# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:
in limbo = epävarmuus
reassure = vakuuttaa
vital = elintärkeä
exported = viedään
health hazard = terveysvaara
emissions = päästöt
emit = säteillä
respiratory = hengitys

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Uncertainty about the future of diesel is threatening the UK car industry and leaving drivers in limbo, according to Ford's UK boss.

Andy Barratt said consumers were buying fewer diesel cars, fearing they were polluting and will face new taxes.

However, he claimed new diesels were "every bit as clean" as petrol cars.

Government and industry must do more to reassure consumers, Mr Barratt warned, given there had already been job cuts as diesel sales slide.

Diesel is vital to the UK industry as it makes almost a million diesel engines a year, most of which are exported.

"There has been a lot of chaos in the signalling and in the messaging around diesel and there have been job losses," Mr Barratt said. "The poor motorist just doesn't know what to do - we need to clarify where diesel works and where it doesn't."
Are diesels cars always the biggest health hazard? Diesel cars: Your questions answered
While some diesel engines produce fewer CO2 emissions than their petrol equivalents, many experts say petrol remains the cleaner option.

Diesel cars emit nitrogen oxide, a significant contributor to pollution in cities that can cause respiratory diseases.

Diesel car sales fell by 37% this March compared with last year, according to figures from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) and further falls are forecast for 2018.

Consumer confidence has been hit as politicians became more focused on air quality, and potential customers are worried about new regulations and taxes.

Mr Barratt said the car industry needed to "step up" and offer a clearer message to reassure drivers, but that the government should do more as well.

"Fortunately our Dagenham plant has increased production based around exports and the demand for commercial vehicles that we have," he said. "But there is no doubt there is a real crisis of confidence among consumers."

In December, the SMMT said falling business and consumer confidence was "being exacerbated by ongoing anti-diesel messages from government".

"Diesel remains the right choice for many drivers, not least because of its fuel economy and lower CO2 emissions," boss Mike Hawes said.

This month both Jaguar Land Rover and Nissan have announced job cuts at UK plants because of falling diesel sales.

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End drivers' diesel doubt, says Ford boss

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Uncertainty about the future of diesel is threatening the UK car industry and leaving drivers in limbo, according to Ford's UK boss. Andy Barratt said consumers were buying fewer diesel cars, fearing they were polluting and will face new taxes. However, he claimed new diesels were "every bit as clean" as petrol cars.

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Vocabulary:
measuring = mittaaminen
widespread = laajalle levinnyt
flood = tulva, tulvia
exacerbate = kärjistää
deluge = tulva
narrow = kapea
precipitation = sade
mattress = patja
evaporation = höyrystyminen, haihtuminen
measurement = mittaus

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Scientists have weighed the water that fell on Texas during the record-breaking Hurricane Harvey in August.

They calculate, by measuring how much the Earth was compressed, that the Category 4 storm dropped 127 billion tonnes, or 34 trillion US gallons.

"One person asked me how many stadia is that. It's 26,000 New Orleans Superdomes," said Adrian Borsa from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

His numbers were released as other scientists stated that this year's big hurricanes had a clear human influence.

Harvey, Irma and Maria ripped through the US Gulf states and the Caribbean, leading to widespread flooding and wind damage.

Researchers told the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union here in New Orleans that the heavy rainfall seen in Harvey was very likely exacerbated by the extra warming associated with increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Sea surface temperatures were particularly high in the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico this hurricane season. Warm ocean water acts as a fuel for the storms.

Harvey devastated parts of the Texas coastline because it stalled, concentrating its deluge in a very narrow region. It was one of the heaviest precipitation events in recorded hurricane history.

Four key effects of Hurricane Harvey

Harvey: The climate link

Standard rain gauges saw upwards of 1,270mm (50 inches) of precipitation in places. But these were point measurements and Dr Borsa attempted to get a much broader view by assessing how much the Earth moved in response to the weight of overlying water.

This was detected by a network of high-precision GPS stations, which registered the vertical displacement of the land. "It's like you sitting down on a mattress - it depresses; you stand up and it rebounds. The Earth behaves very similarly, like a rubber block.

"So the Earth is recording the effects of the loads acting on its surface."

The GPS network is dense enough that a very wide picture of activity can be discerned. "It gives us a holistic view, not just point measurements," Dr Borsa told BBC News.

Maps of how Harvey changed Texas

What is especially smart is that the system can see the immediate change after the storm as water runs off the land through rivers, but also captures the much slower effect of water removal through evaporation, driven by the warmth of the Sun. This takes several weeks.

"One of the big deficiencies in our models is that evapotranspiration - that's the Sun and plants doing their things - is not currently directly observed, and it's half of the total water budget. I think GPS is going to be able to provide very useful information about this."

At the same AGU gathering, the American Meteorological Association revealed that its annual report on extreme weather events had identified three that would "not have been possible" without the influence of human-induced climate change.

These were: the record-breaking global temperatures in 2016; the 2016 heat wave across Asia and the high ocean temperatures measured off the coast of Alaska.

These were events that happened because "we have created a new climate," said National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa) climate scientist Stephanie Herring.

The report also concluded that other heat waves around the world were made more intense by climate change and that Arctic warming was "most likely" not possible without it.

The coral bleaching event in the Great Barrier Reef and other marine ecosystems in the Pacific Ocean were also amplified by "human-caused warming of the ocean".

