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http://maroonscience.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/tools.pdf

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https://www.quia.com/pop/115968.html?AP_rand=482235536
On this link the questions may be scrambled. Click Play this game. Then find all the correct answers. Click check answers at the bottom and then WRITE THE ANSWERS ON YOUR PAPER.

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Quia - Laboratory Safety Quiz Prep - Life Science

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Use this activity to prepare for the safety quiz.

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http://www.biologyjunction.com/frog_dissection.htm

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Frog Dissection
Pictures: Modern Biology, Holt

Background:
As members of the class Amphibia, frogs may live some of their adult lives on land, but they must return to water to reproduce. Eggs are laid and fertilized in water. On the outside of the frog's head are two external nares, or nostrils; two tympani, or eardrums; and two eyes, each of which has three lids. The third lid, called the nictitating membrane, is transparent. Inside the mouth are two internal nares, or openings into the nostrils; two vomerine teeth in the middle of the roof of the mouth; and two maxillary teeth at the sides of the mouth. Also inside the mouth behind the tongue is the pharynx, or throat.

In the pharynx, there are several openings: one into the esophagus, the tube into which food is swallowed; one into the glottis, through which air enters the larynx, or voice box; and two into the Eustachian tubes, which connect the pharynx to the ear. The digestive system consists of the organs of the digestive tract, or food tube, and the digestive glands. From the esophagus, swallowed food moves into the stomach and then into the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile flows into a tube called the common bile duct, into which pancreatic juice, a digestive juice from the pancreas, also flows. The contents of the common bile duct flow into the small intestine, where most of the digestion and absorption of food into the bloodstream takes place.

Indigestible materials pass through the large intestine and then into the cloaca, the common exit chamber of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. The respiratory system consists of the nostrils and the larynx, which opens into two lungs, hollow sacs with thin walls. The walls of the lungs are filled with capillaries, which are microscopic blood vessels through which materials pass into and out of the blood. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has two receiving chambers, or atria, and one sending chamber, or ventricle. Blood is carried to the heart in vessels called veins. Veins from different parts of the body enter the right and left atria. Blood from both atria goes into the ventricle and then is pumped into the arteries, which are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

The urinary system consists of the frog's kidneys, ureters, bladder, and cloaca. The kidneys are organs that excrete urine. Connected to each kidney is a ureter, a tube through which urine passes into the urinary bladder, a sac that stores urine until it passes out of the body through the cloaca. The organs of the male reproductive system are the testes, sperm ducts, and cloac a. Those of the female system are the ovaries, oviducts, uteri, and cloaca. The testes produce sperm, or male sex cells, which move through sperm ducts, tubes that carry sperm into the cloaca, from which the sperm move outside the body. The ovaries produce eggs, or female sex cells, which move through oviducts into the uteri, then through the cloaca outside the body.

The central nervous system of the frog consists of the brain, which is enclosed in the skull, and the spinal cord, which is enclosed in the backbone. Nerves branch out from the spinal cord. The frog's skeletal and muscular systems consist of its framework of bones and joints, to which nearly all the voluntary muscles of the body are attached. Voluntary muscles, which are those over which the frog has control, occur in pairs of flexors and extensors. When a flexor of a leg or other body part contracts, that part is bent. When the extensor of that body part contracts, the part straightens.

Objectives:
* Describe the appearance of various organs found in the frog.
* Name the organs that make up various systems of the frog.

Purpose:
In this lab, you will dissect a frog in order to observe the external and internal structures of frog anatomy.

Materials:
* safety goggles, gloves, and a lab apron
* forceps
* preserved frog
* dissecting pins (6-10)
* dissecting tray and paper towels
* plastic storage bag and twist tie
* scissors
* marking pen
* dissecting needle

Procedure:

1. Put on safety goggles, gloves, and a lab apron.

2. Place a frog on a dissection tray. To determine the frog's sex, look at the hand digits, or fingers, on its forelegs. A male frog usually has thick pads on its "thumbs," which is one external difference between the sexes, as shown in the diagram below. Male frogs are also usually smaller than female frogs. Observe several frogs to see the difference between males and females.

