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- Transportation vastly improved in the first half of the 1800's
- Canals were an improvement in cheap transportation, soon after the first railroads were laid

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- Most were religious protestant farmers
- The Northern emphasis on public education grew after the 1830's

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- Developed an economy based on many different industries, among them shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining

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- In 1800 about 5% of the population lived in cities, by 1850 nearly 15% did
- Cities were often crowded and dirty
- Harbors and streets were improved, sanitation systems were started and then police forces were created

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- Between 1830 and 1850 alone had over 2 million Irish, Germans and other Northern Europeans
- Overall the population rose from about 5 to 19 million people, part of this increase was due to massive immigration

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- Warm and humid  summers
- Cold and snowy winters
- Had fast and clear rivers
- Has a lot of sheltered bays and inlets