# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
- Slavery Justification through religion ( Christianity)

-Beating and whipping slaves is all for the overall benefit for the plantation and livelihood of the plantation owners

-Whipping slaves is an unavoidable task

-However the "responsibility"  of the person who wields the whip can harm them and give them suffering and guilt

-It is a strong mans ability to put the guilt aside for the benefit of "society"

Arguments on slavery:
- Slavery is justified through religion

-It is Gods will to allow a man to whip a slave and it is seen as justified and for the prosperity of all

Whipping slaves is required to keep them in line and is an unavoidable task and must be done to keep order for the benefit of "all" (the white man)

Quotes:
- "Only a man can do it and remain dignified. Only a man"

- "He who wields the whip must sleep with himself"

" What he holds {the whip} is the responsibility for the destiny of several lives balanced against his need to prosper"

-"the love  i hold for God is put in abeyance during such a degrading, unavoidable task"

Lit features:
Dehumanisation

Use of "we", inclusive language to make fellow plantation owners and overseers connected and feel the shared issue for them on beating and whipping slaves

Appealing to strength and responsibility of Man, by repeating "Man" and "he"

Personification of the whip

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
* Collective viewpoint that slavery is a prominent business and investment

* How to bargain the best price for slaves and receive the best value

* Monetary compensation for pregnant female slaves

Arguments on slavery:
* Slaves are commodities which are determined by their value to work at a low expense.

* Maternal deaths should be discussed as refundable.

Quotes:

" A man purchased a slave  from another man."

" The buyer said he refused to pay more since the original purchase was made without  prior knowledge of the fact that he was getting himself a bargain- two for the price of one."

" Ask the seller if, under these circumstances, he would be prepared to refund your money for you."

Lit features:

First person narrative  - we see this with the reference to the word, " I".

The presentation of an argument in support of slavery.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
- The editorial is advertising for an auction block for the sale of slaves.

-Justifying the separation of a slave that is a mother and her children, by comparing them to "stock"

- Discuses about a philosophical inquiry of whether slaves deserve humane treatment or not.

- The editorial separates slaves from humans, believing that they do not feel or think the same as humans do.

- Exhibit displays of affection such as animals would do for their offspring, unlike humans.

-Its more profiting to invest in the buying of slaves.
Arguments on slavery:
- Slaves do not deserve humane treatment by humans as they are not "like us".

- Slaves do not value what normal humans do, they are attached to their offspring such as other stock on the plantation are.

--Argued that as they are the same as animals,they are undeserving of any sympathy.

-Slaves do not have the ability to love, therefore the separation of a mother from her children or inhumane treatment wont affect them.

Quotes:
-"If slaves are stock should we be concerned about the sale of woman and her children that might very well result in their separation?"
-'"They are quite literally, not like us"
-"They Do not feel what we feel"
- "They will exhibit habits of attachment not unlike those observed among other kinds of stock on plantation"
-"It is wise not to confuse such displays of attachment and habit with love"

Lit features:
- Zoomorphisim, by comparing and describing slaves as animals.
-  Separation of African slaves to other members of society, with the use of "they" for describing slaves and the use of "we" respectively.
- Dehumanizing slaves repeatedly by describing them of being devoid of feelings and emotions.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:

The author discusses about his philosophy on the consequence of runaway slaves.

The editor seems 200 lashes and restriction of diet is "just and fair" for captured runaway salves.

The editor justifies the cruel punishments through highlighting the financial loss on the plantation when slaves run away.

The author dissuades other plantation owners to the act of killing runaway slaves and contends that punishment should only bring fear in order to instill obedience.

Finally, the author explains that dead runaways is ineffective to reduce the number of future runaway slaves.

Arguments on slavery:

The level of punishment depends on how well it will dissuade other slavers.

The author argues that  harsh punishments allows the runaway slave to become a symbol for "failure". Such representation will re consolidate those potential future runaways to think twice.

Upon calculating the economic cost of a slave’s escape, it seems logical to punish the slave till death. However the editorial argues that excessive punishment should be avoid as slaves should become "living examples" to dissuade others.

Quotes:

“This seems just and fair.”

“He must act as a living remainder of that failure to all who might entertains such a notation”

"the key here is to punish firmly by using punishment as instruction"

"[punishment] must add to the bitterness of the slaves rather than remedy any dissatisfaction"

"slave must be a living example of someone who has failed"

"living reminder of that failure"

Lit features:
dehumanization
Runaway slaves dehumanized to being a "poison among other slaves".

symbolism
"the whip and the chains" symbolizing slavery and the removal of freedom.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
~ Old slaves who have worked all their lives should not be abandoned from the plantation, it is unjust and there must be some lighter work they can do.