The research is primarily based on comparing models, or simulations, of our climate. "We run a model that shows what the world looks like today and we can validate those models against what is actually happening," explained Dr Herring.

"Then we compare it to a model of an 'alternative world' in which - theoretically - climate change never happened; as if humans didn't emit greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution.

"So we can look at a world with climate change and a world without it."

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Scientists have weighed the water that fell on Texas during the record-breaking Hurricane Harvey in August. They calculate, by measuring how much the Earth was compressed, that the Category 4 storm dropped 127 billion tonnes, or 34 trillion US gallons. "One person asked me how many stadia is that.

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Vocabulary:
revellers = juhlijat
attented
dressed in their school coveralls

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This year's crowning of the Havis Amanda statue located by Helsinki's southern harbour drew a crowd of up to 80,000 revellers, or about twice the number of people who attended the traditional May Day ( Vappu) event last year, according to city police.

This year the ceremony, which involves a group of students hoisted by a massive crane above the fountain-statue and throngs of people below, was carried out by students from Helsinki University at about 6 pm on Monday.

Eleven members of the institution's student union, dressed in their school coveralls, first placed a scarf on Havis Amanda's shoulders and then a traditional - if large, at size 84 - student cap on her head.

The student union was chosen this year in honour of the organisation's 150th anniversary.

Scores of other student ceremonies and celebrations also took place in cities like Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lappeenranta, Rovaniemi, Tampere and Vaasa on Monday evening.

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80,000 attend statue crowning festivities at May Day ceremony in Helsinki

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This year's crowning of the Havis Amanda statue located by Helsinki's southern harbour drew a crowd of up to 80,000 revellers, or about twice the number of people who attended the traditional May Day ( Vappu) event last year, according to city police.

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Vocabulary:

cruise missile = risteily ohjus
condemn = tuomita
ally = liittolainen
retaliate = kostaa
purpose = tarkoitus
establish = näyttää toteen
deterrent = pelote
briefing = informaatiotilaisuus
announcement = tiedonanto
allegedly = väitetään
unverified = todistamaton
preliminary = ennenaikainen

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The US, UK and France have bombed three government sites in Syria in an early morning operation targeting chemical weapons facilities, they say.

The move is a response to a suspected chemical attack on the town of Douma last week which killed dozens.

Russian President Vladimir Putin said he condemned the Western strikes "in the most serious way".

Russia, Syria's main ally, had threatened military retaliation if any Russian forces had been hit.

"The nations of Britain, France, and the United States of America have marshalled their righteous power against barbarism and brutality," US President Donald Trump said in an address from the White House at about 21:00 local time (01:00 GMT).

"The purpose of our actions tonight is to establish a strong deterrent against the production, spread, and use of chemical weapons," he said.

The wave of strikes is the most significant attack against President Bashar al-Assad's government by Western powers in seven years of Syria's civil war.

Where was hit?

At a Pentagon briefing shortly after Mr Trump's announcement, General Joseph Dunford listed three targets that had been struck:

A scientific research facility in Damascus, allegedly connected to the production of chemical and biological weapons

A chemical weapons storage facility west of Homs

A chemical weapons equipment storage site and an important command post, also near Homs

Reuters news agency cites a pro-Assad militia commander saying other locations were hit, including various sites close to Damascus: a military base in the Dimas area; army depots in the eastern Qalamoun; the Kiswah area, where Iran is believed to have been building a base; and a site in the Qasyoun hills, plus a research centre in Masyaf, further north. These reports are unverified.

UK-based monitoring group the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights suggested more targets than the three listed by the Pentagon had been hit.

Russia said Syria had shot down 71 of 103 missiles fired.

Was anyone killed?

According to a Russian defence ministry statement, "preliminary information" said there had been no casualties among the Syrian army or civilians.

There were initial reports that three civilians had been injured in Homs.

US Secretary of Defence James Mattis told journalists there were no reports of US losses in the operation.

He also said the scale of the strikes was about "double" what was launched in April 2017 after a chemical attack on the town of Khan Sheikhoun that killed more than 80 people.

Will the strikes continue?

In his earlier address, President Trump had said: "We are prepared to sustain this response until the Syrian regime stops its use of prohibited chemical agents."

But Secretary Mattis said that "right now, this is a one-time shot".

Gen Dunford said the US had communicated with Russia ahead of the strikes through the normal procedures of their "deconfliction" hotline, which is used to prevent accidental clashes in a war zone with multiple international players. There had been concerns that if the US strike had hit Russian military personnel on the ground, it would further escalate tension.

According to the UK Ministry of Defence, strikes carried out by four RAF Tornado jets hit one of the targets mentioned by the Pentagon - a military site near the city of Homs which is believed to have housed precursor materials for chemical weapons.

Eight Storm Shadow cruise missiles were fired by the jets.

Prime Minister Theresa May said there was "no practicable alternative to the use of force".

But she also said the strikes were not about "regime change".

She later added that while the assessment of the strikes' results was ongoing, she was confident of their success.

French President Emmanuel Macron also confirmed his country's participation in the operation.

"Dozens of men, women and children were massacred with chemical weapons," he said of the Douma incident a week ago - adding that "the red line had been crossed".