Use the diagram below to locate and identify the external features of the head. Find the mouth, external nares, tympani, eyes, and nictitating membranes.

Turn the frog on its back and pin down the legs. Cut the hinges of the mouth and open it wide. Use the diagram below to locate and identify the structures inside the mouth. Use a probe to help find each part: the vomerine teeth, the maxillary teeth, the internal nares, the tongue, the openings to the Eustachian tubes, the esophagus, the pharynx, and the slit-like glottis.

1. Look for the opening to the frog's cloaca, located between the hind legs. Use forceps to lift the skin and use scissors to cut along the center of the body from the cloaca to the lip. Turn back the skin, cut toward the side at each leg, and pin the skin flat. The diagram above shows how to make these cuts

2. Lift and cut through the muscles and breast bone to open up the body cavity. If your frog is a female, the abdominal cavity may be filled with dark-colored eggs. If so, remove the eggs on one side so you can see the organs underlying them.

3. Use the diagram below to locate and identify the organs of the digestive system: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Again refer to the diagram below to identify the parts of the circulatory and respiratory systems that are in the chest cavity. Find the left atrium, right atrium, and ventricle of the heart. Find an artery attached to the heart and another artery near the backbone. Find a vein near one of the shoulders. Find the two lungs.

Use a probe and scissors to lift and remove the intestines and liver. Use the diagram on the next page to identify the parts of the urinary and reproductive systems. Remove the peritoneal membrane, which is connective tissue that lies on top of the red kidneys. Observe the yellow fat bodies that are attached to the kidneys. Find the ureters; the urinary bladder; the testes and sperm ducts in the male; and the ovaries, oviducts, and uteri in the female.

1. Remove the kidneys and look for threadlike spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord. Dissect a thigh, and trace one nerve into a leg muscle. Note the size and texture of the leg muscles.

2. Dispose of your materials according to the directions from your teacher.

3. Clean up your work area and wash your hands before leaving the lab.

BACK

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Frog Dissection Pictures: Modern Biology, Holt Background: As members of the class Amphibia, frogs may live some of their adult lives on land, but they must return to water to reproduce. Eggs are laid and fertilized in water. On the outside of the frog's head are two external nares, or nostrils; two tympani, or eardrums; ...

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https://learning-center.homesciencetools.com/article/frog-dissection-project/
TYPO - ON QUESTION 23 THE LAST WORD SHOULD SAY "LAID" NOT FERTILIZED. PLEASE MAKE THE CORRECTION ON YOUR PAPER. :)

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Frogs are animals that belong to the class Amphibia, commonly known as amphibians. Amphibians live both on land and in the water; sometimes they live in water only before they are fully grown. They have moist skin that water can pass in and out of, and most of them spend part of their life (in the tadpole-like larva stage before they mature) in the water. The name Amphibian means literally 'both life.' There are three orders of amphibians: frogs and toads with over 2,000 species, salamanders (including newts) with approximately 300 species, and caecilians with about 160 species.

What makes frogs different from other amphibians? They have smooth skin, are usually tailless as adults, and have the ability to leap. Some frogs are aquatic, spending most of their time in the water. Others are terrestrial, staying mostly on land or in trees. (Toads are also tailless, leaping amphibians, but they usually have rough, warty skin.) Frogs range in size from less than 0.5 inches to 12 inches long!

Frog Science Lesson

Frog Life Cycle

A frog begins life as a fertilized egg. The female frog usually lays eggs in water in a string or mass that sticks to vegetation. The male frog fertilizes the eggs as they are laid. The outer layer of a fertilized egg is a jelly-like material that swells in water, forming a protective coating. The fertilized egg is a single cell that rapidly divides again and again, producing new cells that quickly differentiate into the organs of the frog embryo. Within 2 to 25 days, depending on water temperature, the egg hatches into a tadpole. The tadpole looks more like a fish at first than like a frog. As the tadpole develops, it forms gills that allow it to breathe efficiently underwater. Its tail grows longer and a fin forms, which allows the tadpole to swim effectively.

