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Comment le réchauffement climatique va bouleverser l’humanité (ft. Le Réveilleur)

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Greg Craven - Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See

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Greg Craven - Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See

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The Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See

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A new way to think about the climate change debate, with over 13 million total views on various postings. Intrigued? Check out the related material: 1) "HOW IT ALL ENDS": An exhaustively detailed follow-up series addressing every criticism I could find to "The Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See".

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The fashion industry is the second largest polluter in the world

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engl6 - environment - Global Warming Fast Facts

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engl6 - environment - pics - meatless monday

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Stop blaming population growth for climate change - text

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Stop blaming population growth for climate change - text

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The annual World Economic Forum in Davos brought together representatives from government and business to deliberate how to solve the worsening climate and ecological crisis. The meeting came just as devastating bush fires were abating in Australia. These fires are thought to have killed up to one billion animals and generated a new wave of climate refugees. Yet, as with the COP25 climate talks in Madrid, a sense of urgency, ambition and consensus on what to do next were largely absent in Davos.

But an important debate did surface - that is, the question of who, or what, is to blame for the crisis. Famed primatologist Dr Jane Goodall remarked at the event that human population growth is responsible, and that most environmental problems wouldn't exist if our numbers were at the levels they were 500 years ago.

This might seem fairly innocuous, but its an argument that has grim implications and is based on a misreading of the underlying causes of the current crises. As these escalate, people must be prepared to challenge and reject the overpopulation argument.

Jane Goodall @ Davos: "All these [environmental] things we talk about wouldn't be a problem if there was the size of population that there was 500 years ago."

The world population 500 years ago is estimated btwn 420 and 540 million - 6.7 billion fewer people than today. pic.twitter.com/Aa8aztiAeZ
- Tom Elliott (@tomselliott) January 24, 2020

A dangerous distraction

Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb and Donella Meadows' The Limits to Growth in the late 1960s and early 1970s ignited concerns over the world's burgeoning human population, and its consequences for natural resources.

The idea that there were simply too many people being born - most of them in the developing world where population growth rates had started to take off - filtered into the arguments of radical environmental groups such as "Earth First!" Certain factions within the group became notorious for remarks about extreme hunger in regions with burgeoning populations such as Africa - which, though regrettable, could confer environmental benefits through a reduction in human numbers.

In reality, the global human population is not increasing exponentially, but is in fact slowing and predicted to stabilise at around 11 billion by 2100. More importantly, focusing on human numbers obscures the true driver of many of our ecological woes. That is, the waste and inequality generated by modern capitalism and its focus on endless growth and profit accumulation.

The industrial revolution that first married economic growth with burning fossil fuels occurred in 18th-century Britain. The explosion of economic activity that marked the post-war period known as the " Great Acceleration" caused emissions to soar, and it largely took place in the Global North. That's why richer countries such as the US and UK, which industrialised earlier, bear a bigger burden of responsibility for historical emissions.

In 2018, the planet's top emitters - North America and China - accounted for nearly half of global CO₂ emissions. In fact, the comparatively high rates of consumption in these regions generate so much more CO₂ than their counterparts in low-income countries that an additional three billion to four billion people in the latter would hardly make a dent on global emissions.

There's also the disproportionate impact of corporations to consider. It is suggested that just 20 fossil fuel companies have contributed to one-third of all modern CO₂ emissions, despite industry executives knowing about the science of climate change as early as 1977.

Inequalities in power, wealth and access to resources - not mere numbers - are key drivers of environmental degradation. The consumption of the world's wealthiest 10% produces up to 50% of the planet's consumption-based CO₂ emissions, while the poorest half of humanity contributes only 10%. With a mere 26 billionaires now in possession of more wealth than half the world, this trend is likely to continue.

Issues of ecological and social justice cannot be separated from one another. Blaming human population growth - often in poorer regions - risks fuelling a racist backlash and displaces blame from the powerful industries that continue to pollute the atmosphere. Developing regions in Africa, Asia and Latin America often bear the brunt of climate and ecological catastrophes, despite having contributed the least to them.

The problem is extreme inequality, the excessive consumption of the world's ultra-rich, and a system that prioritises profits over social and ecological well-being. This is where where we should be devoting our attention.
Heather Alberro, Associate Lecturer/PhD Candidate in Political Ecology, Nottingham Trent University. This article first appeared on The Conversation.

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Stop blaming population growth for climate change. The real culprit is wealth inequality

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The annual World Economic Forum in Davos brought together representatives from government and business to deliberate how to solve the worsening climate and ecological crisis. The meeting came just as devastating bush fires were abating in Australia. These fires are thought to have killed up to one billion animals and generated a new wave of climate refugees.

