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Choong Thonzenn S25313
Ch'ng Kai Fong 193589
Nabilah Zakwan 192440
Sayyidatul 193590
Aisyah 193337

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1) Unicellular algae
2) Colonial
3) Capsoid
4) Coccoid
5) Palmelloid
6) Parenchymatous
7) Filamentous

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Pond scum, seaweed, and giant kelp are all examples of algae. Algae are protists with plant-like characteristics, that are typically found in aquatic environments. Like plants, algae are eukaryotic organisms that contain chloroplasts and are capable of photosynthesis. Like animals, some algae possess flagella, centrioles, and are capable of feeding on organic material in their habitat. Algae range in size from a single cell to very large multicellular species, and they can live in various environments including salt water, freshwater, wet soil, or on moist rocks. The large algae are generally referred to as simple aquatic plants. Unlike angiosperms and higher plants, algae lack vascular tissue and do not possess roots, stems, leaves, or flowers. As primary producers, algae are the foundation of the food chain in aquatic environments. They are a food source for many marine organisms including brine shrimp and krill, which in turn serve as the nutrition basis for other marine animals.

Algae can reproduce sexually, asexually or by a combination of both processes through alternation of generations. The types which reproduce asexually divide naturally (in the case of single-celled organisms) or release spores which may be motile or non-motile. Algae that reproduce sexually are generally induced to produce gametes when certain environmental stimuli - including temperature, salinity, and nutrients - become unfavorable. These algae species will produce a fertilized egg or zygote to create a new organism or a dormant zygospore that activates with favorable environmental stimuli.

Algae can be categorized into seven major types, each with distinct sizes, functions, and color. The different divisions include:

Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)

Chrysophyta (Golden-brown algae and Diatoms)

Pyrrophyta (Fire algae)

Chlorophyta (Green algae)

Rhodophyta (Red algae)

Paeophyta (Brown algae)

Xanthophyta (Yellow-green algae)

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Pond Scum, Seaweed and Other Algae Types

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Pond scum, seaweed, and giant kelp are all examples of algae. Algae are protists with plant-like characteristics, that are typically found in aquatic environments. Like plants, algae are eukaryotic organisms that contain chloroplasts and are capable of photosynthesis. Like animals, some algae possess flagella, centrioles, and are capable of feeding on organic material in their habitat.

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I don't like using the term superfood, though it could certainly be applied to Spirulina (and is sometimes used for coconut oil). Surprisingly, you may know this amazing compound by its common name...
Pond scum:
This nutrient rich substance is actually a cyanobacteria and it boasts its fair share of health promoting properties. It is rich in Chlorophyll, and like plants, gets its energy from the sun. It does have many benefits, (though contrary to some health claims, I've seen no evidence that it cures cancer or HIV).

What is Spirulina?

Spirulina is a natural "algae" (cyanbacteria) powder that is incredibly high in protein and a good source of antioxidants, B-vitamins and other nutrients. When harvested correctly from non-contaminated ponds and bodies of water, it is one of the most potent nutrient sources available.

It is largely made up of protein and essential amino acids, and is typically recommended to vegetarians due to its high natural iron content.

The high concentration of protein and iron also makes it ideal during pregnancy, after surgery, or anytime the immune system needs a boost.

Benefits of Spirulina

Though it does taste like pond scum, Spirulina has some great health-boosting qualities:

1. Most Nutrient Dense Food On the Planet

The concentration of protein and vitamins in Spirulina has led many to classify it as the "most nutrient dense food on the planet." Compared to other foods gram for gram, it lives up to this reputation and is a great source of:

Protein: It is considered a complete source of high-quality protein and is often compared to eggs for the amount of protein per gram. The protein in Spirulina is highly usable and has a net protein utilization rate of between 50-61%

Vitamin B1: Also called Thiamin, this vitamin is necessary for the digestion of fats and proteins. It is often taken for increased energy, eye health, brain function and for improving nerve functioning.

Iron: Spirulina is a favorite food for vegetarians and vegans because it is one of the best plant sources of iron. Even for those who consume meat, it has a highly absorbable form of iron that is gentle on the digestive system.

Calcium: Spirulina is also incredibly high in calcium with over 26 times the calcium in milk.

