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The Atlantic slave trade: What too few textbooks told you - Anthony Hazard

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An Essay by Quintero

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Maya Ruins in Guatemala. Restos maya en Guatemala.

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Kulkulkan was a feathered serpent god. The pyramid is located in Chichen Itza, Mexico

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Los Maya fueron unas de las primera personas que correctamente crearon un calendario basado en el movimiento del Sol, estrellas y planetas.

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This NewsELA article tells a Maya origin myth of Popol Vuh.

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Newsela | Popol Vuh: Origin Story of the Maya

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Watch this TedED to learn more about the Maya's connection to Venus.

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Christopher Columbus

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This is a picture of Tainos play the drums

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This is a picture of Tainos play the drums

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This is a picture of what the Tainos ate.

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An essay that discusses...

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The Arawks - The First People in Jamaica

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The Arawks - The First People in Jamaica

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One people, their history, culture, and how they contributed to Jamaica's culture.

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The Arawaks - Tainos - The First People in Jamaica

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Alex Rivera-Tainos

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¡Este video muestra instrumentos sobre la cultura taína! ¡Disfrutar!

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Read this Article to understand the Aztecs!

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Watch this video to know a day in a Aztec life!

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A day in the life of an Aztec midwife - Kay Read

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The Aztec Calendar, also known as the Tonalpohualli. The Aztecs had all different kinds of names and calendar to keep tract what they were doing.

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Songhai Mali and Ghana

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the malies had lots of gold and they used a lot for  Jewelry
here is some:

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Esta imagen muestra a Colón saludando a los taínos antes de la esclavitud. Conoció a los taínos porque quería encontrar recursos para poder encontrar oro y algunas riquezas para la esclavitud.

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Juan Ponce de Leon-Isabella cruz

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Christopher Columbus - Cana Landau Gahres

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Christopher Columbus - Cana Landau Gahres

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stephanie articulo

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The first and last king of Haiti - Marlene Daut

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Kids learn about the biography of explorer Juan Ponce de Leon including his early life, going to the New World, governor of Puerto Rico, exploring Florida, the Fountain of Youth, and fun facts.

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Juan ponce de leon

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Esto articulo se enseña sobre colon  y que colon hicera que estaba malo
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mQ-02VirTQipwoqKBxSJkgRPYv0bvMYa87Yea1_OwkA/edit

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La conquista de Tenochtitlan es uno de los eventos mayores en la historia Azteca.

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Lost History: Rediscovering the Taíno People (Short Documentary)

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read this Article

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Ask History: What happened to the Aztecs

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Ask History: What happened to the Aztecs

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Watch this video to know what happened to the Aztecs!

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Ask History: What Happened to the Aztecs? | History

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this article tack about Christopher Columbus history

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Christopher Columbus was a 15th and 16th century explorer credited for connecting the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (North America and South America).

Born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451, Columbus made his way to Spain, where he gained support from the Spanish monarchy. He persuaded King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I to sponsor his quest to find a westward route to China, India, and Japan-lands then known as the Indies.

The monarchy considered Columbus's expedition as an opportunity to expand Spain's trading network into the Indies' lucrative economy. Proponents of the Catholic Church, the monarchy also hoped the voyage would help spread Christianity into the East.

In August 1492, Columbus's expedition set sail with three ships: the Niña, Pinta, and Santa María. After more than two months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, the fleet spotted what would eventually be known as the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. The fleet also came across other Caribbean islands on this expedition, including modern-day Cuba and Haiti, which Columbus believed were the Indies. While it has been commonly said that Columbus discovered the Americas, that is not accurate. Even before he set sail from Spain, thousands of people were already living on these lands for centuries. There is also the saga of Leif Eriksson's voyage to Vinland-the mysterious spot on which he landed in North America. The exact location of Vinland is debated among scholars, but it is generally agreed it was somewhere along the northern Atlantic coast.

Columbus may not have discovered the Americas, but it was his arrival-and subsquent three additional voyages over the next twelve years-that shephereded in an era of exploration and colonization of North and South America.

While this opened up economic and political opportunities for European powers, the colonization of the New World led to the exploitation of its indigenous peoples, often violently and eventually with disastrous results for many cultures. Columbus's participation in such brutality eventually led to his arrest and caused him to lose favor with the Spanish monarchy. Columbus Day is a national holiday in the United States, but due to inhumane actions taken by the European powers who came in waves to the Americas, several states have replaced the holiday with Indigenous People's Day to honor the original inhabitants of these lands.

Columbus also continued to believe that he had found a route to Asia, despite the increasing evidence that proved otherwise-a denial that would severely tarnish his reputation. While Columbus obtained great wealth from his expeditions, he became an outcast and died of age-related causes on May 20, 1506 in Valladolid, Spain.

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Christopher Columbus was a 15th and 16th century explorer credited for connecting the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (North America and South America). Born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451, Columbus made his way to Spain, where he gained support from the Spanish monarchy.

