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1) What was the timeline of the four national taps?

Imported
The first Water Agreement was signed in 1961 and expired in August 2011.
The second Water Agreement was signed in 1962 and will expire in 2061
SOURCE: https://www.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/Key-Issues/Water-Agreements

Water catchment
The first reservoir built was the MacRitchie Reservoir. It’s construction ended in 1867.
There are 17 water catchment areas in Singapore. Here is the list with MacRitchie Reservoir as the oldest and Serangoon Reservoir as the newest.
1. Tengeh Reservoir
2. Poyan Reservoir
3. Murai Reservoir
4. Sarimbun Reservoir
5. Kranji Reservoir
6. Jurong Lake
7. Pandan Reservoir
8. Upper Pierce Reservoir
9. Upper Seletar Reservoir
10. Lower Seletar Reservoir
11. Lower Pierce Reservoir
12. MacRitchie Reservoir
13. Marina Reservoir
14. Punggol Reservoir
15. Serangoon Reservoir
16. Bedok Reservoir
17. Tekong Reservoir
SOURCE:
https://www.visitsingapore.com/see-do-singapore/nature-wildlife/reserves/macritchie-nature-reserve/
https://www.pub.gov.sg/PublishingImages/Reservoir_Blue_Map_SG.pn g

Desalination
The first desalination plant built was the SingSpring Desalination Plant.It’s construction ended in 2005.
There are 4 desalination plants in Singapore. Here is the list with SingSpring Desalination Plant as the oldest and the Keppel Marina East Desalination Plant as the newest.
1. SingSpring Desalination Plant
2. Tuas South Desalination Plant
3. Tuas Desalination Plant
4. Keppel Marina East Desalination Plant
SOURCE:
https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1516fsc21-seawater-desalination-in-singapore-20160226-e.pdf
https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/desalinatedwater
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-fourth-desalination-plant-in-marina-east-commences-operations

NEWater
The first NEWater plant was both the Bedok NEWater Factory and the
Kranji NEWater Factory.Their constructions ended in 2003.
There are 5 NEWater plants in Singapore. Here is the list with the Bedok NEWater Factory and the Kranji NEWater Factory as the oldest, and the Sembcorp NEWater Plant as the newest.
1. Bedok NEWater Factory
2. Kranji NEWater Factory
3. Ulu Pandan Water Reclamation Plant

4. Changi Water Reclamation Plant
5. Sembcorp NEWater Plant
SOURCE:
https://www.maser.com.sg/SIEMENSBlowers
https://www.maser.com.sg/kranji-newater-factory
https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/newater
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEWater
http://www.water-treatment.com.cn/plants/list/singapore-ulu-pandan-wrp.htm
https://www.water-technology.net/projects/changi-reclamation/
https://www.sembcorp.com/en/media/media-releases/energy/2010/may/opening-of-singapores-fifth-and-largest-newater-plant-the-sembcorp-newater-plant/

2) Can Singapore survive without the water agreement?

In short, no. The Water Agreements were guaranteed by the Government of Malaysia in the Separation Agreement signed in 1965 that established Singapore as an independent state. The guarantee was also enacted into the Malaysian Constitution by an Act of Parliament. The Malaysian Constitution was annexed to the Separation Agreement. The Separation Agreement was registered with the United Nations.

Both countries have to honour the terms of the Water Agreements and the guarantee in the Separation Agreement. Neither Singapore nor Malaysia can unilaterally change them. Any breach of the Water Agreements would call into question the sanctity of the Water Agreements and the Separation Agreement, and can undermine Singapore’s very existence.
SOURCE:
https://www.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/Key-Issues/Water-Agreements

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SINGAPORE-MALAYSIA WATER AGREEMENTS (Q2 Of WHAT I WANT TO KNOW)

Singapore and Malaysia have signed four agreements regarding the supply of water from across the Causeway. The first signed in 1927 is no longer in force.1 Water imported from Malaysia under the other three agreements – signed in 1961, 1962 and 1990 – meets about half of Singapore's water demand.² However, this quantity was reduced after the 1961 pact expired in August 2011. The government has also stated that Singapore can be self-sufficient in water by the time the 1962 and 1990 agreements expire in 2061.³