It also contains (per Tablespoon):
Spirulina is a great source of other nutrients including (according to Wikipedia): "It contains vitamins B-1(thiamine), B-2 (riboflavin), B-3(nicotinamide), B-6 (pyridoxine), B-9 (folic acid), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is also a source of potassium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, sodium and zinc. Spirulina contains many pigments which may be beneficial and bioavailable".

Important Note: Contrary to many claims, Spirulina is not a good source of Vitamin B12 for humans. While it does contain a form of B12, it is pseudovitamin B12 which is not absorbable or effective in humans according to studies.

2. Contains Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) & Omega-3s

Spirulina is 65% protein and amino acids including the essential fatty acid gamma linolenic acid (GLA) which has gotten a lot of attention for its anti-inflammatory properties, especially when taken with other quality Omega-3 supplements.

GLA is difficult to find in a food source and normally has to be created by the body. Spirulina is one of the few foods with a natural GLA content.

I suspect that the benefits of GLA in Spirulina are even more than what the studies have found since these studies often use vegetable oils for their GLA source, and the other inflammatory compounds in vegetable oils can interfere with the anti-inflammatory ability.

Besides GLA, Spirulina also contains Omega 3-,6 and 9s and is especially high in Omega-3s.

3. May Help Balance Blood Sugar

Studies show that spirulina may be especially helpful in balancing blood sugar, and may even be as effective as diabetes medication in some instances. Other studies show that it not only lowers blood sugar but may also lower HbA1c, which is a long term marker of blood sugar levels.

4. Powerful Antioxidants

Antioxidants are powerful substances that protect our cells from damage. Thanks to decades of research, many of us understand the importance of consuming enough antioxidants from natural sources, and spirulina is a great choice.

The antioxidant that makes spirulina unique is called phycocyanin, which is a potent anti-inflammatory.

This Spirulina was tested by an independent laboratory and found to have an ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) of over 24,000 which is 4x the ORAC score of blueberries. The ORAC score is generally used to measure antioxidant ability and concentration in different foods.

5. May Help Those with Allergies

Some research has suggested that Spirulina may be helpful for those with allergies and allergic reactions. ( source)

This is likely because it reduces inflammation that leads to nasal congestion and other issues. In studies, those who took spirulina noticed a reduction in nasal congestion, itching, and sneezing.

6. Helps Remove Heavy Metals

Spirulina can bind with heavy metals in the body and help remove them.

It is also extremely high in Chlorophyll, which helps remove toxins from the blood and boost the immune system. In fact, one study found that 500 milligrams of spirulina daily combined with zinc supplementation was enough to reduce arsenic toxicity by almost half!

Emerging evidence also suggests that it binds with radioactive isotopes and may be useful for radioactivity exposure or radiation therapy.

7. Muscle and Endurance Benefits

Spirulina is known to increase fat burning during exercise. Its high antioxidant content makes it beneficial in reducing exercise induced oxidation which leads to muscle fatigue and inability to gain muscle.

In fact studies found that it:

How to Consume Spirulina

I've used both a powder and capsule form of spirulina at different times. The powder is less expensive and can be purchased here, though the flavor is strong and some people don't like it. I usually take caplets that I can swallow (If you want to try the ones I take, use the code wellnessmama at this link for 20% off).

Cautions About Spirulina

Those with PKU should consult with a doctor before taking, as it does contain that amino acid. Those on any type of anti-coagulation medicine should consult with a doctor before beginning (or stopping) taking Spirulina. Some people with autoimmune disease do not do well with this supplement. If you are pregnant, nursing or have any medical condition, check with your doctor first as it is often not recommended for pregnant or nursing women.

Downsides of Spirulina

As I mentioned above, this beneficial algae is gram for gram one of the most nutritious foods on the planet. It is also probably one of the most expensive when compared gram for gram. Many articles about its benefits focus show the nutrition data per ounce. The problem is that one ounce contains about 28 grams and is MUCH higher than normal (or safe) daily intake would be.

It costs up to 30x as much as dairy or meat protein per gram and is not a viable primary protein source for this reason.

Is it the Same as Chlorella?

Short answer: No, though they share some similarities.

Both are types of algae but there are some key differences:

Structure: Chlorella is a single-cell algae with a nucleus, while Spirulina is a multi-celled plant with no nucleus. For this reason, chlorella is much smaller and acts differently in the body.