Jonathan Marcus, BBC defence correspondent

This attack was more significant than the US strike against a Syrian air base a little over a year ago, but at first sight seems more limited than President Trump's rhetoric may have suggested.

Last year some 59 missiles were fired. This time a little over double that number were used.

The strikes are over for now, but there was a clear warning that if the Assad regime resorts to chemical weapons again, then further strikes may well follow.

Care was taken, say the Americans, to avoid both Syrian and "foreign" - for that read Russian - casualties.

But the fundamental questions remain. Will President Assad be deterred?

Last year's US strike failed to change his behaviour. This time, will it be any different?

How has Syria responded?

Sana, Syria's official state news agency, called the Western action "a flagrant violation of international law".

"The American, French and British aggression against Syria will fail," it said.

Syria has repeatedly denied using chemical weapons.

The international Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) had dispatched a fact-finding team to the site of the alleged attack in Douma and was set to start work on Saturday. The mission will still go ahead, said the OPCW after the strikes.

The Syrian presidency has tweeted a short video of Bashar al-Assad walking into his office at 09:00 local time with the caption: "Morning of steadfastness".

In his speech, President Trump said Mr Assad had committed "the crimes of a monster".

Reaction to the strikes was mixed among the international community.

President Putin called them "an act of aggression".

The BBC's Kevin Connolly in Moscow said President Putin had articulated Russian anger, but Moscow's claim that none of its own military assets were threatened may suggest that the threat of escalation through some sort of Russian retaliation has now been substantially reduced.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel - who had ruled out joining the military action - said she supported the strikes as "necessary and appropriate".

Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg tweeted support for the strikes, saying those who use chemical weapons "must be held accountable".

Nato said it would hold a special meeting on Saturday, where the US, UK and France would brief other member states.

US Senator John McCain applauded Mr Trump for taking military action. The leading Republican and former prisoner-of-war, who chairs the Senate Armed Services Committee, is often critical of the president.

Other US politicians argued that President Trump should come before Congress and receive authorisation for the use of military force.

Meanwhile, United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres warned UN members of their responsibilities.

"There's an obligation, particularly when dealing with matters of peace and security, to act consistently with the Charter of the United Nations and with international law in general," he said.

"I urge all member states to show restraint in these dangerous circumstances."

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Syria air strikes: US and allies attack 'chemical weapons sites'

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The US, UK and France have bombed three government sites in Syria in an early morning operation targeting chemical weapons facilities, they say. The move is a response to a suspected chemical attack on the town of Douma last week which killed dozens.

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Vocabulary:
bankruptcy = konkurssi
profitable = tuottoisa
manufacturing =teollisuus
forecast= ennustaa
robust=jykevä
shareholders  = osakkeen  omistaja

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Tesla is facing more questions about its financial viability ahead of its latest results on Wednesday.

The electric car-maker is facing a cash crunch, caused by a combination of a major debt load and heavy spending.

Tesla boss Elon Musk says the firm could be profitable this year and dismissed concerns with an April Fool's Day joke about bankruptcy.

However, analysts are less jovial and say Tesla's problems are serious.

Since September, the firm's shares have fallen by about a quarter to $296 - and many investors think they will continue to drop.

As of April 25, Tesla was the most shorted company in the US, according to S3 Partners, a financial data and analytics firm.

John Thompson, chief executive of Vilas Capital Management, is one of the people who has put money on the idea that the share price will collapse, placing pressure on the company and eventually leading to bankruptcy.

"Over the next three to six months, I've said I think the stock will fall significantly, at which time the capital markets will close to Tesla entirely," he said. "Then it's just a matter of time given their losses and their capital expenditure needs."

Tesla reports record loss but says outlook is positive

Musk set for mega-pay deal

Tesla, which has not made an annual profit in its 15-year history, had more than $10bn in debt at the end of 2017 and $3.4bn in cash.

The firm has been spending heavily to increase production of its newest car, the Model 3, but continues to fall short of manufacturing forecasts despite robust customer demand.

It made just 9,800 Model 3s in the first three months of the year, compared to an earlier goal of 5,000 vehicles a week.

Last summer, Mr Musk said Tesla was spending about $100m a week to ramp up production. Bloomberg recently calculated that it continues to spend more than $6,500 per minute.

"I don't see how Tesla's going to survive, given their capital structure, meaning they have a ton of debt and continued massive losses," Mr Thompson said.

Tesla has previously tapped investors for more money, as well as collecting deposits from customers lining up for its cars.

It raised more than $3bn on Wall Street last year, largely by issuing debt, cashing in on the enthusiasm for the firm and Mr Musk, 46, also known for his SpaceX rocket venture, punchy Twitter personality and tortured personal life.

Elon Musk: The man who sent his sports car into space

Elon Musk: SpaceX and Tesla alive 'by skin of their teeth'

This year, Tesla has maintained that it does not need to raise money apart from its "standard credit lines", citing improving production.

But in March Moody's said it expects the firm will need to raise about $2bn in the near-term. At the same time, the credit rating agency downgraded Tesla debt, citing the production struggles.

Tesla fans, who include celebrities such as Kanye West, remain legion, and demand for both its debt and shares was strong last year.

Mr Thompson, for one, thinks sentiment is shifting: "I think the story of, 'the next car is profitable, the next great thing is going to save the company', is sort of getting old and ... people are starting to realise that."

