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VGA: used for connecting a standard monitor to computer or games console. Projectors and interactive whiteboards also use VGA connections.
DVI: are used to connector digital displays to digital video sources.
SATA and eSATA: for connecting hard disks, DVD and Blu-ray players. eSATA is used for connecting external devices.
IDE: for connecting hard disks. IDE is still widely used for devices like CD and DVD drives.
USB: a modern standard used for connecting a wide variety of peripherals.
FireWire: used for different peripherals including digital video cameras and external hard disks. It offers a much higher transfer rate than USB.
Ethernet: a standard for wired internet access.
PS2: an older standard for connecting mice and keyboards.

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Computer graphics are presented as bits and bytes. Different file formats such as BMP, JPEG, and PNG store the image data in different ways, but use similar scheme

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ASCII and Unicode are both examples of plain text standards.They specify the characters that make up a text but they do not include ways to specify other formatting attributes. Plain text files are usually saved by text editors. Many word processors have options to export documents as plain text.

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Is a more modern coding scheme which aims to solve some of the problems of ASCII. Unicode allows many thousands of characters to be represented. These characters include non-English alphabets, and right-to-left languages like Hebrew and Arabic.

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Is a standard coding scheme for representing text using the English alphabet. Using ASCII, each byte of data represents a single character. When a character is typed using a text editor, the ASCII code for that character is recorded as a binary number

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Your computer is representing all of its data internally as bites. Eight bits are grouped together into units called bytes. Bytes themselves are grouped into units called kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes.

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PRIMARY STORAGE: refers to the high speed, electronic memory found inside a computer. Primary storage is the only storage that the processor can access directly because it is connected directly to the motherboard.
RAM: is a temporary storage area for programs and data that are being  used in a given moment.
ROM: is a type of primary storage whose contents cannot be changed.
SECONDARY STORAGE: devices are used to store all of the data and programs installed on a computer systems.
MAGNETIC TAPES: are used mainly for backing up and achiving data.
MAGNETIC DISKS: they consists of a series of disk platters spinning inside a solid case. A read/write head moves backward and forward over the disk and magnetically charges areas of it to store data. They are relatively fragile.
OPTICAL STORAGE: like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks read and storage data using lasers.
FLASH MEMORY: is a technology that scores data using electronic logic dates. They are less suceptible to damage from drops and knocks when in use. They use significantly less power than hard disks. They offer much faster access than hard disks

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MICROPROCESSORS: at the centre of all computers is a processor. The processor is responsible for performing all instructions and tasks that the computer does. Instructions are loaded from secondary storage into RAM and then the processor executes each of these instructions one by one.
CLOCK SPEED: the speed at which a processor executes instructions is called the clock speed and is measured in Megaheartz or Gigaheartz.
MIPS: is another measure of processor performance. It is possible to quote misleading figures based on instructions which executes the quickest, rather than those that represent real life computing tasks.
MULTICORE PROCESSORS: increased processor performance can also be achieved by adding additional processor cores. Computers with only one core use multi-tasking, multicore computers can run more than one task at the same time.
MOTHERNOARDS: the processor connects directly to the computers motherboard, which provides sports and connections for all other parts of the system. They also has slots for the RAM, connectors for hard disks, slots for attaching expansions cards like video cards or sound cards, and connectors for the mouse and keyboard.

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-SCREEN: are one output device found in almost all computer systems. CRT displays are the big, deep, monitors used on desktop computers. They now are completely replace by LCDs.
-SPEAKERS: speakers come in many forms, from simple ear phones to complex multi-speaker arrangements, with an entertainment purposes.
-PRINTERS: produce hard copies of documents and files.Printers vary in how they produce an image, the cost of the printer and the speed of a printer.

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They are any item of hardware that the computer uses to present data to the user

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-KEYBOARD: most users use the qwerty keyboards, other alternatives are Dvorak Keyboard or multimedia Keyboard. Others use Concept Keyboard.
-MICE: is the standard pointing device on most desktop computers. Many have 2 bottons and a crol Wheel, others also have additional buttons.
-TRACKBALLS: consists of a large ball which is fixed in place so that the user can spin it around, controling a pointer on the screen.
-TOUCH PADS: used to move the pointer by tracing their finger across the touch pad, users can also use bars at the side to scroll text on the screen.
-TOUCH SCREENS: allow users to interact with computers using their hand or a specially designed pen called a stylus.
-MICROPHONES: allows sound data to be input into the computer.
-GAME CONTROLLERS: Joysticks and game pads are two common input devices used by games players.
-BARCODE SCANNERS: uses a laser to shine light onto a barcode label. The thickness of the lines and the spacing between the lines on the barcode determine the amount of reflected light. This is then interpreted as a number by the barcode scanner.
-MAGNETIC STRIPE READERS: the magnetic stripes store a small amount of data which is read using a magnetic stripe reader.
-SMART CARDS: allows data to be encrypted for increased security.
-OMR: is for speedily Reading and counting multiple choice style answer papers.
-MICR: its text is written in a special Font, making it human-readable, while the varying amounts of iron in each letter allow the computer to differentiate them.
-SCANNER: is a device for digitizing a piece of paper.
-SENSORS AND PROBES: they are used for measuring some aspect of the physical world, for collecting data at regular intervals without human intervention. Also for situations that are too dangerous for humans.
-DIGITAL CAMERAS: they are useful for inputting image, video, and sound straight into a computer.
-WEB CAMS: is a relatively low resolution video camera.
-RADIO TAGS: are used for locating or tracking objects.
-RFID: consists of an RFID tag which is attached to the surface of an item, and an RFID reader to query the tag and retrieve its information.

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They are ítems of hardware that allow entry of information into the computer.

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It is a specialised computer, used in cars, traffic lights, in washing machines, digital watches, digital cameras, and GPS systems. Even Smart cards has it. Their purpose is programmed to perform only one type of specific task. Their reliability since they are often required to run for very long periods without restarting. They have real-time systems, so they have an immediate output.

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They have voice calls, text message and a digital camera. It can run apps. It offers contact managers, calendars, and a GPS. Also provide games. They use keyboards, or use soft keyboards. They have a standard Access to internet, also it can have 3G or 4G internet.

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They have a larger screen than mobile phones and with a soft keyboard in the screen. Sometimes a special pen is used called stylus. They have internet Access. It is used by doctors and nurses.

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They are laptop computers with lower specifications tan normal, designed for máximum probability. They have a very slow processor, a small amount of RAM, and a small, low resolution screen. It is less weight and greatly increased battery life.

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Laptops generally feature a standard keyboard, an LCD screen of between 14 and 17 inches, and a wifi card. Thin laptop cases provide less room for ventilation than desktop cases. They are easy to stolen or accidentally left behind by their owners.

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They are cheaper than the laptop computers with equivalent hardware specifications. Desktop computers have adjustable monitors and separate keyboards and mice. They used generic parts with standard interfaces: thyis majes upgrading and reparating them easier than with some laptop computers

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Mainframes have a high data throughput. The calculations mainframes perform are not necessarily highly complex, but their sheer means a lot of computing power is needed. Taks requiring these capabilities include payroll processing, airline reservation management, and banking. Uptime is critical in them, they usually feature reductant failover systems.

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Are the largest, fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computers available. Supercomputers had a high multiprocessing, with hundreds or even thousands of separate processors. Most supercomputers will have thousands of gygabytes of primary storage and many terabytes of secondary storage space. They need significant amounts of power to operate and cool them. Supercomputers are only for government facilities or scientific research laboratories.