Color: Spirulina is a cyanobacteria, a blue-green type of algae, while Chlorella is a green algae.

Amount of Nucleic Acids: Both are a good source of nucleic acids, though Chlorella has almost twice as much per gram. Nucleic acids are important factors for DNA and RNA in the body.

Digestibility: Chlorella has to go through a process to break its cell walls before it is bioavailable and usable by the body.

Chlorophyll Content: Chlorella is higher in Chlorophyll, with almost double the amount.

Iron, Protein and GLA: Chlorella is not a great source of Iron, protein and beneficial Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA).

Heavy Metals: Chlorella has unique properties in its cell walls that make it bind to heavy metals and other contaminants

Sources:
University of Maryland Medical Center Report on Spirulina
P. D. Karkos, S. C. Leong, C. D. Karkos, N. Sivaji, and D. A. Assimakopoulos, "Spirulina in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Human Applications," Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 531053, 4 pages, 2011. doi:10.1093/ecam/nen058
The Medical Research of Spirulina - Cyanotech Corporation
Park, Hee Jung;Lee, Yun Jung;Ryu, Han Kyoung;Kim, Mi Hyun;Chung, Hye Won;Kim, Wha Young, "A randomized double blind, placebo controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans," Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2008.
Ever tried it? What did you think of the taste? Will you try it now? Share below!

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Spirulina Benefits: 7 Reasons to Try It (& 1 Major Caution) Wellness Mama

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I don't like using the term superfood, though it could certainly be applied to Spirulina (and is sometimes used for coconut oil). Surprisingly, you may know this amazing compound by its common name... Pond scum: This nutrient rich substance is actually a cyanobacteria and it boasts its fair share of health promoting properties.

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I don't like using the term superfood, though it could certainly be applied to Spirulina (and is sometimes used for coconut oil). Surprisingly, you may know this amazing compound by its common name...
Pond scum:
This nutrient rich substance is actually a cyanobacteria and it boasts its fair share of health promoting properties. It is rich in Chlorophyll, and like plants, gets its energy from the sun. It does have many benefits, (though contrary to some health claims, I've seen no evidence that it cures cancer or HIV).

What is Spirulina?

Spirulina is a natural "algae" (cyanbacteria) powder that is incredibly high in protein and a good source of antioxidants, B-vitamins and other nutrients. When harvested correctly from non-contaminated ponds and bodies of water, it is one of the most potent nutrient sources available.

It is largely made up of protein and essential amino acids, and is typically recommended to vegetarians due to its high natural iron content.

The high concentration of protein and iron also makes it ideal during pregnancy, after surgery, or anytime the immune system needs a boost.

Benefits of Spirulina

Though it does taste like pond scum, Spirulina has some great health-boosting qualities:

1. Most Nutrient Dense Food On the Planet

The concentration of protein and vitamins in Spirulina has led many to classify it as the "most nutrient dense food on the planet." Compared to other foods gram for gram, it lives up to this reputation and is a great source of:

Protein: It is considered a complete source of high-quality protein and is often compared to eggs for the amount of protein per gram. The protein in Spirulina is highly usable and has a net protein utilization rate of between 50-61%

Vitamin B1: Also called Thiamin, this vitamin is necessary for the digestion of fats and proteins. It is often taken for increased energy, eye health, brain function and for improving nerve functioning.

Iron: Spirulina is a favorite food for vegetarians and vegans because it is one of the best plant sources of iron. Even for those who consume meat, it has a highly absorbable form of iron that is gentle on the digestive system.

Calcium: Spirulina is also incredibly high in calcium with over 26 times the calcium in milk.

It also contains (per Tablespoon):
Spirulina is a great source of other nutrients including (according to Wikipedia): "It contains vitamins B-1(thiamine), B-2 (riboflavin), B-3(nicotinamide), B-6 (pyridoxine), B-9 (folic acid), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is also a source of potassium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, sodium and zinc. Spirulina contains many pigments which may be beneficial and bioavailable".

Important Note: Contrary to many claims, Spirulina is not a good source of Vitamin B12 for humans. While it does contain a form of B12, it is pseudovitamin B12 which is not absorbable or effective in humans according to studies.

