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May 3, 2018
8:19 PM

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Turning Points Asian History by;

Maria Carmelita B. Samson

Eleanor D. Antonio

Evangeline M. Dallo

Consuelo M. Imperial

Celia D. Soriano

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All vocabulary words and important people and events are all highlighted in all  topics, and also, all links of the pictures and information
I took are not mine but they belong to their rightful owners/websites with their links attached with them.

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https://www.motherearthliving.com/health-and-wellness/history-of-islamic-medicine-zm0z98ndzhou

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https://arab24.com/portal/index.php/en/component/k2/item/5917-bahrain-pottery-making-has-been-a-known-craft-in-bahrain-since-ancient-times

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https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-arab-old-woman-craft-image14696751

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http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/ahmad-salim-sa%E2%80%98idan-palestinian-historian-arabic-mathematics

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https://br.pinterest.com/pin/588704982512895287/?autologin=true

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http://astrostyle.com/zodiac-sign-dates/

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https://www.houseofstaunton.com/the-small-indian-chess-set.html

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http://www.athina984.gr/2016/01/22/saoudiki-aravia-simantikos-mouftis-ekdidi-fatoua-enation-tou-skakiou/

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The Arabs raised small-scale crafts to perfections and these small-scale crafts are made up of glassware, ceramics and textile weaves.  Their crafts are usually shown on wall coverings. These wall coverings included intricately designed mosaics, tiles, carvings, and paintings. Syrian glasses and crystals were in great demand in Renaissance Europe.

Arabs were also keen in silk weaving. Arab linens made of Muslim cotton, and Shiraz wool became bywords for quality among Europeans.

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Arabian horticulture gave rise to the production of different products in Europe. It was Al-Filahat and Ibn al-Awam who discovered the method of grafting, soil conditioning, and the curing of diseased vines and trees. The Arabs were the ones responsible for the wine industries in Europe having able to graft a single cine that would bear grapes of of different colors; the production of perfumes from fragrant flowers and herbs; the aromatic scented fountains and gardens; and rose gardens blooming in different colors.

Civilization is also indebted to the Arabs from Syria and Phoenicia for their cosmetics such as lipsticks, nail polishes, eye shadows, and others. Finally, much of the jewelries that we have at present were inspired by the fashion and adornments of ancient and medieval Arabs.

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It was the Arabs who pioneered and improved the therapeutic arts of ancient Mesopotamia in Egypt. Al-Razi, was the first to ascertain smallpox and measles and allied these diseases with human infections. The invention of mercurial ointment and the use of animal gut for sutures and stitches are from Al-Razi. He's volumes of medical research were used in Europe until the 16th century.

Ibn Sina, an Arab, was considered in Europe as the greatest writer of medicine during the Middle Ages.

Avicenna pioneered the study of mental health, and is presently considered as the forerunner of psychotherapists. He also discovered the principles of pulmonary circulation.

Arab got to use herbal medicine such as camphor, cloves, myrrh, syrups, juleps, and rosewater cinnamon, rosemary, and others centuries ago. They also found their way from the middle Arab pharmacies to European tables.

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Like algebra, the Arabs enhanced the astrolabe with religion in mind.

The astrolabe was used by the Arabs to record the exact time of sunrises and sunsets, to chart the period for fasting and time for praying. Through astronomy, the Arabs were able to chart the zodiac, and to define the length of a degree.

Further explorations gave them the ability to know the comparative speeds of sound and light. Al-Biruni, an Arab also concluded the possibility of the earth's rotation on its own axis- a theory that was later proven by Galilee sex centuries ago.

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The Arabs made contributions in the field of mathematics. The Arabic numeral and the Arab zero provided new solutions for complex mathematical problem; and the Arab decimal system simplified a course in science. Algebra also came from the Arabs who also made advances in trigonometry. The law of inheritance from the Koran motivated the invention of algebra by Al-Khwarizmi.

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Ancient India claimed to have been the origin of judo and karate.  Something similar to karate was called Kalaripayate. This art traveled from India to other countries along with the Buddhist monks. They accepted this art as an alternative to violence. They found this technique necessary as they were exposed to dangers from bandits and fanatics from other religions. The Buddhist monks tempered the originally violent nature of kalaripayate and they didn't use any weapons.

