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Metaphor:
"Now, guest, eat up! This is a poor slave’s meal: a suckling pig" (The Odyssey page 219, line 80).

Metonym:
"Thanks to the gods, he grew up like a tree,
handsome and strong" (The Odyssey page 221, line 176).

Synecdoche:
"then gave Odysseus, the city-sacker, the cup" (The Odyssey page 229, line 448).

Allegory:
I will give you the best of all my treasure, as a mark of deep respect: a bowl of solid silver, circled with gold; Hephaestus fashioned it.
The King of Sidon, Phaedimus, bestowed it
on me when I was at his house, en route
for home. Now take it; it is yours" (page 236, line 112).

Hyperbole:
"The robber-winds have snatched him" (The Odyssey page 227, line 370).

"with North Wind and a sleetlike snow, so cold the ice grew on our weapons" (page 230, line 478).

Irony:
And Menelaus answered,
“Telemachus, I will not keep you here
if you are truly desperate for home.
I disapprove of too much friendliness
and of too much standoffishness"
(page 234, line 68)

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Metaphor:
"She lifted
the most elaborate and largest robe
that shone like starlight under all the rest"(line 105, page 424).
Menatomy:
"I want to keep them safe, protected from the smoke” (Book 19, line 20, page 491).
Synecdoche:
“If he came
and started taking care of me again,
I would regain my good name and my beauty" (Book 18, line 255, page 483).
Allegory
"They lay on top of one another, sprawled
across the solid floor. You would have been
thrilled if you saw him, like a lion, drenched
in blood and gore" ( Book 23, line 54, page 559).
Hyperbole:
"“Mother! Cruel, heartless Mother!
Why are you doing this, rejecting Father?" (Book 23, Line 95, page 558).
Irony:
"As you know, my son and I
would be delighted if he came. We all would.
However, what you say cannot be true.
Some god has killed the suitors out of anger
at their abuse of power and their pride.
They failed to show respect to visitors,
both good and bad. Their foolishness has killed them.
But my Odysseus has lost his home,
and far away from Greece, he lost his life" (Book 23, line 61, page 557).

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Metaphor – “…Now hold your post – play the scarecrow to all the pigs and dogs. But no more lording if over strangers, no more playing…” (18.121-122).

Irony - At that Antinous wheeled on Eumaeus, lashing out at him:

'Your highness, swineherd-why drag this to town?

Haven't we got our share of vagabonds to deal with,

disgusting beggars who lick the feasters' plates?

Isn't it quite enough, these swarming crowds

consuming your master's bounty-

must you invite this rascal in the bargain?'"

(Book XVII, lines 410-417)

Hyperbole- "And the suitors mad with fear at her great sign stampeded like stung cattle by a river when the dread shimmering gadfly strikes in summer, in the flowering season, in the long-drawn days. After them the attackers wheeled, as terrible as falcons from eyries in the mountains veering over and diving down with talons wide unsheathed on flights of birds, who cower down the sky in chutes and bursts along the valley - but the pouncing falcons grip their prey, no frantic wing avails, and farmers love to watch those beaked hunters. So these now fell upon the suitors in that hall, while torn men moaned at death, and blood ran smoking over the whole floor." (XXII, 333)

Allegory- " Athena looked at him with sparkling eyes" (200)

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Metaphor: "His flying words hit home"(Book 17, Line 57).

Metonymy: "to lie down on my bed, which has become
a bed of mourning, always stained with tears"(Book 17, line 102).

Synecdoche: "If you let me have him to guard my farm,
and muck the pens and toss the kids their fodder,
he could drink whey and fatten his stick legs"(Book 17, line 222).

Hyperbole: "“This scheming man,
my friends, has done us all most monstrous wrongs"(Book 24, Line 449)

Irony: "in friendly tones; at heart, they meant him harm."(Book 17, Line 66).

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Metaphor: '' Her face was melting like the snow''(book 19, p.496).

Metonymy:
''His heart was roused to rage; he wondered whether to jump at them and slaughter every one''(book 20, p.509).

Hyperbole:
''“Zeus, king of gods and humans! You made thunder boom from a cloudless sky a sign for someone''(book 20, p. 513).

Irony:
''They will be coming soon; it is a festival for all of them today.”''(book 20, p. 514).

Synecdoch:
''A man who eats my bread must work for me,even if he has come from far away'' (book 19, p. 491).

Allegory:
''Odysseus felt heart-wrenched to see his own beloved father in this state; sharp pain pierced through his nostrils'' (book 24, p. 596).

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Metaphor: “And if I kill them, planting doom among them” (452)

Metonymy.

“This greedy pig yaks on like some old woman

scrubbing an oven!" (456)

Synecdoche

a bed of mourning, always stained with" tears (459)

Allegory

Helen for whose sake, by the will of gods,

the Greeks and Trojans suffered through the war.

When Menelaus asked why I had come

to someone truly resolute. As when

a deer lays down her newborn suckling fawns (459)

Hyperlobe

It is insistent, and the curse of hunger (464)

Irony

When Amphinomos tells the others to do so, he insists that Telemachus take care of the beggar, since Odysseus came "to Telemachus' door, not ours

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Metaphor:
"The competent, sharp-eyed Odysseus and his companions hurled their piercing spears into the swarming throng." (Book 22 P. 547)
Metonymy:
" I tell you, he is safe and near at hand. He will not long be absent from his home and those that love him" (Book 19 P. 499)
Synecdoche:
"it is not right or proper to court a decent woman in this way, a rich man’s wife, competing for her hand." (Book 18 P.484)
Allegory:
" The sun rose from the calmly flowing depths of Ocean to touch the fields, just as the hunters came into a glen. The dogs had dashed in front, looking for tracks. Autolycus’ sons came after, with Odysseus who kept close to the dogs, and brandished his long spear." (Book 19 P. 503)
Hyperbole:
" Zeus, Lord of Cunning, heard him, and he thundered from bright Olympus, high above the clouds; Odysseus was happy." (Book 20 P.512)
Irony:
" I wish Apollo would shoot silver arrows at Telemachus tomorrow in his house; or that the suitors would kill him. I am sure Odysseus is far away and never coming back." (Book 17 P.464)

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Figurative language: Literary tropes (figures of speech)

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Figurative language: Literary tropes (figures of speech)

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Find one example of each literary figure and post the framed quote with the reference!