~ The editor argues that old slaves can teach younger slaves about obedience towards the master.
^show them a slave who worked hard and lived to a very old age

~ The editor suggest that plantation owners should keep the old slaves and see if they can be helpful with the general attitude on the plantation.

Arguments on slavery:
~Old slaves should not be abandoned/chase off of the plantation.
~will not get rid of black people from slavery even if they are old
~Old slaves can teach younger slaves the duties of obedience  a slave owes to his master
~Old slaves are an example to younger slaves.
~keeps the Old slaves till they reach the end of their lives

Quotes:
~ "lighter duty"
~ "instructs them about the duties of obedience a slave owes to his master and in discipline and hard work."
~ "This type of old slave is an asset to the end of his days."
~ "He is a living example to the young, of the slave who can work hard and live to a ripe old age"
~ "see if that does not alter the general air of good cheer for the better."

Lit features:
~Repetition of "old slave"
~the irony of the word "unjust" towards to idea of chasing the old slave out of the plantation, however modern readers understands that having slaves was already unjust.
~use of anecdote and allusion
the editor's alluding to Whitechapel's story or is talking about Whitechapel.
~use words like "good service", "owes" to make slavery seems justified.
~the editor's appeal to 'justice', saying that it is unjust to get rid of old slaves.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:

The editor urges Masters and overseers to resist the temptation of acting upon young female slaves.

Saying that it should be ‘religiously avoided’ and instead what they should do to control this urge is to marry them off as soon as possible to be disinterested in them.

As well as marrying them off it would also bring future slaves to add to the future labour force.

Arguments on slavery:

Restraint on acting upon a young female slaves as they could exploit the chaos it would bring between the master and his wife or the overseer or his wife and topple the business.

Marrying them off to other slaves would bring new slaves to the business and be a return on the investment.

Quotes:

"Young, nubile female slaves are a temptation to us all, but one that should be religiously avoided."

"The slave may even become aware of this influence and exploit it to her own advantage"

"Couple that young female slave with a male as soon as you can to remove the sight of her and keep her busy with child-bearing."

"This is the sole just return of your investment in the young female slave."

Lit features:

Repetition of "young female".

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
-Treatment of Christian slaves and how they are not considered equal to other Christians.
-Christians values and the treatment of slaves cannot both be practiced at the same time.
-Inclusion of slaves in Christian traditions.
-Views on slavery.
-Equality between slaves and slave masters/owners.

Arguments on slavery:
-If slaves were seen equal as  to slave owners then Christians could not condone the slave trade and the treatment of them. -Christian valves and principles are pushed onto slaves and they are continued to be kept as slaves makes no sense as the very nature of the two contradict each other.
-Christianity and slavery are two different things although they are often confused with one another.

Quotes:
-"physical and material well-being"
-"hunger of the soul"
-"One is exterior, the other, interior. One is tangible, the other intangible."
-"the African would be treated our equal"
-"For god's sake remember where the came from before you thrust them upon an equal platform with ourselves"

Lit features:
-Comparison between that of Christianity and slavery. That they affect two different parts of or life one being faith and the soul with the other being a business and material.
-"Is Christianity incompatible with slavery?" and "How then are they always confused" are questions used to pose an idea for the audience to analysis that are then to be further discussed.
-"This is an old chestnut" is an idiom that is used to show that this is a well versed argument that has been argued many times before.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
-The editor debates the best method to run a plantation, and discusses the firm method and the kind method
-He supports using a fair method (using aspects of kindness and firmness)

Arguments on slavery:
-Kind approach: Good diet for slaves, good housing, rest breaks - "hard work equals good treatment"
-Firm approach: Use of whip and stick to keep slaves in order and productive, general abuse, "Keeps slaves in their place"
-Writer argues for a fair approach: Some aspects of the firm approach are needed, like harsh punishments for runaways, and the Christian value of rewarding hard work is important.

Quotes:
-"As a Christian it seems only right to reward hard work and provide a minimum standard of comfort."
-"The word is neither firm nor kind in my view. The proper word is fair."
-"The lot of the slave need not be miserable."

Lit features:
- Rhetorical question: "If that comfort can be assigned to bloodhounds then why not slaves?"

# data[].attributes.headline
September 1 1810 - (p. 113) CHARLI & HOPE

# data[].attributes.subject
September 1 1810 - (p. 113) CHARLI & HOPE

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
Editor reflects on manufacturing advancements to insure cheaper ways for white men to enforce slavery, for future generations. He does not wish for slavery to be outlawed but to profit off of the suffering of those " less superior " to him in the eyes of god. Although the editor debates the best method to run the plantation and distinguishes between firm and kind methods, he still supports slavery.