2. Contains Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) & Omega-3s

Spirulina is 65% protein and amino acids including the essential fatty acid gamma linolenic acid (GLA) which has gotten a lot of attention for its anti-inflammatory properties, especially when taken with other quality Omega-3 supplements.

GLA is difficult to find in a food source and normally has to be created by the body. Spirulina is one of the few foods with a natural GLA content.

I suspect that the benefits of GLA in Spirulina are even more than what the studies have found since these studies often use vegetable oils for their GLA source, and the other inflammatory compounds in vegetable oils can interfere with the anti-inflammatory ability.

Besides GLA, Spirulina also contains Omega 3-,6 and 9s and is especially high in Omega-3s.

3. May Help Balance Blood Sugar

Studies show that spirulina may be especially helpful in balancing blood sugar, and may even be as effective as diabetes medication in some instances. Other studies show that it not only lowers blood sugar but may also lower HbA1c, which is a long term marker of blood sugar levels.

4. Powerful Antioxidants

Antioxidants are powerful substances that protect our cells from damage. Thanks to decades of research, many of us understand the importance of consuming enough antioxidants from natural sources, and spirulina is a great choice.

The antioxidant that makes spirulina unique is called phycocyanin, which is a potent anti-inflammatory.

This Spirulina was tested by an independent laboratory and found to have an ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) of over 24,000 which is 4x the ORAC score of blueberries. The ORAC score is generally used to measure antioxidant ability and concentration in different foods.

5. May Help Those with Allergies

Some research has suggested that Spirulina may be helpful for those with allergies and allergic reactions. ( source)

This is likely because it reduces inflammation that leads to nasal congestion and other issues. In studies, those who took spirulina noticed a reduction in nasal congestion, itching, and sneezing.

6. Helps Remove Heavy Metals

Spirulina can bind with heavy metals in the body and help remove them.

It is also extremely high in Chlorophyll, which helps remove toxins from the blood and boost the immune system. In fact, one study found that 500 milligrams of spirulina daily combined with zinc supplementation was enough to reduce arsenic toxicity by almost half!

Emerging evidence also suggests that it binds with radioactive isotopes and may be useful for radioactivity exposure or radiation therapy.

7. Muscle and Endurance Benefits

Spirulina is known to increase fat burning during exercise. Its high antioxidant content makes it beneficial in reducing exercise induced oxidation which leads to muscle fatigue and inability to gain muscle.

In fact studies found that it:

How to Consume Spirulina

I've used both a powder and capsule form of spirulina at different times. The powder is less expensive and can be purchased here, though the flavor is strong and some people don't like it. I usually take caplets that I can swallow (If you want to try the ones I take, use the code wellnessmama at this link for 20% off).

Cautions About Spirulina

Those with PKU should consult with a doctor before taking, as it does contain that amino acid. Those on any type of anti-coagulation medicine should consult with a doctor before beginning (or stopping) taking Spirulina. Some people with autoimmune disease do not do well with this supplement. If you are pregnant, nursing or have any medical condition, check with your doctor first as it is often not recommended for pregnant or nursing women.

Downsides of Spirulina

As I mentioned above, this beneficial algae is gram for gram one of the most nutritious foods on the planet. It is also probably one of the most expensive when compared gram for gram. Many articles about its benefits focus show the nutrition data per ounce. The problem is that one ounce contains about 28 grams and is MUCH higher than normal (or safe) daily intake would be.

It costs up to 30x as much as dairy or meat protein per gram and is not a viable primary protein source for this reason.

Is it the Same as Chlorella?

Short answer: No, though they share some similarities.

Both are types of algae but there are some key differences:

Structure: Chlorella is a single-cell algae with a nucleus, while Spirulina is a multi-celled plant with no nucleus. For this reason, chlorella is much smaller and acts differently in the body.

Color: Spirulina is a cyanobacteria, a blue-green type of algae, while Chlorella is a green algae.

Amount of Nucleic Acids: Both are a good source of nucleic acids, though Chlorella has almost twice as much per gram. Nucleic acids are important factors for DNA and RNA in the body.

Digestibility: Chlorella has to go through a process to break its cell walls before it is bioavailable and usable by the body.

Chlorophyll Content: Chlorella is higher in Chlorophyll, with almost double the amount.

Iron, Protein and GLA: Chlorella is not a great source of Iron, protein and beneficial Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA).

