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Substances that change the genetic material of an organism (changing the DNA)

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This involves the deletion or insertion of nucleotide in which the deleted base pairs is not divided by three. If this will be disrupted then the DNA sequence following mutation will be read incorrectly

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This involves metal ions, intercalating agents, deaminating agents and more. They are entirely dangerous for us

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This involves heat and radiation such as  uv rays, x-rays, gamma rays and others. They directly damage the nucleotide structure and can cause cross-linking of DNA

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Changes in a genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This is between two chromosomes that does not belong to the same pair of chromosomes

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A defect in genetic material wherein the chromosomes breaks off and is being reinserted in reverse direction

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Duplication is a type of mutation that involves the production of one or more copies of gene or region of chromosomes

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This mutation involves the loss of a part or segment of chromosome which leads to loss of some gene

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Replaces an amino acid with a stop codon and preventing the production of the rest of the amino acids

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A missense mutation occurs when one nucleotide is substituted, and a different codon is formed; but this time, the codon that forms is not a stop codon. Instead, the codon produces a different amino acid in the sequence of amino acids

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The change in DNA sequence without affecting the structure and function of protein.

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Changes within a single base pair in DNA sequence. This is due to the mistakes made during DNA replication

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Unexpected changes in   chromosome structure

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Single gene disorders are caused by DNA changes in one particular gene and often have predictable inheritance patterns

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Mutations -  Changes that appear in our DNA sequence may be deletion, substitution, insertion and duplication