Judo and karate are reflections of Buddhist attitude towards life, because the meditation deeply intervenes in its practice. These arts are sought to be kept as arts to be used by the purpose of protecting the weak.

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The popular card game also originated in ancient India and was known as Kridapatatrans. Fazal, author of the Ain-e-Akhari, the game of cards was invented by Sags who took the number 12 as the bases and made a set of 12 cards. Every king had 11 followers, thus a pack had 144 cards. Later, the Mughals retained 12 cards having 96 cards.

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Chess, according to writers and historians originated from India and was later on passed on the Persians. Chatur-Anga was the name for chess that is known in India, the four Angas/member of an army to be elephants, horses, chariots, and foot soldiers.

The word "checkmate" was evidently used from Shan Mat, which means "The king is dead."

Astapada, which means eight steps and used to describe the eight step squares that the modern chessboard has.

The modern chessboard is checkered with 64 (8x8) squares while the term Raksha is also used, which means a soldier "to protect.

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Nowadays, the development of sports has been particularly emphasized among Asian countries to enhance national prestige. Asian had, in fact, improved their performance in regional competitions as well as in international competitions. Sports have particularly become every popular. Asians have competed om the Asian games and the World Olympics.

The history of Asian sports activities such as hunting, swimming, boating, archery, horse riding, wrestling, and fishing, were seen from ancient bronze ware, paintings, and were also mentioned in the two great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. These sports activities are closely related with the work, defense and entertainment of the time.

Several games are now famous throughout Asian and the world had their origin in India.

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http://tarekfatah.com/images-of-prophet-muhammad-from-islamic-art-and-history-before-the-clan-of-ibn-saud-took-islam-hostage/

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https://www.tuttartpitturasculturapoesiamusica.com/2010/10/ancient-indian.html

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India - Ancient Art History - Tutt'Art@ (4).jpg

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https://i.pinimg.com/originals/97/bd/ed/97bdedd6ecf11c609c21e2bfadf3a269.jpg

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https://www.slideshare.net/kimgravata/indian-musical-instruments-39041426

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The dance among Indians involves images of Nataraj as the Indian God Shiva is described. The oldest of which all the others India classical dance styles are derived from folk dances closely related with the art of storytelling drawn from Indian epics and these dances are known as 'dance-dramas'.

The story of the dance-dramas has to be told through actions. Hence, Indian dances include intricate forms of facial expressions (mudra), movement of the hands (hasta), and the mockup of various moods like anger, envy, greed, lust, ego etc.

These dances are usually performed during religious occasions and festival. Hence, the combination of both art and worship.

Indian music was actually tended to be sacred and temples serve as places for practice to please their gods and devotees.

Examples of Indian musical instruments:
- tambora
- sarod
- satar
- tabla
- and others.

Arabian music is independent and alive. It is actually a combination of music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula. The West Asian dance, along with the Indian classical dance, is considered as one of the ancient dance, is considered as one of the ancient dances reflecting seamless gestures and movement of the ancient times. This dance is presently known as the "Belly Dance." Is is said by some historians that belly dancing originated with the birth of women specially because of the natural body, movement that it involved which describes a feminine liveliness.

Arabian music was composed of poetry put to music with refined sequences and rhythm. Impromptu poetry was perfected into musical expression, and was used in Arab weddings and other occasions.

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A colossal structure on the bank river Yamuna.

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https://www.tourism-of-india.com/arjunas-penance-mahabalipuram.html

Arjuna’s Penance is one of the magnificent monuments of Mahabalipuram. This wonderful bas air relief dates back to the mid-seventh century. Standing tall at a height of 43 feet, the monolith was carved on the face of two huge adjoining boulders, making its length around 96 feet. The majestic structure cannot be made out in photographs, it deserves to be praised by one’s own eyes.

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Indian architecture began with the Harappan civilization, the Harappan "Great Baths" and urban planning skills proved them to be in skilled in construction while the stone images of their gods and seals reveal their artistry.