Heavy Metals: Chlorella has unique properties in its cell walls that make it bind to heavy metals and other contaminants

Sources:
University of Maryland Medical Center Report on Spirulina
P. D. Karkos, S. C. Leong, C. D. Karkos, N. Sivaji, and D. A. Assimakopoulos, "Spirulina in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Human Applications," Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 531053, 4 pages, 2011. doi:10.1093/ecam/nen058
The Medical Research of Spirulina - Cyanotech Corporation
Park, Hee Jung;Lee, Yun Jung;Ryu, Han Kyoung;Kim, Mi Hyun;Chung, Hye Won;Kim, Wha Young, "A randomized double blind, placebo controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans," Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2008.
Ever tried it? What did you think of the taste? Will you try it now? Share below!

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Spirulina Benefits: 7 Reasons to Try It (& 1 Major Caution) Wellness Mama

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I don't like using the term superfood, though it could certainly be applied to Spirulina (and is sometimes used for coconut oil). Surprisingly, you may know this amazing compound by its common name... Pond scum: This nutrient rich substance is actually a cyanobacteria and it boasts its fair share of health promoting properties.

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Algae are used by humans in many ways. They are used as fertilizers, soil conditioners and are a source of livestock feed. Because many species are aquatic and microscopic, they are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds

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Algae can be used to make Biodiesel (see algaculture), Bioethanol and biobutanol and by some estimates can produce vastly superior amounts of vegetable oil, compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose.

Algae can be grown to produce hydrogen. In 1939 a German researcher named Hans Gaffron, while working at the University of Chicago, observed that the algae he was studying,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green-algae), would sometimes switch from the production of oxygen to the production of hydrogen.

Algae can be grown to produce biomass, which can be burned to produce heat and electricity.

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Algae are used in Wastewater Treatment facilities, reducing the need for greater amounts of toxic chemicals than are already used.

Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in runoff from farms. When subsequently harvested, the enriched algae itself can be used as fertilizer.

Algae Bioreactors are used by some powerplants to reduce CO₂ emissions. The CO₂ can be pumped into a pond, or some kind of tank, on which the algae feed. Alternatively, theBioreactor can be installed directly on top of a smokestack.

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1. It is a complete protein with essential amino acids (unlike most plant foods) that are involved in major metabolic processes such as energy and enzyme production.

2. It contains high amounts of simple and complex carbohydrates which provide the body with a source of additional fuel. In particular, the sulfated complex carbohydrates are thought to enhance the immune system’s regulatory response.

3. It contains an extensive fatty acid profile, including Omega 3 and Omega 6. These essential fatty acids also play a key role in the production of energy.

4. It has an abundance of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in naturally-occurring synergistic design.

Stabilizing agent

Chondrus crispus, (probably confused with Mastocarpus stellatus, common name: Irish moss), is also used as "carrageen". It is an excellent stabiliser in milk products - it reacts with the milk protein caesin, other products include: petfoods, toothpaste, ice-creams and lotions etc.,Alginates in creams and lotions are absorbable through the skin.

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aquatic habitat-‐fresh water, marine and brackish
• moist soils and ar0ficial
aqua0c habitat (fish tanks, pool)
• few in dry soils
• acidic habitat

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Algae are organisms that are like plants and vegetables. They are commonly found living in the sea, rivers, lakes or ponds. All algae make energy from the sun. There are two different types of algae and they are called “Macroalgae” and “Microalgae”

Algae are divided into macroalgae which are commonly known as seaweed and microalgae which are sometimes known as phytoplankton. Both macroalgae and microalgae produce oxygen.

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Marcoalgae are large algae and they look like plants. They are multicellular as they contain many cells. They contain a “holdfast” which can be attached to sand, boats or rocks. They contain a “stipe” similar to a stem of plants. They contain “blades” similar to leaves of a plant and a collection of blades are called “fronds”. Some macroalgae have “air-bladders” this helps them float to the surface to catch the sun. Other macroalgae have no “air-bladders” just long flexible stipes.

Macroalgae are divided into brown, green and red macroalgae. The different colours are due to the pigments brown, green and red pigments within the macroalgae.