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Inside the lonely fight against the biggest environmental problem you

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Conscious consumerism is a lie - article link

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Conscious consumerism is a lie - article link

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As a sustainable lifestyle blogger, my job is to make conscious consumerism look good. Over the course of four years Instagramming eco-friendly outfits, testing non-toxic nail polish brands, and writing sustainable city guides, I became a proponent of having it all-fashion, fun, travel, beauty-while still being eco-friendly. So when I was invited to speak on a panel in front of the UN Youth Delegation, the expectation was that I'd dispense wisdom to bright young students about how their personal purchasing choices can help save the world.

I stood behind the dais in a secondhand blouse, recycled polyester tights, and a locally made pencil skirt, took a deep breath, and began to speak. "Conscious consumerism is a lie. Small steps taken by thoughtful consumers-to recycle, to eat locally, to buy a blouse made of organic cotton instead of polyester-will not change the world."

The audience looked back at me, blinking and silent. This was not what they expected.

Where we got it all wrong

According to the lore of conscious consumerism, every purchase you make is a "moral act"-an opportunity to "vote with your dollar" for the world you want to see. We are told that if we don't like what a company is doing, we should stop buying their products and force them to change. We believe that if we give consumers transparency and information, they'll make the right choice. But sadly, this is not the way capitalism is set up to work.

Making series of small, ethical purchasing decisions while ignoring the structural incentives for companies' unsustainable business models won't change the world as quickly as we want. It just makes us feel better about ourselves. Case in point: A 2012 study compared footprints of "green" consumers who try to make eco-friendly choices to the footprints of regular consumers. And they found no meaningful difference between the two.

Choosing fashion made from hemp or grilling the waiter about how your fish was caught is no substitute for systematic change.

The problem is that even though we want to make the right choices, it's often too little, too late. For example, friends are always asking me where to take their old clothes so that they are either effectively recycled or make it into the hands of people who need them. My answer? It doesn't matter where you take them: It will always end up in the exact same overloaded waste stream, which may or may not eventually dump it in Haiti. This isn't your fault for trying to do the right thing: It's the fault of the relentless trend cycle of fast fashion, which is flooding the secondhand market with a glut of clothes that Americans don't want at any price.

There's also the issue of privilege. The sustainability movement has been charged with being elitist-and it most certainly is. You need a fair amount of disposable income to afford ethical and sustainable consumption options, the leisure time to research the purchasing decisions you make, the luxury to turn up your nose at 95% of what you're offered, and, arguably, a post-graduate degree in chemistry to understand the true meaning behind ingredient labels.

Choosing fashion made from hemp, grilling the waiter about how your fish was caught, and researching whether your city can recycle bottle caps might make you feel good, reward a few social entrepreneurs, and perhaps protect you from charges of hypocrisy. But it's no substitute for systematic change.

Environmentalism, brought to you by Multinational, Inc.

I came to this conclusion myself through years of personal research, but other academics have devoted their lives to uncovering the fallacy of conscious consumption. One of those sustainability experts is professor Halina Szejnwald Brown, professor of environmental science and policy at Clark University. She recently authored a report for the United Nations Environmental Programme, " Fostering and Communicating Sustainable Lifestyles: Principles and Emerging Practices." We met sharing the stage at the UN Youth Delegation, where her presentation backed up my suspicions with research and data.

In short, consumption is the backbone of the American economy-which means individual conscious consumerism is basically bound to fail. "70% of GDP in the US is based on household consumption. So all the systems, the market, the institutions, everything is calibrated to maximize consumption," Brown told me in a later interview. "The whole marketing industry and advertising invents new needs we didn't know we had."

Consumption is the backbone of the American economy-which means individual conscious consumerism is basically bound to fail.

Take plastic water bottles, for example. Plastic, as most of us now know, is made from petroleum that takes hundreds of years-or maybe even a thousand-to biodegrade (scarily, we're not really sure yet). Shipping bottled water from Fiji to New York City is also an emission-heavy process. And yet, despite the indisputable facts and the consistent campaigning by nonprofits, journalists, and activists to urge consumers to carry reusable water bottles, bottled water consumption has continued to rise-even though it costs up to 2,000 times more than tap water.

So why do we continue to buy 1.7 billion half-liter bottles, or five bottles for every person, every single week? Because market capitalism makes it incredibly difficult to make truly helpful sustainable choices.

The majority of our food and consumer products come wrapped in plastics that aren't recyclable. Food that is free of pesticides is more expensive. We're working ever-longer hours, which leaves little time for sitting down to home-cooked meals, much less sewing, mending, and fixing our possessions. Most of those clothes have been designed in the first place to be obsolete after a year or two, just so that you'll buy more. And only 2% of that clothing is made in the US-and when it is, it's 20% more expensive. Palm oil, an ingredient that is the world's leading cause of rainforest destruction and carbon emissions, is in half of our packaged food products, hidden behind dozens of different names. These are just a few examples of how the government and businesses collude to nudge you into blindly destroying the environment on a regular basis, whether you choose to buy organic milk or not.