In addition to the manufacturing issues, Tesla has faced negative publicity for conflicts of interest on its board, as well as working conditions.

Its autopilot feature is under scrutiny after fatal accidents and the company recently recalled more than 100,000 Model S cars for an issue with the power steering.

Tesla has said its high public profile makes it a target for critics and Mr Musk, who has dubbed short-sellers "jerks", recently told CBS he is optimistic about the firm's "path out of hell".

Tesla's challenges did not stop shareholders from awarding Mr Musk a record pay package earlier this year.

"It should be pretty obvious, I think, that I'm not gonna joke about bankruptcy if I think it's remotely real," Mr Musk said.

"I'm feeling pretty optimistic about where Tesla is at this point. At this point I can have a clear understanding of the path out of hell, and I did not, until recently, have a clear understanding."

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Tesla is facing more questions about its financial viability ahead of its latest results on Wednesday. The electric car-maker is facing a cash crunch, caused by a combination of a major debt load and heavy spending. Tesla boss Elon Musk says the firm could be profitable this year and dismissed concerns with an April Fool's Day joke about bankruptcy.

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:
physical strength = fyysinen vahvuus
stamina=kestävyys
extraordinary= kummallinen, epätavallinen
declare= julistaa, ilmoittaa, esitellä
astonishing= hämmästyttävä
dictate= sanella
allegation= syyte, väite
bodyguard= turvamies
elect= valita, päättää
assessment= arvio, käsitys
blood pressure= verenpaine
joint surgery= nivelleikkaus

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:
nuclear program = ydinase ohjelma
blueprint = pohjapiirros
enrich = rikastaa
international sanction = kansainvälinen pakote
nuclear warhead = ydinkärki
weaponization = aseellistaminen

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"Tonight, I'm here to tell you one thing: Iran lied -- big time," Netanyahu said late Monday during an address from the Israel Ministry of Defense in Tel Aviv.

Calling it one of the greatest achievements in the history of Israeli intelligence, Netanyahu displayed what he said were files that demonstrate Iran planned to continue pursuing a nuclear weapons program despite the 2015 deal it brokered with the international community.

Speaking in English, Netanyahu accused Iran of ramping up efforts to obscure the files in 2015 and moving them to a secret location in Tehran last year.

The files were kept in massive vaults inside an "innocent-looking compound" in Shorabad District, the Prime Minister said. The 100,000 files contain, among other things, blueprints, charts, photos, videos and presentations dealing with nuclear weaponry.

"Iran planned at the highest level to continue work related to nuclear weapons under different guises and using the same personnel," he said.

Iranian, US reaction

Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi called Netanyahu's comments "childish" and "laughable."

"What we saw from Netanyahu was a childish play which we had also witnessed in previous years and also from the MKO terrorist group," Araghchi said, as quoted by the state-run IRNA news agency.

Referring to claims by Netanyahu that it has 55,000 documents from a facility in Iran is "ridiculous" because Iran would never harbor such important documents in an abandoned area, Araghci said.

The White House issued a statement Monday night, saying: "The United States is aware of the information just released by Israel and continues to examine it carefully. This information provides new and compelling details about Iran's efforts to develop missile-deliverable nuclear weapons.

"These facts are consistent with what the United States has long known: Iran has a robust, clandestine nuclear weapons program that it has tried and failed to hide from the world and from its own people. The Iranian regime has shown it will use destructive weapons against its neighbors and others. Iran must never have nuclear weapons."

US President Donald Trump applauded the announcement and said it shows he was "100% right" in criticizing the 2015 pact agreed to by former US President Barack Obama, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France and Germany. Iran agreed to reduce its uranium stockpile in return for international sanctions being lifted.

"In seven years, that deal will have expired and Iran is free to go ahead and create nuclear weapons. That is not acceptable. Seven years is tomorrow," Trump said.

Asked what might come of the deal, Trump responded, "We'll see what happens." Even if he does pull out of the deal, he said, "that doesn't mean I wouldn't negotiate a new agreement."

Trump has until May 12 to decide whether to continue waiving sanctions on Iran that were lifted under the Iran deal, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.

Before Netanyahu's address, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif tweeted, "The boy who can't stop crying wolf is at it again. Undeterred by cartoon fiasco at UNGA. You can only fool some of the people so many times." Zarif was referring to a cartoon drawing of a bomb that Netanyahu referred to during a September 2012 appearance before the UN General Assembly about Iran's nuclear program.

After Netanyahu spoke, Zarif tweeted, "Pres. Trump is jumping on a rehash of old allegations already dealt with by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) to 'nix' the deal. How convenient. Coordinated timing of alleged intelligence revelations by the boy who cries wolf just days before May 12. But Trump's impetuousness to celebrate blew the cover."

Project Amad

Netanyahu alleged that Iran for years operated the secret Project Amad, which sought to produce five nuclear warheads, each with an explosive yield equivalent to five of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima during World War II, The nation stored material related to Project Amad to use later, he said.

Iran lied about Project Amad, he said, when one of the conditions of the nuclear deal was that Iran had to "come clean" about its activities related to nuclear arms.

Netanyahu said during his address that Zarif -- along with Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran's Supreme Leader, and President Hassan Rouhani -- had all previously lied when they said Iran had no interest in nuclear weapons.