There is another type of marine alga which is called “Maerl”. These are very small and are unattached to rocks so they live on the sea bed. They have a hard calcium crust and are red or brown in colour. Whenever they die they lose their colour and turn grey

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Resources for Primary and Secondary Students - ABC Education

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4000+ educational games, videos and teaching resources for schools and students. Free Primary and Secondary resources covering history, science, English, maths and more

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Microalgae are much smaller organisms. They can only be seen under a microscope. They are unicellular which means they have only one cell. They are like floating plants and they are unattached. There are two common types of microalgae. Diatoms are one variety and they have oil within their bodies. This helps them to float. Dinoflagelletes are another variety of microalgae which have “flagella”. The flagella help the dinoflagellates to swim. Certain varieties of dinoflagellates glow in the dark at night when disturbed

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This is "Algaemy-Textiles" by Rasa Weber on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them.

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Energy from algae: microbiologist wins award for research

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Energy from algae: microbiologist wins award for research

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Energy from algae: microbiologist wins award for research | Daily Telegraph

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A NOTE ABOUT RELEVANT ADVERTISING: We collect information about the content (including ads) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites. This is also known as Online Behavioural Advertising.

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Rhodophyta: red algae ("rhod" - red, "phyta" - plant).

Mostly multicellular, marine

Most of the coralline algae, which secrete calcium carbonate and play a major role in building coral reefs,

Commercial importance : Agar, carrageen, sushi

Sexual reproduction: non-motile larger female and smaller male gametes

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Phaeophyta: brown algae ("phaeo" - brown, " brown, "phyta" - plant). Multicellular, mostly marine

Underwater forests—habitats.

Most contain the pigment fucoxanthin, responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color

Kelp—food, habitats for aquatic organisms

Reproduce by means of flagellate spores Of commercial importance to humans (Pectin, alginin)

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Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae ("chlor" - green, "phyta" - plant).

•The most closely related to plants,

•Includes unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms.

•Inhabit aquatic (mostly freshwater) and damp terrestrial environments.

•Many of the simpler forms are symbionts, e.g. some lichens,

•Alternation between haploid (asexual) and diploid (sexual)

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1. Where It Grows

There are thousands of different kinds of algae that grow in a variety of colors and forms, and can be found everywhere on the planet -- even on snow and ice. When some people think of algae, they picture green film on ponds or the seaweed that washes up on the beach. However, that's just a fraction of the known algae species. One notable group is blue-green algae, which consists of prokaryotic cells (or bacteria) that use photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy. Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, have an extremely high photosynthetic rate that is ideal for creating biofuels and bioproducts. That is why researchers at the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory are focused on developing cyanobacteria strains that produce photosynthesis-derived ethylene, an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative to one of the world's most widely produced petrochemicals.

2. What It Needs to Grow

Algae only require a few essentials to grow: water, sunlight, carbon, and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. From salt water to fresh water and everything in between, the diversity of algae means that there are suitable strains that can take advantage of nearly any water resource. For that reason, the Energy Department's Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) provided funding to the University of Toledo to test algae's ability to grow in dairy wastewater, converting a formerly problematic waste stream into an abundant algae resource.

3. How It Is Used In Biofuel Production

Because algae are photosynthetic organisms that draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, using them to create biofuel and bioproducts can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Bioindustry researchers are studying the benefits of developing algae beds near traditional, high-emissions factories and refineries to offset carbon emissions.

4. How Productive Algae Can Be

Naturally occurring algae in the world's oceans are among the Earth's most prolific energy generators and ancient algae are the source material for many fossil fuel deposits. In some instances, algae can accumulate high intra-cellular levels of oils, which can be extracted and converted into biofuels and bioproducts. Research has shown that algae could potentially produce much more oil than terrestrial plants. Certain strains, for example, can yield up to 60 times more oil than plants like soybeans.

BETO, in collaboration with industry, national laboratories, and other stakeholders, is working to transform the nation's renewable biomass resources, including algae, into cost-competitive, high-performance biofuels. BETO aims to increase the amount of algal biofuel intermediates (e.g., algal oil that can be refined into algal biofuels) the nation produces to 5,000 gallons per acre per year by 2022. As an intermediate step, BETO's goal is for the nation to produce 2,500 gallons of algal biofuel intermediates per acre per year by 2018.