1927 agreement
Dated 5 December 1927, this agreement was signed between the municipal commissioners of the town of Singapore and Sultan Ibrahim of the state and territories of Johor. It allowed Singapore to rent 2,100 ac (8.5 sq km) of land in Gunong Pulai for the purpose of supplying raw water from the area to Singapore. An annual rent of 30 sen per acre (per 4,047 sq m) was payable on the land but the water was free. Johor set aside an additional 25 sq mi (64.7 sq km) of land and agreed not to alienate any part of this land for the next 21 years without the consent of the Singapore commissioners.⁴ If the latter wanted to reserve any part of this plot for drawing water, they had to give notice to the Johor government and pay an annual rent of $5 per acre.⁵ In return, Johor could obtain 800,000 gallons (3,637 cu m) of treated water from Singapore daily at a rate of 25 sen per 1,000 gallons (per 4.55 cu m).⁶ If Johor required more treated water after 1929, the amount supplied could be increased, but only up to 1,200,000 gallons (5,455 cu m) per day.⁷

1961 agreement
The Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement was made between the city council of the state of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor.⁸ Although the agreement was officially signed on 2 October 1961, it had already taken effect on 1 September the previous month.9 By then, Singapore was a self-governing state while Malaya was an independent nation.10 The 1927 agreement was declared void in this document.¹¹

The agreement gave Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw off all the water within the designated land at Gunong Pulai, Sungei Tebrau and Sungei Scudai for a period of 50 years up till 2011.¹² Singapore was to pay an annual rent of RM5 per acre for the land and a charge of 3 sen for every 1,000 gallons of raw water it drew.¹³ Singapore also agreed to provide Johor with a daily supply of treated water up to 12 percent of the raw water it drew, subject to a minimum of four million gallons (18,184 cu m),  and at a price of 50 cents per 1,000 gallons. If the 12 percent provided by Singapore was insufficient, Johor could request for more treated water to be supplied.¹⁴

1962 agreement
The Johor River Water Agreement was signed on 29 September 1962 between the city council of the state of  Singapore and the government of the state of Johor.¹⁵ Valid for 99 years till 2061, the agreement gave Singapore the right to draw 250 million gallons of water per day (1.14 million cubic metres) from the Johor River.¹⁶ In return, Johor was entitled to a daily supply of treated water from Singapore up to two percent of the raw water it supplied.¹⁷

Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used “at the standard rate applicable to building lots on town land”.¹⁸ The water prices remained the same as in the previous agreement – 3 sen per 1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 sen per 1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor.¹⁹ After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using a common currency in 1973, the prices became denominated in Malaysian ringgit.²⁰

The 1961 and 1962 agreements provided for a price review after 25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action if bilateral price negotiations failed.21 However, the Johor government chose not to revise the prices at both opportunities, in 1986 and 1987.²²

The Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as the Separation Agreement) signed between the governments of Singapore and Malaysia on 9 August 1965 guaranteed the 1961 and 1962 water agreements.²³

1990 agreement
This was signed on 24 November 1990 between the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor.²⁴ It was supplementary to the 1962 pact and would also expire in 2061.²⁵ A separate document was signed on the same day by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore to guarantee adherence to the agreement.²⁶

Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed to construct a dam across Sungei Linggiu²⁷ to facilitate the extraction of water from the Johor River,²⁸ with Johor setting aside about 21,600 ha (216 sq km) of land for the project.²⁹ Singapore agreed to pay a RM320 million as compensation for the permanent loss of use of the land and its associated revenue, in addition to a premium of RM18,000 per hectare (10,000 sq m) and an annual rent of RM30 for every 1,000 sq ft (per 92.9 sq m) for the land occupied by a water treatment plant and other ancillary permanent works. The cost of building and maintaining the dam would be borne by Singapore.³⁰