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Los taínos de la época precolombina en 4 minutos

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Read this article to see the relationship between Hernan Cortes and Montezuma!

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Newsela - Clash of Cultures: Cortes Conquers Moctezuma and the Aztecs

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A case of mistaken identity brought the end of the Aztec empire.

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Aztec lesson

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What on Earth Happened to the Taino? Indigenous People of the Caribbean

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOP_Kb84w8E

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read this A

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read about how cotton and tobacco came to america!   

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read about how cotton and tobacco came to america!   

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read this newsela article

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Newsela | How cotton and tobacco reshaped the South

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Cotton becomes the main cash crop in the South

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¡La taína Jamaicana declara orgullosamente ascendencia!

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Queztzalcoalt era un dios de los Aztecas, tambien llamado La serpiente plumada.

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this picture shows the boats from columbus.

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The Taino flag has Yellow, Green and red with a Black symbol in the middle

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West African Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali & Songhay

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History vs. Christopher Columbus - Alex Gendler

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Watch this video to know how the Aztecs invented chocolate, also known as Xocolalt!

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The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli

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when Ghana gained independence from france there was a celebration   here it is :

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Christopher Columbus's boat has crashed badly into some land.

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On his first voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus encountered an ingenious people called the Tainos, who warned the explorer of dangerous windstorms that often brewed in their home waters of the Caribbean Sea.

They believed the cyclones to be earthly manifestations of a wrathful god known as "Huracán," and on his second voyage to the Americas, Columbus and his sailors were the first-ever Europeans to encounter such a storm - what is now, referred to in English as a "hurricane."

Columbus' flagship, the Niña, survived the tropical storm of 1495 just as a modern-day replica of the Niña survived a near shipwreck when Hurricane Sally struck its mooring in Pensacola last week.

The quick action of her crew is all that saved the ship from the rocks of Pensacola Bay.

The Niña is a floating museum that was constructed out of Brazil hardwood in 1992 and has been touring up and down the East and West Coasts of the U.S. and through the Gulf of Mexico and Great Lakes for decades.

The attraction is billed as the "most historically accurate Columbus replica ship ever built," and according to her captain, Capt. Stephen Sanger, she weighs upwards of 70 tons.

Tours of the Niña in Pensacola were scheduled to be available from Sept. 11-15 as the ship was docked at the Palafox Pier.
On the mend: More:'Miniaturized canyon' left in Pace neighborhood after Hurricane Sally washout 'Ain't no hurricane going to stop Joe Patti's': Pensacola landmark rebounding from Sally
When Hurricane Sally hit the Florida Panhandle on the morning of Sept. 16, Sanger was not there.

"I was over on our other ship, the Pinta, in Bayou La Batre, Alabama, thinking that the worst of Sally was going to come that way," he explained. "But, we all know, the storm crept more east at the last minute before landfall, intensified and put Pensacola right in the bullseye.

At 5 a.m. Sept. 16, the captain got a phone call from one of the Niña's crew saying that the docks in Pensacola were starting to buckle.

"I told them to get that anchor ready," Sanger said.

With its captain miles away in Alabama, it was up to the crew members still aboard and the ship's first mate, David Zenk, to save the vessel.

"I was down on the dock trying to keep all of our lines secured to cleats," Zenk said. "Put in the storm surge and the wind, the waves were breaking over the seawall out there.

"The docks were pitching up and down. The dock was articulated, so they bent and everything, but the boards were pitching from the ship's cover board up to its cap rail. It was about a 7-foot ride up and down on the thing while trying to hold the lines."

The Niña's crew called the U.S. Coast Guard to see what the best case scenario would be if the ship's dock were to break and send the ship to the mercy of the storm, Sanger said.

"The Guard said, 'We can't come out now in the eye of a hurricane,'" Sanger said. "Obviously, they would help the crew get off the ship, if they needed to. But it wasn't a life or death situation. The crew had the choice to get off the ship if they wanted to and run to shore."

At 5:30 a.m., Sanger got a second phone call from a crew member.

"She said that the corner dock, where they were, was starting to break loose, and a catamaran had already drifted out of the marina," he said.

Around 6 a.m., the dock that the Niña was tied to finally broke away from its pilons, and the Niña started spinning out into the Pensacola Bay.

The wooden planks of a long section of the dock were still tied to the ship and clung and hung down off its starboard in a jumble. An approximately 50-foot sailboat that had been docked near the Niña became temporarily entangled with the ship on its portside.

A northwestern current was pulling the Niña toward a rock jetty at the base of a seawall located at the shoreline on the outside edge of the peninsula that holds Community Maritime Park.

"We had to drop the anchor," Zenk remembered. "But we had to time it perfectly. We had a boat on one side and the dock was still tied to us on the other side. If we dropped the anchor off the ship without looking, it wouldn't hit the water."