There are technical barriers that must be overcome to produce cost-competitive algal biofuels on this scale. To address this challenge, BETO is funding four projects with Hawaii Bioenergy, Sapphire Energy, California Polytechnic State University, and New Mexico State University to help address barriers to the production of cost-competitive and renewable aviation fuel, diesel, and gasoline that can be transported and sold using existing fueling infrastructure.

5. Algae's Many Other Uses

In addition to their potential as a biofuel feedstock, algae are used to create a variety of other products. In the nutrition industry, companies have used algae to create non-animal-based fish oil replacement, a source of healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Red algae are used to create agar, a natural thickening agent for ice cream, pastries, and other desserts, as well as a clarifying agent for brewing beer. Algae are an ingredient in several cosmetics, as well as sustainable animal feed for fish, chicken, and pigs. They are also used to create biochemicals that produce plastic, concrete, fertilizer, and more. All of these products offset initial capital expenses for algal biofuel production facilities, which could accelerate commercialization for algae-derived fuels and lead to lower prices for consumers.

Interested in learning more about algae and the products and fuels they can produce? Visit BETO's Algal Biofuels Web page, read the Algae fact sheet, or check out our Algae 101 video .

The first in a series of algal biofuel strategy workshops will be held November 19-20 at Arizona State University. During these technical workshops, university, national laboratory, industry, advocacy, and government stakeholders will be able to discuss, assess, and prioritize research and development needs to achieve affordable, scalable, and sustainable algal biofuels. These workshops will focus on current technical barriers, strategies for overcoming these barriers, and assessing the industry's progress. Learn more about the event and find out how to register.

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Top Five Things You Should Know About Algae

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1. Where It Grows There are thousands of different kinds of algae that grow in a variety of colors and forms, and can be found everywhere on the planet -- even on snow and ice. When some people think of algae, they picture green film on ponds or the seaweed that washes up on the beach.

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Algal blooms may also be of concern as some species of algae produce neurotoxins.

At the high cell concentrations reached during some blooms, these toxins may have severe biological impacts on wildlife.

Algal blooms composed of phytoplankters known to naturally produce biotoxins are often called Harmful Algal Blooms, or HABs.

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An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system.

Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.

Typically only one or a few phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms may be recognized by discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells.

Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the causative species.

Algal bloom concentrations may reach millions of cells per milliliter.

Colors observed are green, yellowish-brown, or red.

Bright green blooms may also occur.

These are a result of blue-green algae, which are actually bacteria (cyanobacteria).

Some algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen) into waters and higher concentrations of these nutrients in water cause increased growth of algae and green plants.

As more algae and plants grow, others die.

This dead organic matter becomes food for bacteria that decompose it.

With more food available, the bacteria increase in number and use up the dissolved oxygen in the water.

When the dissolved oxygen content decreases, many fish and aquatic insects cannot survive.

This results in a dead area.

Algal blooms may also be of concern as some species of algae produce neurotoxins.

At the high cell concentrations reached during some blooms, these toxins may have severe biological impacts on wildlife.

Algal blooms composed of phytoplankters known to naturally produce biotoxins are often called Harmful Algal Blooms, or HABs.

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ecology research; botany; ecology; water; resource shortage; environmental policies

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An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Typically only one or a few phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms may be recognized by discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells.

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Algae morphology (in detailed explanation)

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Algae morphology (in detailed explanation)

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Unicellular-Chlamydomonas

Unicellular algae consist of a single cell. The single cell of the body contains a chloroplast, which conducts photosynthesis to create energy from sunlight, and often contains a structure called a pyrenoid that can store energy and contractile vacuoles that help to regulate the amount of water and salts within the cell

Colonial-Volvox

Colonial algae include different numbers of cells. Volvox, consist of hundreds of cells. Specialized colonies called coenobium contain a specific number of cells, each with their own tasks, that cannot survive alone. Like unicellular algae, many colonial algae are motile.

Filamentous-Spirogyra

Filamentous algae undergo cell division but remain connected, forming long filaments of attached cells. Each cell within the filamentous alga has its own internal structures. Spirogyra is one commonly-studied alga. At low tide, this stringy, green algae is exposed on rocks. Under the microscope, Spirogyra reveals a unique, spiral arrangement of chloroplasts.