The tadpole continues to swim, eat and grow for several weeks before it matures to the next stage. The first sign of further development is the appearance of hind legs. Then front legs develop and the tail becomes shorter as it is resorbed. Internally, the tadpole's gills are replaced with lungs until finally the tadpole has become a frog. The young frog grows and matures to adulthood over a period of 2-4 years. The adult frogs then lay their eggs and begin the cycle again.

Anatomy of Adult Frogs

Some frogs are able to leap 20 times their body length! Their front legs are short and specially designed to absorb the impact of landing. Their muscular back legs also work well for swimming. Aquatic frogs have webbed rear feet, usually with five toes. Their front feet are not webbed and usually have four toes. Tree frogs have suction cups on their toes that allow them to cling to the bark of trees.

Frogs have large, bulging eyes that rotate in their socket, providing sight in almost any direction. Their nostrils are located on the top of the head to allow breathing while most of the head is submerged. Although frogs have a good sense of hearing, they don't have typical external ears. Instead, frogs have a tympanic membrane behind each eye. These pick up sound waves and carry them into their internal ears. Frogs' tongues are usually long and sticky and designed to be flicked out quickly to catch insects and other prey.

Frogs have skin that is specially designed to protect them from their enemies and to protect them from drying out. To hide from their enemies, frogs have camouflage skin colorings that help them to blend in with their surroundings. Special pigment cells in their skin control the camouflage pattern and colors. Also, some frogs have serous glands in their skin, which secrete poison that will irritate the mouth of their predators. South American tree frogs secrete a deadly poison, but most are just irritating to humans. To help them keep from drying out, frogs have mucous glands that secrete a waterproof coating to keep their skin moist and slippery.

Have you ever wondered how frogs breathe? When under water, frogs get their oxygen from water that passes through their skin. Capillaries take the oxygen from the skin into the bloodstream. On land, frogs usually get oxygen by taking air through their throats into saclike lungs. Frog hearts have three chambers.

To find out more about frogs, do research on one of these topics: what kinds of frogs live in your area? Can you find more than one species of tadpole locally? If so, compare them. What do local frogs eat? How would the mosquito population be affected if there were few or no frogs in a swampy region? Pick a frog or frog characteristic that is interesting to you, and see what you can find out about it. Look for close-up frog pictures in a magazine like National Geographic or on a website.

Frog Dissection Guide

One of the best ways to learn about adult amphibian anatomy is to dissect a preserved frog and see how all the organs fit together inside its body. Use this guide for complete instructions.
Watch this video to get started!
What You'll Need

You can get a convenient frog dissection kit, or collect the following items:

Frog External Anatomy - Observation Guide

Look carefully at the preserved frog. Notice its powerful hind legs for jumping. The hind legs have five webbed digits (toes), while the front legs have four digits without webbing. Observe that the frog's skin is colored and spotted to help camouflage it. This coloring can change and is controlled by pigment cells in the skin called chromatophores. At the base of the frog's back, locate the anus, which is the opening from which waste, eggs, and sperm are discharged.

On the frog's head, observe the large, bulging eyes that rotate to allow sight in many directions. Frogs don't have external ears, but just behind each eye is a round, flat membrane called a tympanum (ear drum) that senses sound waves. The tympanum on females is similar in size to the eye, but much larger on males. Look for the nostrils ( external nares) in front of the eyes, then open the frog's mouth to see the internal opening of the nostrils ( internal nares). (Cut the hinge joints of the mouth with scissors to make it easier to open.) Near the internal nares are two vomerine teeth on the roof of the mouth. Rub your finger along the rim of the upper jaw to feel the tiny maxillary teeth. Male frogs have openings to the vocal sacs near the hinges of the lower jaw.

