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-  The government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

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- Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the union.

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- The Democrats would allow Hayes to become president. In return, he would immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South, and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. He had fulfilled his part in the compromise and had withdrew the last of the federal troops protecting African Americans and other Republicans.

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- As a sign of the changing times this act had been passed because many Northerners were ready to put hatred of the confederacy behind them. The act had removed the last of the restrictions on ex-confederates, except leaders. The political consequence of the Amnesty Act was that it allowed Southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments.

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- The South’s agricultural economy had been in turmoil after the war, mainly because landowners had lost their compulsory labor force. Many Southerners had tried to get African Americans to sign a contract to work in their fields. People viewed this as another way of having slavery. With the African Americans lack of interest had led to white landowners adopting sharecropping. This system gave poor people of the rural south an opportunity to work a piece of land for themselves.

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- This had been democratic opponents given nicknames to their hated Republican rivals. They had called Southern Republicans “scalawags” and Northern Newcomers “carpetbaggers”. The Southern whites who usually supported the Southern whigs, who believed in economic development. Northerners mainly went South after the war looking for big business and with humanitarian goals.

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- This act had guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. Though, since one law had been poorly enforced, by 1877 the congress abandoned reconstruction completely.

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- Congress had passed this amendment, which prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote. On account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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- The Republicans had given their presidential nomination of Ulysses S. Grant, even though he had no political experience. The votes of 500,000 blacks had given the Republicans the victory they needed. This had made the Republicans realize if they wanted control of the White House in future elections, they will need freedmen's’ votes.

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- Congress passed three reconstruction acts, which took the drastic step of placing the South under military occupation. These acts had divided the Confederates states up into parts, all under control of the Union army. To win readmission, an ex-confederate state has to ratify the 14th amendment and have guarantees in government for granting all males, no matter the race to vote.

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- The amendment declares that all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens. It obligated the states to respect the rights of US citizens and provide them with "equal protection of laws" and "due process of law". They had made this the key stone of civil rights for minorities, women, children, disabled, or people convicted of crimes.

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- This act had pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens and also attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of Southern state' Black Codes. The Republicans had feared the winning of the Democrats so the had looked for permanent solutions in the form of a constitutional amendment.

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- The period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans, who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans passed four Reconstruction Acts in 1868: (1) ratify the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) write new state constitutions that guarantee freedmen the right to vote; (3) form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including African Americans.

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- The House of Representatives vote made President Johnson the first president to be impeached in U.S. history. Andrew Johnson's impeachment was the result of Stanton's dismissal by the President, this was the last straw for the House Republicans. Johnson was just barely acquitted. As a result for the rest of his term he was powerless to alter the course of Reconstruction and the country.

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President Johnson's Reconstruction Plan (May 1865

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President Johnson's Reconstruction Plan (May 1865

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- His policy had been very similar to Lincoln's 10 percent plan, it provided for the disfranchisement of all former leaders and officeholders of the confederacy and Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property. Johnson's property had retained the power to grant individual pardons to "disloyal" southerners.

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Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address (March 4, 1665

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Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address (March 4, 1665

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- Lincoln had encouraged Northerners to accept Louisiana as a reconstructed state. He had also addressed the very controversial question of whether freedmen should be granted the right to vote. His evolving plans for reconstruction had been ended because of his assassination.

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- The Bureau had acted as an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war. At first, the Freedmen’s Bureau had the authority to resettle freed blacks on confiscated farms in the South, though was cancelled. The Bureau’s greatest success was in education, under the able leadership of Oliver Howard, it established nearly 3,000 schools for freed blacks.

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- This bill had proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for Reconstruction. It had required 50 percent of the voters of a state to take a loyalty oath and permitted only non- Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. Lincoln had ended up refusing the pass of this bill, pocket- vetoing it after congress adjourned.

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

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- Lincoln had set up an easy process for political reconstruction- that is for reconstructing the state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. What was provided in the proclamation was full presidential pardons would be granted to most Confederates who took oath of allegiance to the Union and the US Constitution, or accepted the emancipation of slaves. Also it included a state government could established and accepted as legitimate by the US president.