The Prime Minister vehemently opposes the deal and said Monday it provides Iran "a clear path to an atomic arsenal" by allowing for unlimited uranium enrichment within a few years, and by failing to address the country's development of ballistic missiles and its advanced work on weaponization.

Netanyahu promises to share intelligence

Hours after showing the purported evidence of Iran's deception around the nuclear deal, Netanyahu spoke with the leaders of France, Germany and Russia, promising to share the intelligence he publicized, according to the Prime Minister's office.

Netanyahu's office described the material as the "exposure of the documents on the Iranian plan to achieve nuclear weapons."

Netanyahu told the leaders of France and Germany that he would send professional teams to brief them on the material Israel revealed. The Prime Minister intends to speak to the leaders of Great Britain and China "forthwith," his office said.

Germany will analyze and evaluate the information presented by Israel concerning Iran's nuclear program, a government spokesperson said. The spokesperson said the agreement established a "landmark and robust" system for monitoring compliance with the deal -- and will continue to be necessary.

The UK has "never been naïve about Iran and its nuclear intentions," according to a statement issued by a UK government spokesperson.

"That is why the IAEA inspection regime agreed as part of the Iran nuclear deal is one of the most extensive and robust in the history of international nuclear accords. It remains a vitally important way of independently verifying that Iran is adhering to the deal and that Iran's nuclear program is exclusively peaceful," the UK spokesperson said.

Russian President Vladimir Putin remains committed to the Iran nuclear deal, telling Netanyahu in a Monday phone call that it must be "strictly observed by all parties," the Kremlin said.

The White House said Trump on Monday spoke with French President Emmanuel Macron on Monday to "address developments concerning Syria and Iran." Details were not provided.

In his presentation, Netanyahu dramatically pulled aside dark sheets to reveal shelves holding books he said were copies of 55,000 pages of Iranian nuclear information and a display of discs he said were 55,000 files.

He didn't provide details about how Israel obtained the purported documents.

"You may want to know where are the originals," he said. "Well, I can say now they're in a very safe place."

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netanyahu says he has proof of secret iranian nuclear program - cnn

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Netanyahu says he has proof of secret Iranian nuclear program

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"Tonight, I'm here to tell you one thing: Iran lied -- big time," Netanyahu said late Monday during an address from the Israel Ministry of Defense in Tel Aviv. Calling it one of the greatest achievements in the history of Israeli intelligence, Netanyahu displayed what he said were files that demonstrate Iran planned to continue pursuing a nuclear weapons program despite the 2015 deal it brokered with the international community.

# data[].attributes.body
flash flood - äkkitulva
mourn - surra
downpour - kaatosade
nightfall - iltahämärä
arid cliff - kuiva jyrkänne
torrent - ryöppy, hyöky
sporadically - satunnaisesti

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Nine teenage hikers killed in Israel flash floods

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Police say 15 rescued and one still missing from group hiking south of Dead Sea

# data[].attributes.body
vocabulary
Shelter=suoja
donate=lahjoittaa
charity=hyväntekeväisyys
decorated=koristella
remains=jäännökset
residents=asukkaat
closure=sulkeminen
among=keskuudessa
exacerbate=pahentaa
anxiety=levottomuus
estimated=arvioitu
rely=luottaa

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'Why don't they help us? They're killing us': Puerto Rico after the storm | Rossalyn Warren

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With electricity and water still scarce following Hurricane Maria, islanders are angry about perceived US indifference

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:
Permafrost = ikirouta
Bubonic plague = paiserutto
Smallpox = isorokko
Anthrax = pernarutto
Pathogens = taudinaiheuttaja
Frozen carcass = jäätynyt ruho
Infectious = tarttuva
Superficial = pinnallinen
Global epidemics = maailmanlaajuinen epidemia
Conceivable = mahdollinen
Spanish flu = espanjantauti
Mass grave = joukkohauta
Spores = itiöt
Fungi = sienet
Pose a threat = uhata
Eradicate = hävittää
Contaminated = saastunut
Inherently unknowable = luonnostaan tuntematon

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Welcome to BBC Earth, a place to explore the natural world through awe-inspiring documentaries, podcasts, stories and more.

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:

Missile strikes=ohjusiskut
demonstrate=osoittaa, näyttää, havainnollistaa
brutality=raakuus, julmuus
meticulously=pikkutarkasti
acknowledgment=hyväksyminen, tunnustaminen
chemical weapons=kemialliset aseet
erroneous=virheellinen
administration=hallinto, johto
restore=palauttaa

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Once the guns fall quiet, they say, Syria's other sizable issues can be addressed: the fight between Turkey and the Kurds in the north; the shadow war between Iran and Israel; and the rebuilding of destroyed communities so that refugees can return.

Ceding that much to Mr. Assad has long been anathema in Washington and other Western capitals, where policymakers believe he should be punished for his brutality during the war and have vowed not to contribute to reconstruction as long as he remains in power.

Some counter that if the West refuses to invest the resources needed to determine Syria's future, its efforts to penalize Mr. Assad will make life worse for average Syrians.

"You are not punishing Assad, you are punishing the poor Syrian people," said Joshua Landis, the director of the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma. "If America's objectives are countering terrorism, stabilization and the return of refugees, all of these will fail."

President Trump ordered Saturday's strikes, which were carried out in conjunction with Britain and France, to punish Mr. Assad for an apparent chemical attack in Douma a week before.

