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Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

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Nomad person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food. Domestication to tame animals and plants for human use. Specialization the development of different kinds of jobs. Irrigation method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops. City-state independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages.

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Called the Fertile Crescent.
Land between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers. Unpredictable flooding

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Sumer Religion - polytheistic (many gods). Built temples called ziggurats to honor their gods

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Three classes of people: Upper, Middle, & Lower. Upper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes. Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers. Lower - slaves

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Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60. Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

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Hammurabi later became king. Created the Babylonian Empire.

An empire is a group of many different lands under one ruler.

Known for Hammurabi’s code. It was the first set of laws ever written down.

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Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt. Deity – god or goddess. Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming.

Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops. Domestication - to tame animals and plants for human use.

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Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River Valley. Surrounded by deserts.

Cataracts (wild rapids).

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Deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River).

Cataracts (wild rapids). Delta marshes

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After embalming the Pharaoh's body was made into a mummy. Thought to protect Egypt after death. The mummy was put into a tomb or pyramid. Inside the pyramid were objects that the pharaoh would need in the afterlife

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Pharaohs, Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials), Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers), Farmers & Herders (largest group), Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city.

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Used geometry to survey land. Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols. Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols. Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms.

(Upper & Lower). United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C. (Narmer) A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family. Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god.

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament. Covenant – agreement.

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word. Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday).

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Abraham-founder of Judaism.

Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshipped the one true God. Land dried up and people went to live in Egypt.

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The belief in the one true God. God.

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Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans.

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change.

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India. Brahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts. Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul or spirit in different bodies over time.

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India is a subcontinent because it is separated from Asia. Himalayas cause the separation. India has 2 rivers, the Ganges River and the Indus River.

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel. Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering. Popular because it rejects the caste system.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest. All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddess. Dharma is divine law that states the Hindus must perform the duties of their caste. Many literature works stress dharma.

Consequences of how a person lives is called karma.

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Brahmins- priest.
Kshatriyas-Warriors and rulers.
Vaisyas-Common people.
Sudras- Unskilled laborers

and servants. Pariahs- Untouchables.

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algebra. concept & symbol for zero

explained infinity (something without end). invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today). invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem).

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Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family. Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership. Pictograph – a character that stands for an object.

Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea. Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government.

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others. China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts. Flooding of the river brought destruction and good farming conditions to China.

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Confucianism, Main Idea Believed that people needed a sense of duty to be good. Daoism, Main idea people should give up worldly desires in favor of nature. Legalism, Main idea society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments.

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King and his family. Warlords and Other Royal Officials. Farmers. Merchants, Shopkeepers, Traders, and Bankers

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First to make paper, Soaked tree bark and grounded it into pulp, It dried into paper, Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing, Used herbs to prevent illness,

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients skin.

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Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or characters that stand for objects. Ideographs join two or more pictographs to represent an idea. Artisans created many works of art from bronze.

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Rulers were part of a dynasty, Dynasty- line of rulers who belong to the same family, Rulers were called emperors.

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Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events. Epic- long poem that tells about legends or heroes. Fable- short tale that teaches a lesson. Drama- story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story. Comedy-form of drama in which the story has a happy ending

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Greece has mountains & islands.

Mainland Greece is a peninsula.

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts).

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Believed in many gods or goddess

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Sparta, focused on military skills to control the people they conquered. Boys and men trained for war and were in the army for a number of years. They would never surrender. Girls trained in sports. Athens, was the second major city-state in Greece. Reading, writing, arithmetic, sports & music for boys. Girls stayed home and did chores.

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Socrates-absolute truth existed in each person. Plato-student of Socrates. In Plato’s Republic, describes the best government which is headed by philosopher-kings. Aristotle- Plato’s student. He will write the book, Politics, and want to find the best form of government. His ideas shaped European and American government.

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Greek city-states like Athens will join the Delian League. Delian League was an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them.

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Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office. Without their ideas we would never have had a representative democracy- this is when citizens choose a small group of people to make decisions for them.

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Alexander The Great, Died in 323 B.C. after an illness. Because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture. This will be called the Hellenistic Era.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens. patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome. plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome. consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome. veto- to reject.

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At the top of the boot is the Alps, mountains that separate Italy from Europe. Rome is located on the Tiber River. A source of water and travel.

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Believed in many gods or goddess

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Patricians- wealthy landowners, they were the ruling class. Plebeians- middle class, artisans, small farmers, shopkeepers. Groups can not marry each other.

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People have the power. They have an elected ruler. Had to pay taxes.

Within 70 years the people of Rome controlled all of Italy.

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Problems were beginning at home because many farmers were in the army. Farmers came home to no land because rich Romans were buying their land. Gap between the rich and poor grew. Gave them free “bread and circuses” to keep them happy.

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How are money works and how are laws work. It helped how are social class works.