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Appomattox Courthouse Surrender (April 9th, 1865)

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Appomattox Courthouse Surrender (April 9th, 1865)

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- The Confederate army had tried to negotiate for peace, but Lincoln would accept nothing short of restoration of the Union, and Davis had accepted nothing less than independence. Lee had retreated from Richmond and tried to escape the mountains, only to be cut off and forced to surrender to Grant at the Courthouse. The Union general had treated his longtime enemy with respect and allowed Lee’s men to return to their homes.

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Sherman’s March to Sea (Nov 15-Dec 21, 1864)

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Sherman’s March to Sea (Nov 15-Dec 21, 1864)

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- Sherman had set out from Tennessee, on a campaign of deliberate destruction that went clear across the state of Georgia and then swept into South Carolina, Marching relentlessly through Georgia, his troops destroyed everything in their path, burning cotton fields, barns, and anything that the enemy could use for their benefits. Sherman had taken Atlanta in 1864 in time to help Lincoln’s prospects for reelection. He had also marched into Savannah in December and had completed his march in February by setting fire to Columbia.

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- The Battle of the Wilderness marked the first stage of a major Union offensive toward the Confederate capital of Richmond. As the Army crossed the Rapidan River on May 4, Confederate General Robert E. Lee determined that his Army of Northern Virginia would confront the enemy in the dense Virginia woods known as the Wilderness. Familiar terrain for the rebels, the heavy woods and dense undergrowth also negated the Union’s numerical advantage–115,000 to 65,000–by making it nearly impossible for a large army to make an orderly advance. Two days after battling in war which had consisted of multiple casualties, Grant refuses to retreat and instead he creates the Overland Campaign. His primary goal was to engage Robert E. Lee’s army and keep it under pressure to defend the capital, making it impossible for Lee to send more soldiers to defend against the Union.

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- The invading Confederate army had surprised the Union at Gettysburg in southern Pennsylvania. This battle had been the most crucial and bloodiest of the war, with more than 50,000 casualties. The famous but unsuccessful charge by George Pickett, proved futile, and destroyed a key part of the Confederate army.

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- Union forces had control over New Orleans as well as most of the Mississippi river by the spring of 1863. The Union objective of securing complete control of the Mississippi River had been close to accomplishment, when General Grant began the siege of the heavily fortified city of Vicksburg. The Union had bombed Vicksburg for several weeks before the Confederates surrendered. In result, Federal warships had now controlled the full length of Mississippi.

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- On June 11th, Gillmore ordered an assault on Fort Wagner with one brigade, which met with little success, beachhead was reinforced and Gillmore made plans to attack the fort again on July 18th. An attack spearheaded by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, a colored regiment, stormed and captured the outer rifle pits surrounding the fort. Unconvinced of the success of frontal assaults, the Federals resorted to land and sea siege operations to reduce the fort. The confederates had ended up abandoning Ft. Wagner, after resisting 60 days of shelling. The battle had caused more Northerners to recognize the contributions of African-American soldiers, and to support abolition.

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Capture of New Orleans (April 25- May 1, 1862)

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Capture of New Orleans (April 25- May 1, 1862)

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- When Butler's fleet failed at attacking confederate forts defending the lower mississppi river he sent his ships upriver past the forts exposing themselves to attack. On april 25, 1862 he arrived at new Orleans. Butler's troops took control of the city and now the souths largest city and the center of cotton trade was in the unions hands.

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Chancellorsville (April 30, 1863- May 6, 1863)

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Chancellorsville (April 30, 1863- May 6, 1863)

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- The Union Army under Gen. Hooker is decisively defeated by Lee's much smaller forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville in Virginia as a result of Lee's brilliant and daring tactics. Confederate Gen. Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded by his own soldiers. Hooker retreats. Union losses are 17,000 killed, wounded and missing out of 130,000. The Confederates, 13, 000 out of 60,000.