In return, Singapore could purchase treated water from Johor generated by the new dam.³¹ This would be over and above the 250 mgd of raw water that it was allowed to draw from the Johor River under the 1962 agreement.³² The price of this additional supply would be calculated based on a fixed formula: the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs plus 50 percent of the surplus from the sale of this water by PUB to its consumers after deducting Johor's price and PUB's cost of distribution, or 115 percent of the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs, whichever was higher.³³

This agreement was a follow-up to the memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed on 28 June 1988 between the two countries' prime ministers at the time: Lee Kuan Yew for Singapore and Mahathir Mohamad for Malaysia. The signing of the MOU was hailed as a breakthrough in Singapore-Malaysia water relations – the culmination of six years of difficult negotiations.³⁴

Beyond 2061
The Singapore government  did not renew the 1961 agreement which expired in 2011.³⁵ To reduce Singapore's dependence on imported water, the government has taken steps to increase the size of the local water catchment area and to build up the supply from non-conventional sources, namely NEWater (reclaimed water) and desalinated water (treated seawater), by setting up water treatment plants in various parts of Singapore. The first two NEWater plants were opened in Bedok and Kranji in 2003.  With the various water projects progressing well, government officials have assured Singaporeans that the country can be self-reliant in water by 2061 if it needs to be.36

SOURCE: https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.html

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SINGAPORE'S FIFTH "NATIONAL TAP MAY DRAW ON GROUNDWATER (Q1 Of WHAT I WANT TO KNOW)

Looking to add a fifth “national tap” to Singapore’s existing four, national water agency PUB announced yesterday that it was looking to study the possibility of drawing on “naturally occurring aquifers and groundwater” in the area of the Jurong Formation.

Aquifers are underground layers of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials, such as sand, from which groundwater can be extracted.

The PUB has called a three-year consultancy services tender to study the potential of tapping on aquifers and other underground water sources in the western and southern part of the island, which contain rock deposits called the Jurong Formation.

The study will look at the development of groundwater flow models, field investigation programmes and validation studies.

SOURCE: https://www.eco-business.com/news/singapores-fifth-national-tap-may-draw-groundwater/

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1.Singapore's current target is to reduce per capita water consumption to 147 litres by 2020 and to 140 litres by 2030. This, in our view, is too little, too late. The city-state should be much more ambitious.            2.Between 1960 and 1970, Singapore carried out a unique study as to how much water an individual needed to lead a healthy life.

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1. What was the timeline of the four national taps?
2. Can Singapore survive without the water agreement?

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1.Why is water mostly wasted when we take showers?

2.Will there be any big changes to the water supply in the future?

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1. Will there be a fifth main water tap?

2. Why did Johor allow us to buy water from them?

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1. We must save water as water is precious.

2. Singapore has come a long way to get clean water.

3. There are 4 main taps in Singapore.

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1.The clean water and beautiful rivers we have today, is the result of years of labour behind the scenes.2.We continue to change with the times, because we know what a changing climate can take from us.3. there are four different types of national taps in singapore

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1. There are 4 different national taps in Singapore.
2.We must save water as water is precious.
3.Most of Singapore’s water is imported from Malaysia.

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1.why has  Singapore’s daily household water consumption has decreased from 148 litres per person in 2016 to 141 litres per person in 2018?                                    2. why waswater prices in Singapore will go up by 30 per cent increase over two phases?

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1.We need to conserve water to stay alive. If we don't conserve water, there will not be any water for us to survive.
2.there are a few ways to save water:
-- Turn of the tap after use.
-- Replace leaking taps with new ones

--Shorten our showering time.

3.the 4 taps:
--water from local catchment
--imported water
--newater
--desalinated water

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1. Using recycled waste water for irrigation, landscaping, industry and toilet flushing is a good way to conserve our fresh water resources.
2.In 2003,singapore opened its first plant to produce NEwater, which recycles drinking water purified by  advanced membrane techniques including microfiltration, reverse osmosis and UV disinfection. NEwater is clean enough to be bottled as drinking water and is used in electronics industry.

Source:"Little Blue Penguins"youngscientists.com.sgYoungScientists.Pte.Ltd,2012Web.11.Feb.2021<https://youngscientists.com.sg/>.