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Lady Hao was the wife of Shang king Wu Ding in the Shang Dynasty. She was one of the rare women who were military leaders. Lady Hao was involved in ritual ceremonies and military activities; she also led numerous military campaigns against neighboring tribes. The tomb of Lady Hao was the only tomb from the Shang Dynasty that wasn't robbed before it could be excavated.

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Laozi is a legendary figure who is thought of as the founder of Daoism. He Is thought to have lived in the sixth century BCE. According to tradition, Laozi was a wise official at the Zhou Court in Luoyang, who grew weary of the lack of morality he witnessed around him. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Daodejing, which became an important Daoist work. People who followed Daoist teachings affirmed the way, an indescribable force that is the source of all that exists. They thought that human actions upset the natural order. Today, Daoism is one of the five religions officially recognized in China.

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Qin Shihuangdi had become king of the state of Qin in 246 BCE at the age of thirteen. He was a brilliant general, under whom Qin armies defeated all the other states. In 221 BCE, he united them in a real that established China much as we know it today, and declared himself First Emperor. Criticism was not tolerated and all books were destroyed except manuals on topics like agriculture and medicine. According to tradition, 460 scholars were buried alive as a warning of defiance. Hundreds of thousands of people were conscripted to build the Great Wall, as well as a huge palace at his capital Xianyang, and a gigantic tomb. The tomb was discovered by farmers in 1974, with its thousands of life-size terracotta figures lined up to protect the emperor. People suffered from onerous labour service, and from harsh treatment under Qin laws.

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After the end of the Han dynasty in 220, China was Fragmented. As Emperor Wendi, he had ambitious plans to rebuild the country. At first, the Sui empire was stable, and the economy prospered. Emperor Wendi issued a new law code, and written civil service exams to select good officials. These policies had a very long term impact. China's legal system in all succeeding dynasties would be based on Sui code, and the civil service exams were an important aspect of society until the twentieth century. Less than forty years after the Sui Dynasty was founded, in 617 the Sui was overthrown by Rebellion.

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From the 630's onward, Tang rulers expanded China's power westwards into Central Asia. In 751, an Arab army met a Tang army at Talas, which is in today's Kyrgyzstan. The Tang were defeated, and the Battle of Talas marked the end of Tang China's westward expansion. Four years later, the An Lushan Rebellion broke out in China, and all Chinese troops in Central Asia were ordered back to the interior to deal with the rebellion. The Battle of Talas was the first and the only time that Arab and Chinese armies met.