Frog Internal Anatomy - Dissection Guide

Click for full-size pdf

1. Lay the frog on its back, spread out its limbs, and pin them to the tray. Use forceps to lift the skin between the hind legs and make a small incision with a scalpel. Continue the cut up the center of the frog's body with scissors, being careful to cut through the skin only. Use forceps to hold the skin away from the muscle while you cut, if necessary. Make horizontal incisions just above the legs and just below the arms, then fold the resulting flaps back and pin them. (You may need to use a scalpel to help separate the skin from the muscle underneath as you fold it back.)

2. Repeat the incisions as before, this time cutting through the muscle layer to a point just below the arms. Lift the muscle with the forceps to prevent cutting the organs underneath.

3. When you reach the area just below the arms, turn your scissors and make horizontal cuts through the hard sternum. Repeat the horizontal cuts just above the arms, and then remove the bony strips entirely. Pin the remaining muscle flaps back, just as with the skin.

4. Look into the body cavity. The yellow finger-like projections on the sides are the fat bodies. It may be necessary to remove some of these in order to see the organs clearly. Likewise, a female specimen may have well-developed eggs filling the body cavity and obscuring the organs. Remove them as necessary.

Now identify the major organs:

Click for full-size pdf

Use this printable frog dissection diagram with labeled parts (.pdf) as a guide for locating them.

Heart. The frog's heart is the small triangular organ at the top. Unlike a mammal heart, it only has three chambers - two atria at the top and one ventricle below. Carefully cut away the pericardium, the thin membrane surrounding the heart. Notice the arteries connected to the top of the heart, giving it a 'Y' shape.

Liver. Just below the heart, the three-lobed liver is the largest organ in the frog's body.

Gall Bladder. Lift up the lobes of the liver to find the small greenish-brown sac of the gall bladder nestled between them. This stores bile produced by the liver.

Lungs. Again, lift the lobes of the liver to locate the lungs on either side of the heart. They are made of a spongy tissue.

Stomach. Curving below the liver is the stomach; it looks like a large whitish tube. After identifying the other organs, you can open the stomach and see what the frog ate. (Frogs swallow their food whole.)

Small Intestine. The stomach connects to the small intestine. The first section, or duodenum, is fairly straight, but the rest of the intestine is coiled and held in place by a blood-vessel-filled membrane called the mesentery.

Pancreas. The pancreas is a thin, flat, ribbon-like organ that lies between the stomach and the small intestine.

Large Intestine. The small intestine narrows to the point where it meets the shorter, broader large intestine. This opens into a chamber called the cloaca, the last stop before wastes exit the body through the cloacal opening, or anus. The frog's sperm or eggs also exit through the cloaca.

Spleen. Lift the small intestine to find the round, reddish spleen attached to the mesentery on the underside. The spleen stores blood as part of the circulatory system.

Ovaries. Female frogs have ovaries full of dark-colored eggs; if the eggs are well-developed, the ovaries will be very large and visible. If not, lift the stomach and intestines to see the ovaries beneath them.

Oviducts. Move the ovaries to one side to see the coiled tubes of the oviducts. If the eggs in the ovaries are not fully developed, the oviducts will be small and tightly coiled.

Kidneys. The kidneys are flat, oval-shaped organs on the back wall of the body cavity beneath the ovaries.

Testes. Male frogs have bean-shaped testes attached to their kidneys.

When you're done, print out this diagram and fill in the labels yourself to test your knowledge of frog anatomy:

See our other free dissection guides with photos and printable PDFs.

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Frog Dissection Guide with Pictures + Video | Home Science Tools

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Frogs are animals that belong to the class Amphibia, commonly known as amphibians. Amphibians live both on land and in the water; sometimes they live in water only before they are fully grown. They have moist skin that water can pass in and out of, and most of them spend part of their life (in the tadpole-like larva stage before they mature) in the water.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPaHbNEbtNo
TURN OFF SOUND AND TURN ON CC CLOSED CAPTIONING SO YOU CAN READ THE STEPS. :)