The strikes were not intended to topple Mr. Assad, damage the Russian and Iranian allies that support his troops, or protect civilians from violence. In fact, they were meticulously planned and executed to avoid altering the overall dynamics of the conflict and keep the United States from getting dragged further in.

That frustrated Mr. Assad's foes.

"The American strikes did not change anything for Syrians," said Osama Shoghari, an anti-government activist from Douma who is struggling to start a new life in an unfamiliar town 180 miles away from his home. "They did not change anything on the ground."

The West's resistance to further intervention is good news for Russia and Iran, and of course for Mr. Assad, who was happy on Sunday, according to a group of Russian politicians who visited him.

"President Assad has an absolutely positive attitude, a good mood," said Natalya Komarova, a member of the delegation, according to Russian news agencies.

But in an acknowledgment of the war's toll, another visitor reported that Mr. Assad said rebuilding Syria could cost $400 billion.

If the primary message of the strikes was that Mr. Assad could not use chemical weapons, a secondary message was that the West was going to leave him in power, no matter what else he did.

"Even if this is a chemical weapons deterrent, that leaves a whole arsenal of conventional means with which people can be killed in Syria with few real repercussions," said Sam Heller, a senior analyst who studies Syria at the International Crisis Group. "There is every reason to expect that that will continue."

Seven years of conflict have seen Syria sliced up by world powers, with the Turks administering towns in the north, the United States working with Kurdish-led militias in the east, and Russia and Iran helping Mr. Assad rout the remaining pockets of rebels elsewhere.

At this point, no one seems to have a realistic plan to broker a lasting peace between those forces that would bring Syria together again in a stable enough way to allow millions of refugees to return home and for rebuilding to begin. Many discount the idea that Mr. Assad can play a meaningful role in that process.

"It is very shortsighted and erroneous in my mind," said Maha Yahya, the director of the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut. "Facilitating a win for Assad is making sure that Syria remains the epicenter of instability in the region."

Research by the center has found that if Mr. Assad remains in power, it would discourage the return of Syrian refugees from neighboring countries and Europe. "They are not going back as long as Assad is in power because they don't believe that there will be safety and stability while Assad is there," Ms. Yahya said.

The only solution, she said, is a settlement between Russia and the United States that other powers, like Turkey and Iran, could eventually be brought into. But reaching such an agreement would involve an intensity of diplomatic efforts that Mr. Trump's administration is not interested in.

After announcing Saturday's strikes, Mr. Trump painted a pessimistic view of the United States' ability to effect change in the Middle East.

"No amount of American blood or treasure can produce lasting peace and security in the Middle East," he said. "It's a troubled place. We will try to make it better, but it is a troubled place."

He suggested that Arab allies could play an increased role, mentioning Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Qatar. But the first two are bogged down in a war in Yemen, and the first three are locked in a bitter dispute with the fourth, making it unclear how they would work together to fix Syria.

Before the strikes, Mr. Trump froze $200 million in stabilization aid for Syria and said that he wanted to bring home the roughly 2,000 American troops now in eastern Syria.

Besides working with a Kurdish-led militia known as the Syrian Democratic Forces to fight the Islamic State, the United States is helping restore areas like the city of Raqqa that were recently retaken from the jihadists.

Given the tremendous damage to the city, this is a gargantuan task, said Mustafa al-Abed, of the Raqqa Civil Council, which is supported by the United States. Among his group's priorities are fixing the water and electricity networks, clearing rubble from roads and restoring irrigation networks so that farmers can plant.

But before that can happen, and before residents can return to their homes, the city must be cleared of the many mines and explosive booby traps that the jihadists planted before their defeat.

"They are everywhere," Mr. Abed said of the mines. "In homes, in cars, in roads. There is no normal size or place. They are everywhere."

He was dismissive of Saturday's strikes, which he said were preceded by so many threats from Mr. Trump that the Syrian government had ample time to evacuate buildings and hide sensitive materials.

"They have used all kinds of weapons," he said, of the Syrian government's forces. "So the strikes should have been strong enough to break the back of the regime."

The only thing that was preventing the government, Russia and Iran from returning to his part of the country was the presence of American troops, he said. He feared what would happen if the United States left.

"We will go back to being a region of struggles, like we were before," he said. "We'll return to fighting and fear and blood."

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After U.S. Strikes, Syria Returns to War as Usual

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Once the guns fall quiet, they say, Syria's other sizable issues can be addressed: the fight between Turkey and the Kurds in the north; the shadow war between Iran and Israel; and the rebuilding of destroyed communities so that refugees can return.

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:
adapt=sopeutua
unscathed=vahingoittumaton
Frank=vilpitön
structured= jäsennelty
counter-productive=epätarkoituksenmukaisena
stigma=häpeä
exploitation=hyväksikäyttö
stringent=tiukka, ankara
detached=erillinen, irrallinen

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Day after day, year after year, imagine having no space to call your own, no choice over who to be with, what to eat, or where to go. There is threat and suspicion everywhere. Love or even a gentle human touch can be difficult to find. You are separated from family and friends.

If they are to cope, then prisoners confined to this kind of environment have no option but to change and adapt. This is especially true for those facing long-term sentences - in England and Wales, around 43% of sentences now last more than four years.