Parenchymatous-Porphyra suborbiculata

Certain red algae contain boxy, plant-like cells and have a complex, multicellular structure that is termed "parenchymatous." Although the cells of algae do not truly differentiate to form various structures, these parenchymatous algae often have parts that resemble leaves, stems and roots. Kelp grows to immense lengths, and is perhaps one of the best-known parenchymatous algae.

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Posted on: 10/03/2016 - Viewed: 1032

Rich in protein - 100 grams of Nori (Porphyra) contain between 30 and 50 grams of protein, making it one of the plant world's richest sources of protein and comparable in density to spirulina, chlorella, and soybeans. Protein is needed for building and repairing muscles, building enzymes and antibodies, and cell maintenance and growth.

Lowers cholesterol - According to a study published in the June 2001 edition of the British Journal of Nutrition, when rats that were on an otherwise high-cholesterol diet were fed nori, their LDL cholesterol levels lowered, suggesting that it plays an important role in stabilizing cholesterol levels. Perhaps this is because it is surprisingly rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are well-known for reducing LDL cholesterol. They also help lower blood pressure, therefore making it excellent for the cardiovascular system.

Dietary fiber - Nori is comprised of approximately 33 percent dietary fiber, making it an effective laxative and a good cure for constipation. Also, since high-fiber foods have the ability to make you feel full for longer, it is also a good weight loss food (a fact that is reinforced by its low calorie and fat content).

Lowers cancer risk - A study published in the May 2010 edition of the British Journal of Nutrition found that the regular consumption of nori was linked to lowered rates of breast cancer for menopausal and pre-menopausal women. This is unsurprising, since it is rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C that help neutralize the cancer-causing effects of free radicals.

High in iron - 100 grams of nori contain approximately 88 percent of our recommended daily intake of iron, making it an extremely rich source of this much-needed mineral. Furthermore, a Venezuelan study published in 2007 for the Journal of Nutrition showed that nori, unlike many grains and beans, doesn't contain phytates, which can drastically lower the absorption rate of iron.

Improves bone health - 100 grams of nori contain 280 milligrams of calcium (28 percent of our RDI) and 300 milligrams of magnesium (85 percent of our RDI). While we all know that calcium is good for the bones and is needed to prevent osteoporosis, lesser-known is that fact that we also need magnesium to help absorb it. Since it contains sizable quantities of both, it is the perfect bone-builder.

Impressive iodine content - Sea vegetables are the plant world's premier source of iodine, and nori (Porphyra)doesn't disappoint. 100 grams of it contain approximately six milligrams of this extremely important mineral. Indeed, according to the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), one sushi roll wrapped in it contains 92 micrograms of iodine, which is close to an adult's RDI of 150 micrograms. Iodine deficiencies are very common in the West and can lead to serious conditions such as goiter and hyperthyroidism.

Aside from Human Health Benefits of Nori (Porphyra) already mentioned, 100 grams of it also provide us with vitamin A (288 percent of our RDI), thiamine (60 percent), riboflavin (194 percent), niacin (78 percent), folate (475 percent), as well as impressive levels of phosphorous, potassium, zinc, and vitamins C, E, and K.

About the Author

Michael Ravensthorpe is an independent writer whose research interests include nutrition, alternative medicine, and bushcraft. He is the creator of the website, Spiritfoods, through which he promotes the world's healthiest foods.
We have this available on https://seatechbioproducts.com/nori-porphyra-umbillibalsi-human-nutrition-powder-25kg.html
Source: http://blogs.naturalnews.com/the-health-benefits-of-nori-the-seaweed-that-wraps-sushi/

Photo: http://www.bohemianmojo.com/index.php/the-mojomakers/dr-stephanie-shelburne/26-flavors-of-the-day/379-day-92-nori

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Human Health Benefits of Nori (Porphyra)

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Nori (Porphyra) is an edible red seaweed that is popular in East Asia, especially Japan. In the West, it is perhaps best known as the seaweed that wraps pieces of sushi, although it is also used as a garnish, for flavoring noodle dishes and soups, or as a

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Harmful algal blooms of allelopathic microalgal species: The role of eutrophication

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Harmful algal blooms of allelopathic microalgal species: The role of eutrophication

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Harmful algal blooms of allelopathic microalgal species: The role of eutrophication

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The ability of certain harmful algal species to produce and release chemicals that inhibit the growth of co-occurring phytoplankton species, here cons...