Then there are the social impediments to making sustainable decisions. "We as humans are highly social beings. We measure our progress in life in relation to others," Brown says. "The result is that it is very difficult to do something different from what everybody else is doing."

In order to shun consumer culture, we have to shun social mores. You can dig through dumpsters for perfectly edible food that restaurants and grocery stores have tossed out. You can absolutely return every holiday or birthday gift that doesn't adhere to your high standards. And you can demand that your friends and family serve only raw, vegan, organic food at social gatherings, and go on hunger strike when they don't. But to do so would mean becoming an insufferable human being. Society is weighted against us, too.

How to actually make decisions that help the environment

So what's the answer? I'm not saying that we should all give up, or that we should stop making the small positive decisions we make every day as responsible humans. And if you're choosing the greener product for health reasons, by all means, do what feels right. But when it comes to combating climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction, what we need to do is take the money, time, and effort we spend making these ultimately inconsequential choices and put it toward something that really matters.

Take the money, time, and effort you spend making ultimately inconsequential choices and put it toward something that really matters.

Beyond making big lifestyle decisions such as choosing to live in a dense urban area with public transportation, cutting red meat out of your diet, and having fewer children (or none at all), there are diminishing returns to the energy you put into avoiding plastic or making sure your old AAs end up in the appropriate receptacle. Globally, we're projected to spend $9.32 billion in 2017 on green cleaning products. If we had directed even a third of that pot of money (the typical markup on green cleaning products) toward lobbying our governments to ban the toxic chemicals we're so afraid of, we might have made a lot more progress by now.

"It's a gesture," Brown says of fretting over these small decisions. "Well-meaning signals that you care about the environment. But the action itself makes no difference."

We pat ourselves on the back for making decisions that hush our social guilt instead of placing that same effort in actions that enact real environmental change. But there are small switches in our mentality we can take to make a difference. A few suggestions:

Instead of buying expensive organic sheets, donate that money to organizations that are fighting to keep agricultural runoff out of our rivers.

Instead of driving to an organic apple orchard to pick your own fruit, use that time to volunteer for an organization that combats food deserts (and skip the fuel emissions, too).

Instead of buying a $200 air purifier, donate to politicians who support policies that keep our air and water clean.

Instead of signing a petition demanding that Subway remove one obscure chemical from its sandwich bread, call your local representatives to demand they overhaul the approval process for the estimated 80,000 untested chemicals in our products.

Instead of taking yourself out to dinner at a farm-to-table restaurant, you could take an interest in the Farm Bill and how it incentivizes unhealthy eating.

On its face, conscious consumerism is a morally righteous, bold movement. But it's actually taking away our power as citizens. It drains our bank accounts and our political will, diverts our attention away from the true powerbrokers, and focuses our energy instead on petty corporate scandals and fights over the moral superiority of vegans.

So if you really care about the environment, climb on out of your upcycled wooden chair and get yourself to a town hall meeting. If there's one silver lining to the environmental crisis facing us, it's that we now understand exactly the kind of work we need to do to save the planet-and it doesn't involve a credit card.

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Conscious consumerism is a lie. Here's a better way to help save the world

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As a sustainable lifestyle blogger, my job is to make conscious consumerism look good. Over the course of four years Instagramming eco-friendly outfits, testing non-toxic nail polish brands, and writing sustainable city guides, I became a proponent of having it all-fashion, fun, travel, beauty-while still being eco-friendly.

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engl6 - environment - consumption vs consumerism

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!!! article in French !!!

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Man-made Stuff Outweighs Earth's Total Biomass for First Time

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Man-made Stuff Outweighs Earth's Total Biomass for First Time

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Materials manufactured by humans now weigh more than those made by nature, a new study finds.

The total mass of man-made "stuff" - including concrete, asphalt, bricks, metals, plastics, wood and glass - now outweighs the total mass of all living stuff - including humans, animals, plants fungi, and all the microorganisms that make up living soil, say researchers who tallied it all up.

In 1900, the weight of human-produced things was only 3% of Earth's biomass. But the weight of human productivity has been doubling rapidly, every 20 years or so since then, until it finally reached over 100% this year.

How is this possible? 1. We've produced more stuff than people. 2. We've decreased Earth's biomass as we produce that stuff.

One of the big living things we've reduced is trees. We've clear-cut half the world's forests in the last 150 years to make way mostly for agriculture.

And the crops we've replaced those forests with contain only a fraction of the mass of all those dense tree trunks and massive root systems, which are now locked up in buildings, furniture and paper products.

These shifts "in global biomass have affected the carbon cycle and human health," write the authors of the study out of Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science.

"Since the first agricultural revolution, humanity has roughly halved the mass of plants."