Zenk waited until the waves' movement created an opening on one side of the Niña and successfully dropped the anchor through the gap into the water below.

It took a moment, but the anchor caught the bottom of the bay. The force "slingshot" the ship out into Pensacola Bay, away from the rocks, before looping the ship's trajectory back toward the north.

"It was 15-foot waves. So the anchor line just snapped," Sanger said. "But it was enough to get her away from the rocks and drift her down here, where we were pounded against the seawall for about six to eight hours."

The Niña was slung into a small cove directly to the west of Maritime Park. Under normal conditions, the cove is shallow with about 2 to 3 feet of water with a line of rocks crossing its entrance.

However, Hurricane Sally's storm surge lifted the Niña above the cove's rocks and the current pushed her against a low-lying seawall at the back of the cove.

The dock that was still attached to the Niña's starboard side acted as a cushion between the ship's haul and the seawall - potentially saving her.

The Niña requires 7 feet of water to float, and when the storm surge receded, the vessel sat in less than a foot of water in the shallow cove's mud with her starboard side parallel to the seawall.

"It looks like we parallel parked here on purpose," Sanger said. "But it was the current that placed us here."

He added, "Thank God, we didn't come in bow first."
Colin Warren-Hicks can be reached at colinwarrenhicks@pnj.com or 850-435-8680.
The captain knows that getting out of the shallow cove is going to be tricky.

"The insurance company is still working on how we're going to be getting out of here, but it's going to involve, definitely, a crane and of some sort of tug boat," Sanger said.

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Replica of Columbus's ship, Niña, barely avoided Pensacola Bay's rocks in Hurricane Sally

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On his first voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus encountered an ingenious people called the Tainos, who warned the explorer of dangerous windstorms that often brewed in their home waters of the Caribbean Sea.

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sculpturas hechos por los tainos

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they are sitting there talking and also one of them are eating and the rest talking to each other

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Juan ponce de Leon in the fountain of youth.

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transatlantic slave trade, segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the second of three stages of the so-called triangular trade, in which arms, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.

Origins of the transatlantic trade of enslaved people

By the 1480s Portuguese ships were already transporting Africans for use as enslaved labourers on the sugar plantations in the Cape Verde and Madeira islands in the eastern Atlantic. Spanish conquistadors took enslaved Africans to the Caribbean after 1502, but Portuguese merchants continued to dominate the transatlantic slave trade for another century and a half, operating from their bases in the Congo-Angola area along the west coast of Africa. The Dutch became the foremost traders of enslaved people during parts of the 1600s, and in the following century English and French merchants controlled about half of the transatlantic slave trade, taking a large percentage of their human cargo from the region of West Africa between the Sénégal and Niger rivers. In 1713 an agreement between Spain and Britain granted the British a monopoly on the trade of enslaved people with the Spanish colonies. Under the Asiento de negros, Britain was entitled to supply those colonies with 4,800 enslaved Africans per year for 30 years. The contract for this supply was assigned to the South Sea Company, of which British Queen Anne held some 22.5 percent of the stock.

Study the history of the African slave trade and its economic effect on western Africa, where coastal states became rich and powerful while savanna states were destabilized as their people were taken captive

See all videos for this article

Probably no more than a few hundred thousand Africans were taken to the Americas before 1600. In the 17th century, however, demand for enslaved labour rose sharply with the growth of sugar plantations in the Caribbean and tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region in North America. The largest numbers of enslaved people were taken to the Americas during the 18th century, when, according to historians' estimates, nearly three-fifths of the total volume of the transatlantic slave trade took place.

The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. Economic incentives for warlords and tribes to engage in the trade of enslaved people promoted an atmosphere of lawlessness and violence. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. A large percentage of the people taken captive were women in their childbearing years and young men who normally would have been starting families. The European enslavers usually left behind persons who were elderly, disabled, or otherwise dependent-groups who were least able to contribute to the economic health of their societies.

Historians have debated the nature and extent of European and African agency in the actual capture of those who were enslaved. During the early years of the transatlantic slave trade, the Portuguese generally purchased Africans who had been enslaved during tribal wars. As the demand for enslaved people grew, the Portuguese began to enter the interior of Africa to forcibly take captives; as other Europeans became involved in the slave trade, generally they remained on the coast and purchased captives from Africans who had transported them from the interior. Following capture, the abducted Africans were marched to the coast, a journey that could be as many as 300 miles (485 km). Typically, two captives were chained together at the ankle, and columns of captives were tied together by ropes around their necks. An estimated 10 to 15 percent of the captives died on their way to the coast.

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Transatlantic slave trade | History & Facts

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Transatlantic slave trade, part of the global slave trade that took 10-12 million enslaved Africans to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. In the 'triangular trade,' arms and textiles went from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.

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lo que usavan los tainos

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Aztecs

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Maybe the houses that the Taino lived in?