In a report on the psychological impact of imprisonment for the US government, the social psychologist Craig Haney (who collaborated with Philip Zimbardo on the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment) was frank: "few people are completely unchanged or unscathed by the [prison] experience".
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Based on their interviews with hundreds of prisoners, researchers at the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge went further, stating that long-term imprisonment " changes people to the core". Or in the stark words of a long-term inmate interviewed for research published in the 1980s, after years in prison "you ain't the same".

In the field of personality psychology, it used to be believed that our personalities remain largely fixed in adulthood. But recent research has found that, in fact, despite relative stability our habits of thought, behaviour and emotion do change in significant and consequential ways - especially in response to the different roles that we adopt as we go through life. It is almost inevitable then that time spent as a prisoner, in a highly structured yet socially threatening environment, is bound to lead to significant personality changes.

Particularly for anyone concerned about prisoner welfare and how to rehabilitate former convicts, the worry is that these personality changes, while they may help the prisoner survive their jail time, are counter-productive for their lives upon release.

Key features of the prison environment that are likely to lead to personality change include the chronic loss of free choice, lack of privacy, daily stigma, frequent fear, need to wear a constant mask of invulnerability and emotional flatness (to avoid exploitation by others), and the requirement, day after day, to follow externally imposed stringent rules and routines.
'Prisonisation'
There is surprisingly little research on how these chronic features of the environment might change prisoners' personalities in terms of the "Big Five" model of personality that dominates most modern research on the general, non-prison population (based around the key traits like extroversion and conscientiousness).

Nonetheless, there is widespread recognition among psychologists and criminologists that prisoners adapt to their environment, which they call "prisonisation". This contributes towards a kind of "post-incarceration syndrome" when they are released.

Consider the findings from 'in-depth interviews with 25 former 'lifers' (including two women) in Boston, who had served an average of 19 years in jail. Analysing their narratives, psychologist Marieke Liema and criminologist Maarten Kunst found that the former prisoners had developed "institutionalised personality traits", including "distrusting others, difficulty engaging in relationships [and] hampered decision-making".

One 42-year-old male former prisoner said: "I do [still] kind of act like I'm still in prison, and I mean you [are] not a light switch or a water faucet. You can't just turn something off. When you've done something for a certain amount of time... it becomes a part of you."

The personality change that most dominated their accounts was an inability to trust others - a kind of perpetual paranoia. "You cannot trust anybody in the joint," said another of the interviewees, a man now aged 52. "I do have an issue with trust, I just do not trust anybody."

Interviews with hundreds of UK prisoners undertaken by Susie Hulley and her colleagues at the Institute of Criminology painted a similar picture. "Many... told us that they had undergone significant and sometimes wholesale personal transformations," the researchers wrote in 2015.

The prisoners described a process of "emotional numbing". "It does harden you. It does make you a bit more distant," one said, explaining how people in jail deliberately conceal and suppress their emotions. "It is who you become, and if you are hardened in the beginning then you become even harder, you become even colder, you become more detached." Another prisoner stated: "It's... I, kind of, don't have feelings for people" any more.

In terms of the Big Five personality traits, one could characterise this as a form of extreme low neuroticism (or high emotional stability or flatness), combined with low extraversion and low agreeability - in other words, not an ideal personality shift for the return to the outside world.

That is certainly the concern of Hulley and her colleagues. "As the long-term prisoner becomes 'adapted' - in the true sense of the term - to the imperatives of a sustained period of confinement, he or she becomes more emotionally detached, more self-isolating, more socially withdrawn, and perhaps less well suited to life after release," they warned.

The interview-based studies so far involved long-term prisoners incarcerated for many years. But an exploratory paper published in February 2018 used neuropsychological tests to show that even a short stay in prison had an impact on personality.

The researchers led by Jesse Meijers at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam tested 37 prisoners twice, three months apart. At the second test, they showed increased impulsivity and poorer attentional control. These kinds of cognitive changes could indicate that their conscientiousness - a trait associated with self-discipline, orderliness and ambition - has deteriorated.

The researchers think the changes they observed are likely due to the impoverished environment of the prison, including the lack of cognitive challenges and lost autonomy. "This is a significant and societally relevant finding," they concluded, "as released prisoners may be less capable of living a lawful life than they were prior to their imprisonment".

However, other findings offer some glimmers of hope. For another recent paper - one of the few to apply the Big Five model to prisoner personality change - researchers compared the personality profiles of maximum security prisoners in Sweden with various control groups, including college students and prison guards. They found that while the prisoners scored lower on extroversion, openness, and agreeableness, as you might expect, they actually scored higher on conscientiousness, especially the 'sub-traits' of orderliness and self-discipline.

The researchers, led by Kristianstad University's Johanna Masche-No, don't believe this was due to a social desirability effect - that the prisoners were trying to make a good impression on the team asking them questions - because the results were confidential and the prisoners described themselves in unflattering terms on other traits like agreeability.

Instead, the researchers think their findings may reflect a form of positive personality adjustment to the prison situation: "The environment in a prison is very strict with respect to both regulations and norms, and private space is limited," they concluded. "Such an environment places demands on inmates to acquire order to avoid both formal punishment and negative acts from co-inmates."

In other words, it can help to be conscientious to stay out of trouble.