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Man-made Stuff Outweighs Earth's Total Biomass for First Time, New Study Finds

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2020 is the first year human-made materials outweigh nature! Materials manufactured by humans now weigh more than those made by nature, a new study finds. The total mass of man-made "stuff" - including concrete, asphalt, bricks, metals, plastics, wood and glass - now outweighs the total mass of all living [...]

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The Science of Climate Change Explained: Facts, Evidence and Proof

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Definitive answers to the big questions.

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Almost No Industry Profitable if Environmental Costs Included

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Almost No Industry Profitable if Environmental Costs Included

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If you haven't been paying attention, I don't blame you for at first not believing this. After all, companies go to great lengths to greenwash their image and present themselves as progressive and environmentally responsible, even while they turn your land to deserts and your oceans into dead zones. Unfortunately, as Mark Twain once famously said: "It's easier to fool people than to convince them that they have been fooled."

The truth is that our current system allows pretty much every corporation to externalize both environmental and social costs. In this article, we won't even be touching on social costs. If you don't know what cost externalization is, you can imagine it as making someone else pay part or all of your costs. For example, BP externalized the environmental costs of the Deepwater Horizon disaster by consuming all of the profits but making the government pay for anything beyond the most shoddy and superficial attempts at stopping the crisis.

A new report by Trucost on behalf of The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) program sponsored by United Nations Environmental Program, examined the money earned by the biggest industries on this planet, and then contrasted them with 100 different types of environmental costs. To make this easier, they turned these 100 categories into 6: water use, land use, greenhouse gas emissions, waste pollution, land pollution, and water pollution.

The report found that when you took the externalized costs into effect, essentially NONE of the industries was actually making a profit. The huge profit margins being made by the world's most profitable industries (oil, meat, tobacco, mining, electronics) is being paid for against the future: we are trading long term sustainability for the benefit of shareholders. Sometimes the environmental costs vastly outweighed revenue, meaning that these industries would be constantly losing money had they actually been paying for the ecological damage and strain they were causing.

In terms of land and water use: almost no companies are actually paying a price remotely comparable for what they are actually taking away from the ecosystems. Consider that fact that Nestle pumps water out of drought-ridden California without limits for an unannounced but extremely low price, and turns around and sells this exact same water back to those affected by the resulting droughts for approximate $4 billion profit per year (based on 2012 data).

The even scarier fact in all this is that the indirect costs "downstream" from the industries are actually even greater. Here are the top 5 sectors passing along insane costs:

If you didn't notice yet: meat and coal are probably the largest offenders. If you look at table 2 again, you can see that cattle ranching in South America carries 18 times a higher environmental cost than all the revenue it brings in. Once you think about this, it is probably less surprising that 91% of Amazon rainforest destruction is fueled by increased animal agriculture.

How much money would these companies be losing if they were actually covering the environmental costs or paying to reduce their environmental impact? Well, the report also covers this:

So, now that it has become abundantly clear that our current regulatory system is corrupt/deficient, what do we do about it? Well, firstly we need to stop allowing companies to pretend that they are "environmentally responsible" when they are worse behaved than any child you have ever met. If someone came in and destroyed your kitchen to make you a piece of bread with butter, demanded money for it, and then bragged about being a "responsible cook," it wouldn't be any less ridiculous.

After we have stopped tolerating the bullshit, we need to seek and support actual solutions. We have to be willing to boycott and campaign against "cheap" products that are actually environmentally costly, as well as putting pressure onto governments to amend their regulations. Why should we expect companies to change if neither consumers or governments are forcing them?

To finish up, I will include what the Trucost report suggests for industries, investors, and governments. Please join in helping inform people about this situation, about these costs, and helping create more pressure to remove these "externalities."

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New UN report finds almost no industry profitable if environmental costs were included

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If you haven't been paying attention, I don't blame you for at first not believing this. After all, companies go to great lengths to greenwash their image and present themselves as progressive and environmentally responsible, even while they turn your land to deserts and your oceans into dead zones.

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Energie-climat: pourquoi l'humanité est vraiment mal barrée en 4 graphiques

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Energie-climat: pourquoi l'humanité est vraiment mal barrée en 4 graphiques

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Les enjeux climatiques et énergétiques sont revenus sur le devant de la scène après la décision de Donald Trump de retirer les États-Unis de l'Accord de Paris. Ce choix, que l'on peut légitimement qualifier de consternant, a néanmoins l'avantage d'avoir ravivé l'engagement du reste du monde vis-à-vis du défi climatique, qui devrait être une priorité absolue. Pour rappel, il existe un consensus scientifique très solide sur le fait que l'humanité est le principal responsable du changement climatique actuel.