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- The location had been off of Sewell's point in Virginia. The union side had been led by Louis M Goldsborough and the confederate side had Franklin Buchanan.
In 1865, Jefferson Davis sent VP Stephens to a conference with President Lincoln to possibly negotiate a peace. Davis demanded southern independence while Lincoln would only take a full surrender, thus nothing was achieved. SIGNIFICANCE: shows how difficult it was to achieve any compromise during the war

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- This battle had been fought in Maryland, and had been known as a turning point in the war. This had allowed President Lincoln to pass the Emancipation Proclamation. It had also been the bloodiest one day battle in history.

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- More than 12,000 Union soldiers died, compared to less than 6,000 Confederates. Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines. South has better motives than the north by destroying them.

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- First major land battle of the armies in Virginia. Brigadier General Irvin McDowell is the commander in Washington. Changed the course of the war because the North thought that had it in the bag but they were wrong. Used cannon balls and mini balls for attacks. Union disperses and retreats back to DC

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- The Battle of Shiloh began when the Confederate forces launched an ambush on the Union force. In the begin the Confederate army was having success but weren't able to push the Union forces back. Both sides suffered a total of 23,000 casualties during the battle.

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Peninsula Campaign (March 1862- July 1862)

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Peninsula Campaign (March 1862- July 1862)

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- A complicated route to capture Richmond that McClellan thought would circumvent the confederate defenses. The union had thought it was a grand plan for victory early on in the war. Though the did fail and had resulted in McClellan being fired.

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- Stephen Douglas had been the leading canidate for the Democrat party, and had represented hop for coalition and compromise. Then the Southern Democrats had nominated John C Breckenridge, they called for the unrestriction of slavery and the annexation of Cuba. The Republican Nominee had been Abraham Lincoln he campaigned the exclusion of slavery, protective tariff for industry, and free land for homesteaders. Licoln had ended up winning the election of 1860.

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John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry (October 1859

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John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry (October 1859

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- John Brown confirmed the South's worst fears of radical abolitionism when he tried to start a slave uprising in Virginia. He had led many onto a attack on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry.
- Southern whites had seen the raid as a final proof of the North's true intentions, to use slave revolts to destroy the Soith.

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- Stephen Douglas and Abe Lincoln had been challeging eachother for the seat of Senator. Lincoln had been viewed not as an abolitionist but as someone who was against the expansion of slavery and thought it was a moral issue. He had grasped the attention of many with his "house-divided" speech which had made him popular. He had also been viewed from the Southerners as a "radical". Douglas had said that slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens didn't pass laws maintaining it. His views had angered the Southern Democrats becuase they believed Douglas did'nt go far enough in supporting the implications of the Dred Scott decision.

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- Congressional folly and presidential inepitude contributed to the sectional crisis of the 1850's. Then the supreme court had worsened the crisis when it angered many Northerners with a controversial proslavery decision in a case. Dred Scott had been a slave in Missouri then he had been taken to free territory where he lived for two years and then had came back to Missouri. He had argued that his residence on free soil had made him, a free citizen.
- The courts ruling had delighted Southern Democrats and angered Northern Republicans.

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- Buchanan's first challenge as president was to decide whether to accept or reject a proslavery stae constitution for kansas submitted by the Southern legislature at Lecompton. The president had known that the Lecompton Constitution had lacked support from majority of the settlers, he had ended up asking congress to admit Kansas as a slave state. However congress decided to reject the Lecompton Constitution mainly by those who were antislavery Republicans.

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- The nominee for the Republican party had been John C Fremont, and his campaign had called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. The Know- Nothings canidate had been Millard Fillmore, a former president. Then Democratic party had nominated James Buchanan, which he had ended in victory.

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- The republican party was founded in Wisconsin in 1854 as a direct reaction to the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act. The party had been composed of a coalition of Free Soilers and antislavery Whigs and Democrats. The purpose of the party had been to oppose the spread of slavery in the territories- not to end slavery itself.
- The Republican Party had soon grown to be the second largest party in the countrty. Though, because it remained in these years strictly a Northern or Sectional party, it's success threatened the South.

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- In addition to the division between the North and the South, there had also been growing tension in the North between native-born protestant americans and immigrant germans and irish catholics. Nativist hostility towards these newcomers had led to a new American party, the Know- Nothing party.
- Although the Know- Nothings had won a few local and state elections and had helped weaken the Whigs, they quickly lost influence.

