuel cells are very heavy and it takes a fair amount of propulsion fuel to place one into space. Fuel cells that are large enough to provide energy for very long space missions would require a lot of fuel or an external power source to provide energy to resplit the water back into hydrogen and oxygen. Lots of fuel is expensive to get into space, and an external power source means adding solar panels.

Source : https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/fuel_cells.html

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One of the source of power for spacecraft is from the Fuel Cell. Please find all necessary info on this Power source. You should define what is Fuel cell. How can chemical reaction generate power? find an example of spacecraft use that. Everyone in the group should contribute