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John is a safety manager at a manufacturing plant that produces pharmaceuticals. One of his main responsibilities is to ensure the health and safety of the workers. Recently, John has noticed that some employees are experiencing symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and eye irritation. After conducting an investigation, John suspects that the symptoms are due to the presence of a hazardous substance in the workplace. John's first step is to identify the hazardous substance and assess the level of risk to the workers. He consults with the plant's occupational hygienist and they both agree that the substance in question is a chemical used in the production process. They also determine that the exposure level exceeds the permissible exposure limit (PEL) set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

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Role and OSH Act that supports occupational hygiene 

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Role and OSH Act that supports occupational hygiene 

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1. Hazard identification - Section 5(a)(1)

2. Exposure assessment - Section 8

3. Risk Evaluation - Section 6

4. Control Implemention - Section 5 & 6

5. Health Protection & Prevention - Section 21 & 11

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Importance of Occupational Hygiene：

Prevent occupational diesease （eg respiratory issues）

Protect workers‘ health and safety

Ensure compliance with safety regulations （eg OSHA）

Promote a safe and productive work environment

Principles Of Occupational Hygiene：

Anticipation— Predict potential hazards before they occur

Recognition— Identify existing hazards in the workplace

Evaluation—Measure and assess exposure levels （eg compare with PEL）

Control—Reduce or eliminate risks using appropriate measures （eg ventilation，PPE）

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OSHA control measures follows the “Hierarchy of Controls”, which is ranked from most to least effective: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

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Potential health hazards in the workplace

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Potential health hazards in the workplace

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1. Respiratory Hazards

Acute effects:

Coughing

Shortness of breath

Chest tightness

Chronic effects (long-term exposure):

Occupational asthma

Chronic bronchitis

Reduced lung function

2. Eye and Mucous Membrane Irritation

Redness, tearing, burning sensation

Blurred vision in severe cases

Irritation of nose and throat (often occurs together)

3. Skin Exposure Hazards

• Dermatitis (itching, redness, rash)

• Chemical burns (for corrosive substances)

• Absorption through skin into bloodstream

4. Toxic Effects

• Effects on organs such as:

• Liver (hepatotoxicity)

• Kidneys (nephrotoxicity)

• Nervous system (neurotoxicity)

• Possible symptoms:

• Headache, dizziness

• Fatigue

• Nausea

5. Long-Term/Chronic Health Risks

If exposure continues above OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit

• Carcinogenicity (cancer risk)

• Reproductive toxicity (fertility issues, birth defects)

• Sensitization (workers become increasingly reactive over time)

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1. Role, importance, and principles of occupational hygiene

2. Potential health hazards in the workplace

3. Control measures to protect employees from chemical exposure

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1) Elimination (Most Effective)

Remove hazardous chemical completely by stop using the chemical in manufacturing process.

2) Substitution

Replace the hazardous chemical with a safer alternative by using less toxic solvent and non volatile chemical.

3) Engineering controls

Isolate workers from the hazard by using fume hoods , creating a enclosed production systems , using automated handling experiment and making an isolation room.

4) Administrative controls

Change work procedures and policies to avoid the exposure of chemical by reducing work time in high risk area, conduct training on dealing with chemical hazards, and post warning signs and labels.

5) Personal protective equipment (Least Effective)

Such as mask, chemical resistant gloves, safety goggles, face shield and lab coats.