Metaphor – An explanation of an object or idea through juxtaposition of disparate things with a similar characteristic, such as describing a courageous person as having a "heart of a lion."

Metonymy – A trope through proximity or correspondence. For example, referring to actions of the U.S. President as "actions of the White House." Or, a term for a car is “ride.” In this case, “ride” is a metonym because it is a related word that replaces the term entirely. Other examples: Crown (for the power of a queen/king); sword (for military force); hand (for help), or pen (for the written word). For instance,  the phrase “the pen is mightier than the sword,”  contains two examples of metonymy.

The main difference between metaphor and metonymy is that metaphor compares two things whereas metonymy replaces one thing for another.

Synecdoche – a form of metonymy, creates a play on words by referring to something with a related concept (referring to a part by its whole, or a whole by its part): for example, referring to the whole with the name of a part, such as "hired hands" for workers; a part with the name of the whole, such as "the law" for police officers; the general with the specific, such as "bread" for food; the specific with the general, such as "cat" for a lion; or an object with its substance, such as "bricks and mortar" for a building.

Allegory – A sustained metaphor continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. For example: "The ship of state has sailed through rougher storms than the tempest of these politicians."

Hyperbole - the use of exaggeration to create a strong impression.

Irony – Creating a trope through implying the opposite of the standard meaning, such as describing a bad situation as "good times."

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Metaphor: the text says: “Shaker of the Earth, do not refuse

to grant our prayer” (223).

Hyperbole: the text says: “Gerenian Nestor, horse-lord, answered him, Dear boy, you call to mind how much we suffered, with strong, unyielding hearts, in distant lands when we were sailing over misty seas, led by Achilles on a hunt for spoils, and when we fought around the mighty city of Priam. Our best warriors were killed” (224).

Allegory: the text says: “Gray-eyed Athena, daughter of the Thunder, became enraged and brought about disaster” (225).

Metonymy: the text says: “He did not know she would not yield. The minds of the immortals rarely change” (226).

Synecdoche: the text says: “while half the army still remained there, stationed with Agamemnon, shepherd of the people” (226).

Irony: the text says: “To Poseidon
we offered many bulls, since we had crossed
safely across wide waters”(226).

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Metaphor

“I am very nervous about the rowdy suitors. Their aggression touches the iron sky” (Emily Wilson, 473) (Book 17).

Metonymy

“A man who eats my bread must work for me, even if he has come from far away.” (Emily Wilson, 491) (Book 19).

Synecdoche

“[I]f he reaches the palace of Odysseus, a mass of hands will hurl stools at his head” (Emily Wilson, 462) (Book 17).

Allegory

“Her face was melting, like the snow that Zephyr scatters across the mountain peaks; then Eurus thaws it, and as it melts, the rivers swell and flow again. (Emily Wilson, 496-497) (Book 19).

Hyperbole

“He went there with his maternal cousins and grandfather, noble Autolycus, who was the best of all mankind at telling lies and stealing.” (Emily Wilson, 502) (Book 19).

Irony

“This means the end of Irus—brought upon himself!” (Emily Wilson, 478) (Book 18).

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Metaphor
"You would have been thrilled if you saw him, like a lion" (Book 23 559).
Metonymy
" Solid floor" and "With buoyant steps" ( Book 23 557).
Synecdoche
"Their foolishness has killed them" ( Book 23 559).
Allegory
"They lay on top of one another, sprawled
across the solid floor. You would have been
thrilled if you saw him, like a lion, drenched
in blood and gore" ( Book 23 559).
Hyperbole
"They have the power to turn the sanest person
mad, or make fools turn wise. Her words flew fast" (558).
Irony
"Some god has killed the suitors out of anger
at their abuse of power and their pride" (B23 559).

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Metaphor : "there slowly came a grand array of women, all sent before me now by august Persephone, and all were wives and daughters once of princes. They swarmed in a flock around the dark blood" (258-261)

Metonymy:

-  “But the goddess Athena met his gaze and said, “Do not hold me back now.” (314 -316)

-   “and wept there for her dear Odysseus, until Athena gave her eyes sweet sleep. (363 -364)

Synecdoche: "And we came to the land of Cyclopes, a fierce, uncivilized people, who never lift a hang to plant or plough but put their trust in Providence” (142).

Allegory:

“Then Zeus, whose voice resounds around the world, sent down two eagles from the mountain peak. At first they hovered on the breath of wind, close by each other, balanced on their wings. 150 Reaching the noisy middle of the crowd, they wheeled and whirred and flapped their mighty wings, swooping at each man’s head with eyes like death, and with their talons ripped each face and neck. Then to the right they flew, across the town. Everyone was astonished at the sight; they wondered in their hearts what this could mean. Old Halitherses, son of Mastor, spoke. More than the other elders, this old leader excelled at prophecy and knew the birds. 160 He gave them good advice.” (147 -161).

Hyperbole:  "How I wish chaste Artemis would give me a death so soft, and now, so I would not go on in my heart grieving all my life, and longing for love of a husband excellent in every virtue" (18.202-204).

Irony : “Nohbdy’s my meat, then, after I eat his friends. Others come first. There’s a noble gift, now.” (276-277)