Indians reveal their architectural skills among their unique temples. mostly built in places where numerous number of people approach like near rivers and centers of pilgrimage. Their architecture usually convey three elements symbolic of earth (the base), space (the walls), and heaven (the spire), representing the feet, body and head of the cosmic man.

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https://coursewikis.fas.harvard.edu/aiu18/Shakuntala

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https://www.davidbrassrarebooks.com/pages/books/02707/willy-pogany-edward-fitzgerald/rubaiyat-of-omar-khayyam

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https://www.amazon.co.uk/One-Thousand-Nights-Hanan-Al-Shaykh/dp/140882776X

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Indian visual arts were first discovered in primitive caves or rock paintings. There paintings usually depict animals and scenes of human activities in the ancient times such as hunting. The paintings of the Ajanta Caves are the most significant early Indian paintings.

Indian paintings provide an artistic variety that covers from the early civilization to the present day. The paintings have evolved from being basically religious in purpose to a fusion of various cultures and traditions. They are also classified as murals (large artworks done on the walls of solid structures) and miniatures (paintings that are usually done for books or albums or drown on paper or cloth.

Islamic paintings are very much different from that of the Southern region of Asia. Islamic paintings usually pictures of elements of repeated geometric floral and plant designs known as arabesque. Arabesque is usually used to symbolize the supreme, united, and endless nature of God. Islamic art usually focuses on the description of patterns and Arabic script, rather than on figures, because Muslims believe that the depiction of the human form is idolatry, the worship of a physical object as a god and thereby a sin against God which is forbidden in the Qur'an.

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Productivity
Patience
Compassion
Commitment
Love of God

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Indian literature is believed to be the oldest in the world. It has produced huge volumes of literary works. The Indian Literature is classified into Shruti literature and Smriti literature.

•The Shruti literature, is concerned
with the "reveal or the heard" which
is written in the Vedas and the
Upanishads.
•The Vedas are the most renowned
asset of mankind with the Rig Veda
as the oldest literary work in the
history of mankind.
•The Smriti, is concerned with "that
which is remembered." This includes
guiding principle for beliefs, moral
obligations, social codes, and
customs.

The Shakuntala written by Kalidasa is the first famous drama of India.

Arabic literature on the other, is written in Arabic language written by Arabic speaking Turks, Persians, Syrians, and other Asians. The Arabic literature was first created during the 4th and 7th century. Their literature are often made up of short personal qasida (odes) and others are longer than ten lines. They usually express love of nature, bravery, themes of love, struggles, pursuit, and most of all the supremacy of God.

Well known poets;

•Amru al-Kais
•Antara
•Zuhair

The Qur'an became the essential focus of learning and presentations until it succeeded displacing the qasida and became the focal study of the Muslim world. Arabic language became a vehicle for science and philosophy.

The succeeding period of Arabic literature was the outcome if the rise of the new Arabic-Persian culture in Baghad (capital of the Abbasids) in the 8th and 8th centuries. The Arabic language, law, history, and mathematics were refined and Arabic poetry were thus, complied. The "One Thousand and One Nights" and Omar Khayyam's "Rubaiyat" were the loved and read Arabian literature. Bulgaria, Tabari, Masudi, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Batuta were the ones who wrote the Great collection of Arabic prose and they were emerged as the greatest writers of the time.

Zaynab, was considered the first modern Arabic literature.

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Asian arts are usually classified intothe East Asian, Southeast Asian, Arabic, and the Indian arts. Asian arts especially literary works are mostly influenced by social norms, morals, and customs. Thus, the good is usually rewarded and the evil is punished.

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In the Field of Literatur
In the Field of Painting
Indian Sculpture Architecture
Arabic Sculpture and Agriculture
Dance and Music in South and West Asia
In the Field of Sports
Chess
Playing Cards
Mathematics
Astronomy
Medicine
Horticulture
Crafts

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In this lesson you are expected to;

• Analyze the contributions
of the South  and Western
nations of Asia in fields of...
- literature
- architecture
- sculptures
- painting
- music
- dance
- sports
- others
•Explain the effects of the
South and West Asian
nation's beliefs, traditions,
and philosophies on their
contribution to Civilizations

•Analyze ideas that would
be of importance in the
development of the assigned   tasks.