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- Senator Charles Sumner had verbally attacked the Democratic administration in a vitriolic speech, "the crime against kansas". His remarks had included personal charges against Senator Andrew Butler. Butler's nephew, Preston Brooks had defended his absent uncle's honor by beating Sumnr over the head with a cane.
- Brook's actions had outraged the North, and the house had voted to censure him. Southerners had applauded Brook's deed and had sent him numerous canes to replace his.

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- Stephen Douglas had thought that the Kansas- Nebraska Act would settle the issue on slavery peacefully. Though, fighting had soon broke out between the proslavery and the antislavery groups, and the territory would be known as the "bleeding kansas".
- As the "bleeding kansas" became bloodier, the Democratic party became even more divided between Northern and Southern.

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- Senator Stephen A Douglas had devised a plan for building a railroad and promoting western settlement. though, Douglas had needed Southern support to be able to finalize his transcontinental railroad. To get the approval of the South he had created a bill to divide the  Nebraska territory  into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska.
- This bill had resulted in Southerners being able to expand slavery into parts where the Missouri Compromise hadn't allowed them, While Northerners had though of the bill as a surrender to the "slave power".

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- The whigs had nominated another hero from the Mexican War, General Winfield Scott. They had attempted to ignore the slavery issue and focused their campaign on improving roads and harbors. The democrats had nominated Franklin Pierce who had supported the Fugitive Slave Law. The democrats had won and the Whig party's days were numbered.

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- George had been a writer best known by the pro-slavery authors. He had questioned the principle of equal right for "unequal men" and attacked the capital wage system as worse than slavery.
- His writings had been used to as a Souithern reactment to the Northerners literature that condemned them as evil.

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- Hinton R. Helper had taken slavery from another angle where she had used statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery had weakened the South's economy.
- The Southern states had quickly rose to ban the book, through it had been widely distributed by Northerners against slavery and people in the Free Soil Movement.

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-This novel created by Harriet Beecher Stowe was about the conflict between an enslaved man and a brutal white slave owner.
- Had moved a generation of Northerners as well as many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman.

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- The Unserground Railroad was a loose network of Northern free blacks and ex-slaves, also with the help of white abolitionists.
- The most famous conductor is Harriet Tubman, who had taken trips into the South to help 300 slaves escape.

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- The Fugitive Slave Law had persuaded many Southerners to accept the loss of California to the abolitionists and Free-Soldiers.
- Also the enforcement of the new law in the North was bitterly and forcibly resisted by antislavery Northerners. So this new law had caused a wedge between the North and the South.

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- The gold rush of 1849 and the growth of about 100,000 settlera to California, had led to a need of law and order.
- Californians had drafted a constitution for their new state - which had banned slavery.
- President Taylor's plan to admission Cali and New Mexico as free states had sparked talk of secession among the radicals in the South

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- The division between the North and the South had been very evident during the election.
- The election had been between Zachary Taylor a whig who had owned many slaves, Martin Van Buren (free soil party- made slavery an issue), and Lewis Cass (father of popular sovereighty and democrat).
- Zachary Taylor had become president.

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Lewis Cass' idea of Popular Sovereignty. (1848)

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Lewis Cass' idea of Popular Sovereignty. (1848)

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(- Lewis Cass, a democratic senator from Michigan, found a compromise that would attract both Northerners and Southerners.
- Rather than the congress having the decision of whether slavery was allowed in western areas, he suggested that it should be determined through a vote of people settled in the territory.
- This proposed idea had helped the start of the Civil War because results may not be what a certain side wants to hear.

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- The Free Soil Movement had created tension between the North and South over the issue of expanding slavery.
- The third parties main purpose had been to oppose the expansion of slavery into western territories.
- Free men on free soil believed that the had been superior to the slaves.

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- The Missouri Compromise had made the north seem more aggressive in it's anti-slavery views and contributed to southern resentment.
- The compromise had been between Maine and Missouri, and was created to make an effort to preserve the balance in congress between slave and free states.
- The compromise had been passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.