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Weak Roman Government- dishonest officials provide poor leadership. Social Problems-Famine and plague spread very fast. Declining Economy- Income falls and wealthy don’t pay taxes. Suffered inflation or rapidly increasing prices.Roman Invasion: Roman boundaries were so big hard to protect. Germanic tribes invaded Rome from the west.

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Messiah-in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God (Or a savior). Disciple-close follower of Jesus. Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead. Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus. Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven.

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He taught that Jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with God. He said God was coming to rule the world and that God was his father.

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The Romans thought Jesus was trying to get the Jewish to overthrow them. They arrested Jesus during Passover. He was charged with not being loyal to the government. They crucified him (and many other people) by hanging him on a cross until he was dead.

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They crucified him (and many other people) by hanging him on a cross until he was dead.

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Jesus’ disciples traveled and told everyone about his teachings. Those who started new churches were called apostles.

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Peter went to Rome and set up the Catholic Church, (Europe).

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Paul spread Jesus’ teachings in the eastern part of the Roman empire, (Byzantine).

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Ordered them to be simplified and had Justinian’s Code written. Preserved and passed Greek culture and Roman laws to others

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caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals. oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water. Quran- holy book of Islam. mosque- Muslim house of worship. bazaar- marketplace.

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Arabia is mostly desert. It’s hot and has sandstorms. Lives in villages near oases.

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He will use rules that God gave him to rule. There will be an Islamic state started in Madinah. He built an army and went to take over Makkah.

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Muhammad was born in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in 570 A.D. In 610 A.D. he was visited by an angel and told to preach Islam.

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Invented chemistry. Invented algebra.

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The Arabic script is the writing system used for writing the Arabic language.

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Trough trading and traveling.

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Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit. shrine - holy place. samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan. daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

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Japan is a chain of islands that stretches north to south in the northern Pacific Ocean. The islands are mountaintops that rise from the floor of the ocean. Many are volcanoes.

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The Japanese believed that all things were alive and they all had their own spirits. This is called animism. When people needed help, they asked the nature spirits called kami, to help them. To honor kami, they worshipped in shrines, or holy places. Zen Buddhism teaches that people can find inner peace through self-control and a simple life.

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This system of granting land for loyalty is known as feudalism.

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Japan is surrounded by water so it is isolated from outside influences with some contact from China. China greatly influenced Japan with their writing system, religion, arts, and language.

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Calligraphy, the art of writing beautifully, was important to Japan like in China.

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missionary- person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others. feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals. vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from & served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection. fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty. knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

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Feudalism: political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals. Kings would grant land to noblemen, in exchange for promises of loyalty and protection (sound familiar)

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Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, united territories in modern-day France, Germany and Italy, art, culture, and learning, flourished Ordered many people in his kingdom to become Christian After he died, Europe was thrown into war.From this the feudal system TOOK A HOLD OF EUROPE.

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Unifying force in Europe was the Roman Catholic Church, every king had to take orders from the Pope. Catholic Church was the only  real source of higher learning in Europe. Monasteries were the only places that had libraries. Monks preserved works of works of literature and philosophy by copying them by hand. Often called the Dark Ages- not much discovery happening, learning, inventions, ect. Missionaries continued to spread Christianity.

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Crusades-  These were fought between European Christians and Muslims from North Africa and the Middle East. Islam spread throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Muslim preserved knowledge from Greece and Rome, and made major advances in medicine, chemistry, astronomy, and optics.Israel, Muslims took over Israel and  Christians considered sacred territory.Pope urged Christians to take up arms and reclaim the Holy Land for Christianity.trade between Europe and Asia, merchant class, faster strong.

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Renaissance-means “rebirth” and began in Italy,rebirth of interest in art, literature, and learning.

Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism. Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin. Denomination- branches of Christianity

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Florence is birthplace of Renaissance. Medici family- wealthy bankers that supported financially artist such as Michelangelo, Botticelli, and Machiavelli

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Humanism- based on Greek and Roman values, a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith. Shed new light  on  architecture, science, religion, philosophy and art.ART, Paintings. Religious figures/themes glorified, individual beauty, realistic How? By using perspective- form of shading Sculptures, Realistic poses, Anatomical correctness, Science. Human anatomy- how the body works/functions. Huge improvements in medicine/ treatments.

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Martin Luther starts a new denomination of Christianity Protestants- “Lutherans". Opened door for new criticism John Calvin God decides the final outcome of all events in the univers. Predestination- God has already decided who will go to heaven and who will not

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Counter-Reformation- Church Reforms.Council of Bishops and the Pope Paul II met in Trent Italy several times.Reform Catholic Church. Stop selling of indulgences. Bishops and priest ordered to follow strict rules of behavior. Train new priest in seminaries. Sent out a new order of priests (missionaries) Jesuits- society of Jesus to bring back Protestants.