Arguments on slavery:
- Slavery has been going on for years and there will be many more years to come.
-More manufacturing advances so slavery become cheaper and then they work for less.
-Slavery is an imbalance of power and the distortion of religion with understanding of humanity

Quotes:
"Man's labour will always be required in the cotton, corn and tobacco fields"
"I could see no end to slavery"
" He shook my hand and strode off as if i'd written a decree outlawing any interference with the institution of slavery."
Lit features:
- The separation between " us " and " them"
- Editors appeal to differentiating the methods of slavery " kind" " firm"

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:

Lydia continues to back up her idea with the example of her father’s plantation, talking about the increase of costs of slavery yet no increase in profit.

The editor states that these rising costs may be unrelated to the system of slavery, rather the inefficiency of slaves.

The editor dismisses Lydia’s idea of slavery being an “open market system” and that the current system is dying.

Arguments on slavery:

Lydia, wanting more freedom for slaves, argues that it will be more economically efficient to pay for their labour over slavery.

The editor argues that the slavery system is fine and is opposed to the idea of freeing slaves.

Quotes:

“wrongly gave the impression that slavery was a static and stable institution”

“witnessed an escalation in costs at her father’s plantation without a corresponding increase in profits”

“slavery is a growing expense”

“diminishing profits”

“open market system”

Lit features:

Condescending tone: “her delicate mind”

Ends with authoritative tone — confident of his stance

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
-Lydia puts to the Editor the proposition of hiring rather than enslaving black people, where they would be paid an amount for their labour rather than being provided with basic amenities.

-The editor says that whilst the proposition may seem laughable to the readership there is some merit to the suggestion.

-The editor claims to have done some calculations regarding the matter and concludes that while feasible Lydia's proposed system has too many variables to reliably replaced the tried and tested system of slavery already in effect.

Arguments on slavery:
-Lydia argues that instead of continuing the practice of slavery it might be cheaper to grant the slaves their freedom and rather pay them for their labour.

-The editor argues that Lydia's proposed system of hiring presents too many variables that make it less reliable than slavery such as the potential for market saturation and deficiencies.

Quotes:
-"This seems laughable to many upon first hearing of it"

-"On some occasions it would work for the blacks, on others for the plantation owners"

-"It all sounds too rife with variables to be practical"

Lit features:
-The use of 'seems laughable' betrays the general dismissive opinion of the readership of The Virginian and their reluctance to contemplate alternatives to the system that has made them all so wealthy

-The editor is already dismissive of Lydia's proposition because she is a woman. He shows a casual disregard for the opinions of women considering them to be less intelligent when he says that Lydia's question was intelligent 'for a lady'.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:

The author considers changing the policy that forbids the writing of slave being published in The Virginian due to the discovery that slaves are reading the paper to themselves, and to other illiterate slaves. He is surprised that one slave wrote such an articulate letter asking the paper to publish such accounts, indicating he doesn’t expect them to be capable of it because he sees them as inferior.

Arguments on slavery:

He argues that although literacy is discouraged for slaves, that slaves should be literate in circumstances where it would benefit the plantation. -> only agrees with such an ability if it helps masters profit, not if it helps slave benefits from reading and writing.

Quotes:

‘I’d assumed that these humble pages were read by educated white Virginians alone. It transpires that there are literate slaves in our midst who read this paper to themselves and aloud to slaves who cannot read’

'I am of the opinion that if it benefits the plantation to have literate slaves then so be it'

Lit features:

-The effect a literate slave has on a publication dominated by white writers and readers provides and example of the empowerment provided by literacy as a tool for liberation, demonstrating why it is so discouraged among slaves by those who profit from slavery.

-The author creates an ‘us and them’ dynamic by referring to slaves as ‘the black’, ‘blacks’, ‘them’ and ‘slaves’ whilst using inclusive language when referencing white readers, e.g. ‘our midst’. This helps to maintain the justification of slavery whilst also discussing literate slaves; it counteracts the truth: that if slaves are able to not just read and write but understand the nuances of literature they are clearly intellectually equal.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
-The author shares the people's responses about giving slaves the ability to be able to read and write, which was a question asked at last week's paper.
-The newsletter outlines the two sides of the argument: the majority who believe that slaves should not be able to read and write, and the minority who believed that slaves should be given access to education.

Arguments on slavery:
- Majority: Slaves should not be given right for education and literacy. --> because it is 'unethical', it will fill the slaves with 'discontent' and it is 'detrimental to the working of a plantation'.
-Minority: Slaves should be given the right for education --> because it makes 'slaves better people' and it will improve 'mankind'.
-The author of the newsletter falls into the majority group who believe that slaves should not be given right for literacy, however, he acknowledges people like the young lady and their ideology on slavery.

