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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra

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The Tundra is located near the north pole. It takes up 1/5 of the earth's surface spanning from the top of North America and Asia. There are technically 3 Tundra biome regions in the world. The first is just south of the polar seas and spans the northern hemisphere. The second biome region is the Alpine Tundra. It includes:  American Cordillera (North and South America), the Alps and Pyrenees (Europe), the Rift Mountains (Africa) and a large portion of the Tibetan Plateau (Tibet). The third is the Antarctic, located in the Antarctic region

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TEMPERATE RANGE
The tundra biome is located near the north pole, so it is very cold in temperature. There are only 2 main seasons in these biomes. Summer and winter. In the summer, temperatures reach to about 12 degrees Celsius, but can go as low as below freezing. In the winter temperature range from -28 degrees Celcius and go to as below -50 degrees Celcius.

RAINFALL
The rainfall in tundra can be from 6-10 inches on average per year. There is a lot of snow that can build up as well.

SOIL
The soil in the tundra is frozen to as low as 10 to 35 inches underground. The most distinctive characteristic of tundra soil is its permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of ground. During the brief summers, the top section of the soil may thaw out allowing plants and microorganisms to grow and reproduce. However, these plants and microorganisms become dormant during the cold winter months.

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PLANT LIFE & ADAPTATIONS
Some plant life have adapted to the Arctic Tundra by developing the ability to grow under a layer of snow. To carry out photosynthesis in extremely cold temperatures and for flowering plants to produce flowers quickly. The only plants that live there are mosses, lichens, low-growing shrubs and grasses all live here, but no trees.

ANIMAL LIFE & ADAPTATIONS
Not many animal types live in the arctic tundra. There are only really mammals and birds that call the Tundra their home. Migration and hibernation are examples of adaptations used by animals. Bears hibernate to sleep over winter and wake up in the summer to warmer conditions. Penguins  migrate to neighboring areas more southern to the Tundra.

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Global warming is the most severe threat to the biome. Many scientists believe that global warming may eliminate Arctic regions including the Tundra regions.
Permafrost may also cause a threat. It is the melting of frozen snow as summer comes by. As the soil thaws its organic content begin to decay. This releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas,

Permafrost - a permanently frozen layer of soil underground.

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Mutualism - the most well-known relationship of mutualism is the lichen. It is the relationship between a fungus and an algae. The fungus gets "sugars" from  photosynthetic algae, and the algae gets protection from the fungus. Both organisms help each other gain something.

Parasitism - Liver tapeworms are common parasites with wolves, moose, and caribou. There is a host who is being damaged by one organism.

Commensalism - The caribou and the arctic fox share a commensal relationship. The fox follows the caribou who removes the snow covering to get at lichens under the soil. The fox then hunts the animals that have been unearthed by the caribou. Between the two animals, the fox is helped, yet the other organism is neither helped nor harmed.