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The Scientific Revolution was a change in European thought based on science. It was changed to a new way of thinking about the natural world. It took place during the 1500's, and it fueled scholars to challenge the thoughts of ancient scientists and the church. Old ideas were replaced with new thoughts. One way this was spread to different areas, was from European scholars traveling to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

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The geocentric theory was a theory about how the universe revolved around the Earth. The creator of this idea was Aristotle, in Greece. Ptolemy is the one who expanded on it and researched it more. Ptolemy later expanded on this theory. This idea was backed up by the Church, so it was hard to go agains it. Later in life, this theory was proved to be false.

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Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer that was born around 100 CE, and died around 170 CE. Ptolemy advocated for the geocentric theory. Ptolemy just expanded on Aristotle's idea, since he was not the creator of this theory, and Aristotle was.

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The heliocentric theory was a theory about how the Sun was what all of the planets revolved around, and was the center of the universe. Copernicus was the founder of this theory in the early 1500's. It took Copernicus 25 years to fully develop this information. He did not release his theory until later because he believed people would judge him. People would think that it contradicted with religious beliefs.

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Copernicus was the founder of the heliocentric theory in the early 1500's. He did not release his work for a while because the Church agreed with the geocentric theory, and he would be judged if he tried to go against the Church. Copernicus published his findings in his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies.

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Isaac Newton was an extremely intelligent man, who was an astronomer, mathematician, author, and physicist. He is famous because he was the creator of the laws of gravity and the laws of motion. He wrote a very famous book, called Principa, which contained lots of important information about his theories of motion and gravity. He was the creator of the theory of gravity. He told people stories of how he discovered gravity. A story he told was he was sitting in his mother's garden under an apple tree, and an apple fell and hit him in the head. This made him think about how something was making the apple fall to the ground, so he came up with gravity. With gravity, Newton discovered how planets orbited.

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This law was created by Isaac Newton. It represents how every object in this universe, attracts every other object in this universe. The degree of attraction depends on the mass and distance between objects. The picture below shows the formula for universal gravity.

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Galileo was a follower of Copernicus's heliocentric theory. He was an Italian polymath. This means that he was extremely intelligent, and had a wide-range of knowledge in different subjects. Galileo decided to study the stars to see if Copernicus was correct, so he built a telescope. He published a book, called Starry Messenger, which contained his findings and observations of the planets in moons in 1610. In 1632, the Church told Galileo that he had to take backs his theories of the heliocentric theory being true over the geocentric theory. The Church did this because the findings challenged their ideas of how the geocentric theory was true, over the heliocentric theory. Since Galileo would not give his ideas up, he was put under house arrest, until he died in 1642.

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The Scientific Revolution in Under 5 Minutes - Hasty History

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Johannes Kepler was a German scholar, who was a brilliant mathematician. He was Tycho Brahe's assistant, and continued his work after Brahe's death. Kepler studied all of Brahe's work. He discovered things about the motion of planets. Kepler discovered how planets orbit in ellipses, or ovals, instead of perfect circles. He supported the heliocentric theory, as opposed to the geocentric theory.

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The scientific method was a way where scientists could find out if something was correct or incorrect, using evidence and data. This method was created by Francis Bacon and René Descartes. It consisted of asking a question, researching about the topic, creating a hypothesis, experimenting to test the hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing the data, and concluding the hypothesis to the results of the experiment.

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Quiz yourself on the Scientific Revolution to see what you have learned!

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Enlightenment And Scientific Revolution Review Quiz

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A review quiz for WHA that focuses on Chapter 5

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The Scientific Revolution Jeopardy Game Jeopardy Template

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The Enlightenment was a new movement that was based on peoples' own individual thoughts and abilities to solve problems. It was also known as the age of reason. The greatest time of the Enlightenment was in the mid-1700's in France. The Enlightenment resulted in new books, essays, inventions, discoveries, laws, wars, and revolutions.

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Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher of the Enlightenment. He wrote the book, the Leviathan, in 1651. He fought in the English war, and was convinced that all humans were evil and wicked. Hobbes was a follower of the Social Contract. He believed that to keep everything, like law, in order, people need to give all their rights and obey a leader. Otherwise, people would only care about themselves.

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A social contract is an agreement where people create a government. The people of a society agree to cooperate. Thomas Hobbes developed this theory of social contracts.

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John Locke was an English philosopher of the Enlightenment, who lived from 1632, to 1704. He believed people had the ability to govern themselves, as opposed to people having to give their power to one leader. He believed this because he thought all people could learn and improve themselves. John Locke believed all people were born free and equal. He also believed all people had three natural rights, that were, life, liberty, and property.

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Voltaire was a mid-17th century, French philosopher, who lived from 1694, to 1778. He liked to dress in shabby, rumpled clothes, and was very witty. He is a perfect example of n Enlightenment philosopher. He ridiculed politics to point out its issues. Voltaire wrote essays, philosophies, and dramas, and he published more than 70 of them. He went to prison twice. After his second trip to jail, he was kicked out of France, and moved to England for two years. He was constantly fighting for freedom of speech, religion, tolerance, and reason.

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Montesquieu was a French philosopher of the Enlightenment. He was born in 1689, and died in 1755. Montesquieu believed in the separation of powers to check and balance things. The separation of powers in diving power into three branches, known as executive, legislative, and judicial. This was used to prevent tyranny. This had an impact on modern day because it led to the US Constitution. He wrote books, like Spirit of Laws, and Lettres Persanes (Persian Letters).

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Jean Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher of the Enlightenment, who lived from 1712 to 1778. He was passionate about individual freedom for people. He disagreed with many other Enlightenment thinkers in many different occasions. He believed life could be improved for all by reason, science, and art. He was not a fan of civilization ruined the natural goodness of people. Rousseau wrote, "Man is born free, and every- where he is in chains." In 1762, he wrote a book, called The Social Contract, which showed his philosophies of politics. He influenced French Revolution leaders who overthrew the monarchy in 1789.

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A philosophe is a social critic of the Enlightenment in France. Philosophe is a French word for philosopher. These philosophes believed that reason could be applied to everything in life. Their five concepts are reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.

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Mary Wollstonecraft was an Enlightenment writer and advocate for women's rights. She lived from 1759, to 1797. She was born to a cold and submissive mother, and an always drunk father. When her mother died, Mary decided to leave her drunk father, and persuaded her sister to leave her abusive husband, and their friend "Fanny", to come with Mary. They wanted to live an independent life now. The moved to England, and opened up a school for girls in London. In 1785 after 5 years of running their school, Fanny got married, got pregnant, and died. Later, the school closed because problems with money. Mary moved to Ireland to work as a governess, but soon enough, she hated it. In 1787, Mary moved back to England, and worked for Joseph Johnson as a translator and advisor. In 1793, she fell in love with an  American, Captain Gilbert Imlay, and they had a kid named Fanny. Gilbert then left Mary, and she tried to commit suicide twice, once with poison, once by trying to throw herself into the Thames river. Later, she fell in love with William Godwin, and Mary got married and got pregnant. Mary died ten days after giving birth to her second daughter, who she named Mary. During her lifetime, she published her most famous writing, A Vindication of the rights of Woman, in 1792. She argued that women need education as much as men do, and women's education should not be secondary to men's.

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This Enlightenment thinker is famous world-wide for developing social contract theory.

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Test your knowledge on the Enlightenment!

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The Enlightenment Quiz | 15 Questions | Author broadwaygal

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Take the Quiz: The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was a great intellectual movement that ended up influencing the American system of government. Many people, however, know very little about it. Are you one of them?