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scales- used on maps as a tool for measuring distance
equator- imaginary line that divides the earth
latitude- parallel lines around the earth

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nomad- person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

domestication-to tame animals and plants for human use

irrigation- method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

sumer-a city in mesopotamia
babylon-a city on the Euphrates River that was home to Hammurabi

ziggurat-a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia

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Tigris & Euphrates flooded leaving fertile soil

Unpredictable flooding

Crops were irrigated

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Sumer Religion – polytheistic

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Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

A few people learned to write. They were called scribes. Scribers were record keepers.

Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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cueniform

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king harrumbai

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Deity- gods or goddess
Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips
Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

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Successful

near river4,000

miles long

Longest river in the world- 4000 miles

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Worshiped many deities (or gods)-polytheism

Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife

After death even better life than present life

Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

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Papyrus
Hieroglyphics
Shadoof

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Hieroglyphics

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pharoahs

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Synagogue - Jewish house of worship

Ten Commandments – laws given to Moses by God; part of the Torah

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer
Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Polytheism – belief in many gods and goddesses

Karma – in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a person build up based upon whether he or she lives a good or bad life

Nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth

Dharma – in Hinduism, the divine law that requires people to perform the duties of their caste

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Story of Abraham and Moses travels and struggles 

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Story of Abraham and Moses travels and struggles 

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Hinduism

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India is a subcontinent because it is separated from Asia.

Himalayas cause the separation

Himalayas-Highest mountains in the world.

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest.

All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

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algebra

concept & symbol for zero

explained infinity (something without end)

invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem)

Two epics still popular in India –Ramayana. Brave warriors & heroic deeds. Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) tells that the soul lives on after death

Understood gravity, that the earth was round & revolved around the sun, mapped movements of planets & stars

Believed that the earth was made up of tiny particles (atoms)

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Sanskrit

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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family

Mandate – formal order

Social class – group of people who share a similar position in society

Dao – the proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven- the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others

China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

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A chart distinguishing legalism, confucianism, and daoism

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A chart distinguishing legalism, confucianism, and daoism

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First to make paper!

Soaked tree bark and grounded it into pulp.

It dried into paper!

Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing .

Used herbs to prevent illness.

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients skin.

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pictographs and Ideographs

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Rulers were part of a dynasty

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Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

Epic- long poem that tells about legends or heroes

Fable- short tale that teaches a lesson

Drama- story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story

Comedy-form of drama in which the story has a happy ending

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Greece has mountains & islands.

Mainland Greece is a peninsula.

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts).

Grew barley, wheat, olives and grapes.

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Order executions or exile

Council elected 5 ephors- enforced laws and managed collection of taxes

Strict government brought stability but discouraged free thinking and new ideas

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Plato- student of socrates. In plato republic, describes the best government which is headed by philosopher-kings.

Aristotle- Plato’s student. He will write the book, Politics, and want to find the best form of government. His ideas shaped European and American government.

Archimedes- discovered solid geometry and pi to measure area of circles.

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Delian League was an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them.

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he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture.

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Roman Definitions

republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

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At the top of the boot is the Alps, mountains that separate Italy from Europe.

Rome is located on the Tiber Rome is located on the Tiber River.

A source of water and travel.

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Christainity