Quotes:
-'It is wrong to decide what a slave should and should not know'
-'[it is wrong to] to rob that slave of the joys of literacy'.
-'It filled a slave with discontent when he can read about the world but must live on a plantation as a slave and see nothing of that world'

Lit features:
-The repetitive use of 'we' in the last paragraph when discussing the reasoning behind the daughter's view, purposely separates her view from the majority. As she is in the minority and opposes the writer's view, they encourage the reader of this editorial to associate her view with an uneducated and idealistic argument.
-The author also refers to an 'unmitigated idealism' in terms of the literacy of slaves. This could be considered the author's way of inviting the reader to dismiss he opposing side of the argument because it's not realistic.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
- White people's lives are worth more than black people's, despite status.

- That people in oppression are likely to rebel against the system/institution oppressing them
* In this case white people are seen to be the oppressed, and the ones threatening the system

- That it is incorrect to have black people living "better lives" than white people.

- The" us and them" mentality. If we don't keep the white people happy they will surely rebel. Highlights the socioeconomic and racial divide in America at the time.

Arguments on slavery:
- That only black people should be slaves
- That white peoples'  lives will be threatened by the emancipation of slaves (through white rebellion)
- Too much consideration is given to the slaves and the plantation owners, meaning poorer whites aren't taken care of.

Quotes:
"poor whites"
"impoverished whites"
"the lives of some of these whites are barely one rung above that of sharing the condition of the slave"
"whites will...enact such a revenge on the blacks"
"ignored the plight of their poor brothers"

Lit features:
- Repetition of "poor whites"
- Use of words, referring to whites, such as "impoverished" and "poor" which allude to slavery.
- The setting up of a despotic world through threats and foreshadowing. Prophesying.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
- The writer is re-evaluate their opinion of a previous article
- Sexual relationship between white males (slavers or overseas) and a slave woman was acceptable but a white woman with a black male slave was "unconstitutional"
- expressing a "love for blacks" disregarded all validity of ones opinion regarding (what about hatred for blacks? ulterior motive?)

Arguments on slavery:
- The offspring from these pairing pose a threat to society as it displayed the fallibility of the justification behind slavery (how can you procreate with an animal?)
- Only in the North will an interracial couple be able to walk hand in hand down a "dingy street"

Quotes:
- "between white women (they are not ladies)
- "offspring as posing as a problem for society"
- "she exhibits a love for blacks that clouds her ability to reason about any subject involving them"
- "mistress to her own fate"
- "I will allow"

Lit features:
- repetition of "unconstitutional" emphasising their justification through their constitution
- "grossly mistaken" evokes a sense of rejection within the writers beliefs and values
- authoritative tone evokes a sense of superiority of the author (puts them selves on a pedestal compared to Miss L. and others who don't approve of slavery)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
-The writer is setting how the white men laboring at the plantation feel

- The writer then argues that white laborers should be treated better than free blacks because of their inherent superiority.

-By referring to last weeks
newsletter (June 14th 1810) the writer does not see the poor whites fighting against the plantation owners because of their christian faith

Arguments on slavery:
-poor white laborers are superior on race compared to the working blacks and should be treated better
-White people should also take the place of free black for working on the plantation

Quotes:
- 'many felt these whites were the forgotten stratum of society'

- ‘one is free, the other is not.’ ‘One is white, the other black’ ‘One comes from the less fortunate portions of our ancestry, the other is not our equal nor derived from our race’

- "Christian restrain"

Lit features:
-Makes a dichotomy based on race

-repetition of the word 'one'
when referring to race

# data[].attributes.body
Summary/Values:
-A white women with a black man is an act of unfaithfulness towards God.
-Their off-spring would be an act of evil.
-The slaves should know their place.
-With the blood of a white person in the child, it will see it's self as equal to white people.
-The masters and overseers who satisfy their sexual desires on slaves, their off-spring is destined to be a slave.
-And even for the child that are born free, if they have a black person's blood running through them they are a slave.

Arguments on slavery:
-Anyone born with a black person's blood is a slave.
-Black children who are born free have to accept they are slaves and live with that.
-Slaves are also tools for masters and overseers to satisfy their concupiscence.

Quotes:
-"There is no sight more perfidious than that of a white women with a black man".
-"I was in New York and witnessed examples of this and left appalled and thralled".
-"Where is their place in these States when they see themselves as our equal and feel it too".
-"Those who are born free and then have to learn that they are not and live with that."

Lit features:
-Imagery: "Sight of a white woman with a black man".