Dans l'espace médiatique, on a coutume d'illustrer le changement climatique par un ours polaire à la dérive sur un morceau de banquise. Cet exemple, certes valable, ne suscite cependant pas de réelle préoccupation chez la plupart des gens. Pourtant, même si elle est difficile à appréhender, l'urgence climatique est bien réelle et nécessite une prise de conscience qui tarde à s'imposer. Le but des 4 graphiques suivants est de montrer de manière tangible à quel point la situation dans laquelle se trouve l'humanité est délicate.

Deux degrés en deux siècles, c'est énorme

Un changement de 2°C, c'est si grave ?

Quand on parle d'une augmentation de 2°C en 2100, il est difficile de se sentir vraiment inquiet. On pourrait imaginer que ce n'est rien : entre l'été et l'hiver, nous voyons des écarts de température bien plus grands. Or, ce qu'on a du mal à réaliser, c'est qu'à l'échelle de la Terre, une variation de quelques degrés est associée à des changements multiples et considérables. En effet, seulement 5°C en moyenne nous séparent de la dernière ère glaciaire. Lors du dernier maximum glaciaire, le niveau des océans était plus bas de 100 mètres, et la France ressemblait à la Sibérie actuelle. La transition vers la température actuelle s'est opérée sur plusieurs milliers d'années.

Ainsi, on comprend qu'en augmentant de quelques degrés la température mondiale en seulement deux siècles, l'humanité s'exposent à des dérèglements considérables. Les changements climatiques déjà enclenchés auront des conséquences négatives majeures , que ce soit sur le plan écologique, économique, mais aussi humanitaire. L'approvisionnement mondial en nourriture est particulièrement menacé par les aléas climatiques à prévoir - notamment les sécheresses extrêmes - et pourra engendrer des troubles politiques et migratoires d'une envergure inédite.

On a l'air mal partis

On a signé l'Accord de Paris, tout va rentrer dans l'ordre !

Une vague d'optimisme avait suivi la signature de l'Accord de Paris à la COP21. Il est vrai que réussir à rassembler la quasi-totalité des pays de la planète sur ce sujet était un accomplissement considérable. Néanmoins, si on regarde la réalité en face, il est difficile de rester optimiste très longtemps. Et pour cause, dans le "budget CO ₂" à ne pas dépasser pour éviter un réchauffement de plus de 2°C mentionné dans l'Accord de Paris, il nous reste moins de la moitié de ce que l'humanité a déjà émis depuis le début de l'ère industrielle, alors même que nous serons bien plus nombreux au 21e siècle qu'au 20e. Pour réussir, il faudrait que les émissions commencent à décroître au plus vite de plusieurs pourcents par an.

Malheureusement, rien n'indique que cette dynamique soit enclenchée. Dans le cadre de l'Accord de Paris, les promesses de réduction d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont faites sur la base du volontariat, sans aucune sanction en cas de non respect. Ainsi, rien ne dit qu'elles seront respectées ; le protocole de Kyoto a d'ailleurs montré les limites des déclarations de bonne volonté. Pire, même si tous les pays respectaient leurs engagements, le réchauffement correspondant atteindrait les 3°C, mettant sérieusement en doute la capacité du monde à respecter l'objectif des 2°C, sans parler des 1.5°C mentionnés à la COP21 qui sont probablement déjà derrière nous.

Le CO₂ est partout

Ok, je prendrai un peu moins la voiture pour sauver le climat !

Pour une bonne part d'entre nous, réduire ses émissions de GES se résume à éteindre la lumière en quittant la pièce et restreindre l'utilisation de la voiture pour se déplacer. Pourtant, la répartition des sources d'émissions montre une situation bien plus problématique : de manière directe ou indirecte, . Fabriquer du ciment, de l'acier, du plastique, toutes les activités humaines sont émettrices de GES manger, couper des arbres, chauffer un logement, recharger un téléphone, envoyer un e-mail, acheter un ordinateur portable ou n'importe quel autre produit manufacturé sont autant d'activités contribuant à émettre des GES. Les transports ne représentent d'ailleurs même pas le premier poste d'émissions. Quand bien même l'intégralité de la population mondiale abandonnerait la voiture et l'avion, le problème resterait entier.

Il est nécessaire de faire face à une vérité désagréable : la réduction des émissions de GES qui s'impose (et qui est de toute façon inéluctable) se traduira par une transformation profonde des modes de vie, au niveau de la consommation, de l'alimentation, et de la mobilité. Des gestes sont possibles à titre individuel, mais étant donnée la situation critique, une action forte des institutions politiques paraît essentielle.

L'éolien et le solaire à la rescousse ?

Facile, pour arrêter les énergies fossiles, il suffira d'installer des éoliennes et panneaux solaires qui prendront le relais !