Although these findings from Sweden seem to contradict the Dutch research, it's worth noting that while the Dutch prisoners became more impulsive and less attentive, they also showed improvements in their spatial planning abilities, which could be seen as related to orderliness (Meijers and his colleagues did not read too much into this improvement because they said it could just have been that the prisoners scored higher on the test the second time round because they'd had more practice at it). Another possibility is that the high conscientiousness seen in the Swedish prisoners is specific to their country's prison system, where there is a greater emphasis on treatment and rehabilitation than in many other countries.

Also hopeful, and somewhat in line with the Swedish findings, two recent studies involved prisoners playing financial games that are often used to study cooperation, risk-taking and punishment (one of the games is unrelatedly called The Prisoner's Dilemma). These showed that prisoners engaged in normal or even heightened levels of cooperation.

The findings have implications for debates about the reintegration of criminals into society, says

Sigbjørn Birkeland at the NHH Norwegian School of Economics, who conducted one of these studies with colleagues. "A common perception... is that criminals are bad guys who lack prosocial motivation and this perception may potentially be used to justify harsh sentencing of criminals," they wrote. Their results show, they said, that criminals can be just as "equally pro-socially motivated as the general population."

As awareness grows that personality is malleable, hopefully this will lead to greater efforts to consider how the prison environment can shape an inmate's character. This clearly could affect their return to society.

There is currently a dearth of existing research with this explicit aim. For now, the evidence we have suggests that prison life leads to personality changes that are likely to hamper a person's rehabilitation and reintegration. To one extent that may be inevitable, given the loss of privacy and freedom.

But that said, the research findings regarding prisoner conscientiousness and cooperation show all hope is not lost, and they highlight potential targets for rehabilitation programmes.

These are not merely abstract issues of concern to scholars: they have profound implications for how we as a society wish to deal with those who break our laws. The current evidence suggests that the longer and harsher the prison sentence - in terms of less freedom, choice and opportunity for safe, meaningful relationships - the more likely that prisoners' personalities will be changed in ways that make their reintegration difficult and that increase their risk for re-offending.

Ultimately, society may be confronted with a choice. We can punish offenders more severely and risk changing them for the worse, or we can design sentencing rules and prisons in a way that helps offenders rehabilitate and change for the better.

--
Dr Christian Jarrett Join 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter. edits the British Psychological Society's Research Digest blog. His next book, Personology, will be published in 2019.
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Day after day, year after year, imagine having no space to call your own, no choice over who to be with, what to eat, or where to go. There is threat and suspicion everywhere. Love or even a gentle human touch can be difficult to find. You are separated from family and friends.

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary:
May Day revellers= vappupäivän juhlijat
an incident=välikohtaus
a non-fatal stabbing took place=ei-kuolettava puukotus tapahtui
the perpetrator has not been apprehended=
rikoksentekijää ei  ole vielä pidätetty
attempted homicide= tappoyritys
local law enforcement=
paikallinen poliisivalvonta
intoxicated individuals=
päihtyneet yksilöt
assaults= päällekarkaukset
disorderly behaviour=
sopimaton käytös

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Image: Jussi Nukari / Lehtikuva

Festivities in Helsinki, where up to 80,000 people were estimated to have attended the city's traditional Havis Amanda statue student cap crowning ceremony on Monday were mostly calm as well. Helsinki police said most of the crowd had started to leave the city centre by 9:30 pm, when officers began clearing the city's Kaivopuisto Park of party-goers.

Monday evening's most numerous police complaints and calls for assistance were made in the regions of central and eastern Uusimaa, according to police.

Police in those communities received calls concerning some 180 incidents between the hours of 7 pm Monday until 2 am Tuesday.

The complaints included incidents of intoxication, disorderly behaviour and assaults, police said.

Man stabbed in Järvenpää

The most serious reported incident, a non-fatal stabbing, took place in the town of Järvenpää, located some 40km north of Helsinki, at about 8 pm.

The young male victim was hospitalised. Police said that they know the identity of the perpetrator but the individual has not yet been apprehended. The case is being investigated as attempted homicide.

Festivities in Central Finland's Pirkanmaa also went relatively smoothly, according to local law enforcement. There were incidents of disorderly behaviour, assault as well as drink driving, but no serious incidents were reported before dawn on May Day.

Apart from a scary beaver, calm in south west

Police in south west Finland also had a relatively average number of May Day calls involving intoxicated individuals and assaults, according to officials, but one call about an aggressive beaver stood out.

A complaint about an aggressive beaver came from a household in the town of Kankaanpää. The caller told police that the people in the house were unable to exit the house because of an angry beaver outside.

A police unit responded to the scene in Kankaanpää but did not find the beaver in question, or learn why the animal had been acting aggressively.

Police in eastern Finland report that Monday evening began calmly and celebrations were carried out fairly peacefully, but units were increasingly called out as the night progressed.

Authorities in western Oulu said the night was like that of a busy weekend, with complaints including house alarms and fights, but no injuries were reported.

Festivities in Lapland's Rovaniemi were lively but calmed down later in the evening, according to local police.

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May Day festivities mostly calm across Finland, police say

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Festivities in Helsinki, where up to 80,000 people were estimated to have attended the city's traditional Havis Amanda statue student cap crowning ceremony on Monday were mostly calm as well. Helsinki police said most of the crowd had started to leave the city centre by 9:30 pm, when officers began clearing the city's Kaivopuisto Park of party-goers.