Du côté des solutions, les nouvelles énergies renouvelables - notamment solaire et éolienne - viennent immédiatement à l'esprit. Malgré leur intérêt certain, on aurait malheureusement tort de croire que la solution serait si simple. D'abord, c'est se focaliser sur la production électrique qui ne représente qu'un quart des émissions de GES, et il est difficilement envisageable que l'électricité puisse remplacer tous les usages des autres énergies (exemples : transports, fabrication d'acier...) Ensuite, l'éolien et le solaire possèdent des faiblesses - notamment l'intermittence de la production - qui limitent sérieusement la faisabilité et la pertinence d'un déploiement généralisé. De fait, aucun grand pays n'est parvenu à produire son électricité sur une base principalement renouvelable intermittente, et les rapports souvent cités pour soutenir que c'est possible pour un pays comme la France souffrent de réelles limitations.

Se passer des combustibles fossiles représente une tâche déjà très ardue et largement non résolue. Comme l'ont les membres de l'Académie des sciences, vouloir renoncer au même moment à l'option nucléaire - qui fournit récemment fait remarquer une électricité décarbonée, pilotable, à coût raisonnable et en grande quantité - rend les choses encore plus compliquées et soulève la question de la priorité entre climat et sortie du nucléaire.

Conclusion

L'utilisation actuellement inconsidérée des ressources fossiles nous conduit vers des perturbations climatiques que l'humanité n'a jamais connues. De fait, des instabilités politiques et des flux migratoires massifs sont attendus, dans un contexte probable de stagnation économique. Dans tous les cas, le vide énergétique que laisseront les énergies fossiles ne pourra pas être entièrement comblé par d'autres modes de production. Il serait donc avisé de planifier la transition vers un avenir énergétiquement plus sobre, quitte à faire des concessions sur nos modes de vie, plutôt que de subir cette transition de manière brutale par la raréfaction des ressources. Malheureusement, les mesures agressives et les réflexions de fond nécessaires à une sortie des énergies fossiles sont aujourd'hui largement absentes du discours des dirigeants politiques.

L'heure tourne, et il ne suffit pas de prononcer la formule magique " Make our planet great again " pour que les lois physiques nous laissent une deuxième chance.

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Énergie-climat : pourquoi l'humanité est (vraiment) mal barrée en 4 graphiques

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Les enjeux climatiques et énergétiques sont revenus sur le devant de la scène après la décision de Donald Trump de retirer les États-Unis de l'Accord de Paris. Ce choix, que l'on peut légitimement qualifier de consternant, a néanmoins l'avantage d'avoir ravivé l'engagement du reste du monde vis-à-vis du défi climatique, qui devrait être une priorité...

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Why it's time for 'Doughnut Economics' - Kate Raworth - TEDxAthens

Donut economics is an economic theory developed by Kate Raworth from Oxfam which places humanity's 21st century challenge as ensuring that every person has the resources they need to meet their human rights, while collectively we live within the ecological means of this one planet [1]. The 'doughnut' of planetary and social boundaries is an approach to framing that challenge as seen below:

The basic concepts are outlined here:

Raworth, Kate. "A safe and just space for humanity: can we live within the doughnut." Oxfam Policy and Practice: Climate Change and Resilience 8.1 (2012): 1-26.

For more information on planetary boundaries see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries

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Why it's time for 'Doughnut Economics' - Kate Raworth - TEDxAthens Donut economics is an economic theory developed by Kate Raworth from Oxfam which places humanity's 21st century challenge as ensuring that every person has the resources they need to meet their human rights, while collectively we live within the ecological means of this one planet [1].

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Wikipedia page
Al Gore's documentary warning about global warming

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Premiering at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and opening in New York City and Los Angeles on May 24, 2006, the documentary was a critical and box office success, winning two Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and Best Original Song. The film grossed $24 million in the U.S.

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Wikipedia page
Cyril Dion's film about possible solutions to the climate crisis

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Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche technique et Distribution

Demain est un film documentaire français réalisé par Cyril Dion et Mélanie Laurent, sorti en 2015. Devant un futur que les scientifiques annoncent préoccupant, le film a la particularité de ne pas donner dans le catastrophisme. Adoptant un point de vue optimiste, il recense des initiatives dans dix pays, face aux défis environnementaux et sociaux du , qu'il s'agisse d' agriculture, d' énergie, d' économie, d' éducation ou de gouvernance.

Fait rare pour un documentaire, il dépasse le million d'entrées en France. Il remporte en 2016 le César du meilleur film documentaire.

En 2012, dans la revue , Anthony Barnosky, Elizabeth Hadly et 20 autres scientifiques annoncent qu'une partie de l' humanité pourrait disparaître avant 2100, du fait de l'impact de l' espèce humaine sur les écosystèmes, entraînant la fin des conditions de vie stables sur Terre. La surpopulation, le manque d'eau, le manque d'énergies fossiles, le dérèglement climatique vont lancer des millions de pauvres désespérés à l'assaut des pays nantis.

Mais le film ne s'attarde pas sur ce constat. " Nous ne sommes plus dans une zone de confort, dit Mélanie Laurent, et, pour autant, nous ne sommes pas encore dans l'effondrement. Nous sommes dans une phase particulièrement inspirante : nous savons que nous allons nous prendre un mur et c'est le moment de nous mobiliser. " L'essentiel du film est un road movie qui fait découvrir, en cinq volets thématiques, des exemples de réponses concrètes face aux problèmes environnementaux et sociaux du début du . L'équipe du film se rend dans dix pays, à la rencontre de citoyens qui mettent en œuvre des initiatives : en France métropolitaine et à La Réunion, en Finlande, au Danemark, en Belgique, en Inde du Sud, en Grande-Bretagne, aux États-Unis, en Suisse, en Suède et en Islande. Ils agissent à l'échelle de leur commune (en impliquant si possible les élus) ou à l'échelle de leur entreprise. Chaque groupe fait preuve de créativité, de débrouillardise et de solidarité.

Détroit, ville des États-Unis dont l'activité reposait tout entière sur l'industrie, est passée de 1 850 000 habitants en 1950 à 713 000 en 2010. Parmi la population défavorisée restée dans la ville beaucoup se sont organisés de façon autonome pour que leur nourriture ne dépende plus du transport, c'est-à-dire du pétrole. Ils produisent leurs légumes sur place, en ville. Détroit, qui compte 1 600 fermes, est devenue la ville du Do it yourself et de la consommation collaborative.

En " L' Normandie, Perrine et Charles Hervé-Gruyer, agriculteurs bio, pratiquent une sorte de permaculture, qu'ils nomment écoculture, dans leur ferme du Bec-Hellouin. Ils produisent diversifié (1 000 variétés sur un hectare), sans pétrole. La terre, chargée d' humus, est plus fertile. agroécologie, explique Cyril Dion, permet de stocker du CO ₂ dans le sol et dans les arbres, et de redéployer de la biodiversité. Les insectes et les animaux reviennent. " En permettant à la nature de se régénérer, les Hervé-Gruyer réussissent à multiplier leur rendement par dix. Dans cette petite exploitation, l'agroécologie se révèle plus rentable que la monoculture, qui appauvrit la terre et reste tributaire du pétrole, des engrais et des pesticides. Sur notre planète, 75 % de la nourriture est produite par des petites fermes de quelques hectares. Selon Olivier De Schutter, le recours à l'agroécologie permettrait de doubler les rendements agricoles dans les dix ans.

En Angleterre, les habitants de Todmorden sèment des légumes et plantent des arbres fruitiers dans les rues, et tout le monde peut venir se servir. Réunis dans le mouvement Incredible Edible, ils tentent d'atteindre l' autosuffisance alimentaire pour 2018. Dans le Devon, à la ferme de Riverford , Guy Watson , associé à d'autres fermiers bio de tout le pays, supervise la livraison de 44 000 paniers par semaine, livrés dans les 48 heures aux particuliers.

Il est donc possible pour des citadins de produire leur nourriture. Il est possible aux campagnes de se repeupler. Cela pourrait même se pratiquer à grande échelle, si l'industrie pétrochimique, qui est liée au secteur agro-alimentaire, n'y faisait obstacle.

Dans le domaine énergétique, le film fait découvrir des bâtiments aux toits couverts de panneaux solaires, des alignements d'éoliennes, une réutilisation des déchets comme compost (à San Francisco) ou pour produire de l'électricité (à Copenhague) : des villes, voire des pays, anticipent la fin des énergies fossiles et du nucléaire. Les énergies renouvelables (notamment la géothermie) ne sont pas loin de donner à l' Islande son autonomie énergétique. En Inde du Sud, le village modèle de Kuthambakkam, construit avec des matériaux locaux écologiques, assure presque, lui aussi, son autonomie énergétique grâce aux énergies renouvelables.

Il reste que la transition énergétique est coûteuse. S'il faut être prêt à encaisser les changements climatiques, il faut aussi veiller à faire des économies. Les bâtiments publics de Copenhague ont déjà réduit de 45% leur consommation en énergie. La ville bénéficie d'un urbanisme modèle. Les habitants vivent à moins de 300 mètres d'un espace vert, et ils sont 50 % à se déplacer à vélo. L'objectif est de ne plus émettre de en 2025. Les habitants de Copenhague sont les plus grands consommateurs d'aliments bio au monde. Leur système de traitement des déchets est un des plus performants au monde.

Quand une ville britannique émet sa propre monnaie à l'effigie de David Bowie, cette monnaie n'a aucune valeur ailleurs. L'argent gagné va donc être dépensé localement. Il n'ira pas dans la poche de multinationales préférant placer leur argent dans des paradis fiscaux plutôt que d'investir dans cette ville.

Le système de la monnaie complémentaire fait ses preuves en Suisse. La banque Wir y émet depuis 1934 le franc Wir, monnaie interentreprises qui ne peut être dépensée que dans les 60 000 adhérentes. En Suisse, une PME sur cinq utilise le wir. Il permet, lorsqu'une crise paralyse le système bancaire, de trouver les financements nécessaires.

Mais comment combattre l'inégalité, que renforce chaque jour la mondialisation, entre les richissimes entreprises (qui détruisent la nature, épuisent les ressources) et les petites qui se débattent pour survivre ? Les petites entreprises doivent penser " local " et s'organiser en réseau. C'est ce qu'explique la localiste américaine Michelle Long, dirigeante du Balle (Business Alliance for Local Living Economies), un réseau de 35 000 entrepreneurs locaux.

La ville de San Francisco (843 000 habitants) pratique l' économie circulaire en recyclant 80 % de ses déchets et en visant le " zéro déchet " d'ici à 2020.

Dans les domaines de l'agriculture, de l'énergie, de l'habitat, de l'économie, des solutions abouties prouvent qu'elles fonctionnent. Pourquoi, se demandent les cinéastes, les gouvernements ne les mettent-ils pas en œuvre à plus grande échelle ?

" Nos structures sociales et politiques, observe Cyril Dion, ne sont pas adaptées à l'ampleur de ces crises. "

Les citoyens n'attendent plus des hommes politiques qu'ils répondent à leurs attentes. Comme le dit dans le film Olivier De Schutter, rapporteur spécial des Nations unies, la démocratie a disparu : les hommes politiques n'écoutent plus les citoyens, ils se contentent de répondre aux vœux des entreprises, qui veulent toujours plus d'une croissance aberrante.

L'équipe du film découvre que, dans certains pays, des mécanismes de démocratie directe sont mis en place par les citoyens. Ceux-ci peuvent dès lors proposer des lois, s'y opposer, écrire la constitution ou la modifier. Elle montre comment la démocratie locale a pu transformer la petite ville de Kuthambakkam, en Inde du Sud, expérience tirée du livre Un million de révolutions tranquilles de Bénédicte Manier (cité au générique du film).

La petite équipe de cinéastes se demande alors si les humains sont prêts à combattre leur avidité naturelle, à se montrer solidaires, coopératifs. Ne doivent-ils pas être sensibilisés à ces valeurs dès leur plus jeune âge ?

La Finlande est citée comme un modèle en termes d'éducation. Cyril Dion décrit l'enseignement à la Kirkkojärvi Comprehensive School d' Espoo (école privée) comme " fondé sur la bienveillance ". Les enseignants aiment leur métier, ne distribuent ni notes ni sanctions, prennent leurs repas avec les élèves, ont recours à plusieurs pédagogies plutôt qu'à une seule, tiennent compte de la personnalité et des dispositions de chaque élève, dans des classes de moins de 15 enfants. Là, on recherche l'épanouissement de l'enfant plus que la transmission du savoir. On apprend à vivre en harmonie avec les autres, à coopérer, à négocier. On apprend aussi à se servir de ses mains. Et, malgré tout cela, les résultats purement " scolaires " sont meilleurs : en 2009, le système éducatif finlandais (qui ne suit cependant pas tout à fait le même modèle que cette école privée) est classé deuxième mondial en sciences, troisième en lecture et sixième en mathématiques, " loin devant tous les pays européens et occidentaux ". Mais surtout, ces enfants respectés, autorisés à exprimer leurs émotions sont formés " à vivre ensemble et à se rassembler pour prendre des décisions ".

Titre original : Demain

Réalisation : Cyril Dion et Mélanie Laurent

Scénario : Cyril Dion

Direction artistique : Jonathan Grimbert-Barré

Son : Laurent Cercleux

Photographie : Alexandre Léglise

Montage image : Sandie Bompar

Musique : Fredrika Stahl

Sociétés de production : Move Movie, France 2 cinéma, Mars films et Mely Production (coproduction) ; Fonds de dotation Akuo Energy, OCS et France Télévisions (participation) ; KissKissBankBank (financement participatif)

Société de distribution : Mars Distribution

Budget : 1,76 million euros

Pays d'origine : France

Langue : français, anglais

Format : couleur - 2.4 : 1

Genre : film documentaire

Durée : 1 h 58

Dates de tournage : 2014

Lieux de tournage : Eure, Nord, La Réunion, Belgique, Finlande, Danemark, Inde du Sud, Grande-Bretagne, États-Unis, Suisse, Suède, Islande

Sortie en salle

Nombre d'entrées
: 950 700 entrées en 19 semaines, 1 059 202 entrées en 27 semaines

Les personnes intervenant à l'écran sont dans leur propre rôle.

Cyril Dion, écrivain, réalisateur et poète français, co-fondateur du mouvement Colibris et directeur jusqu'en 2013.

Mélanie Laurent, actrice, réalisatrice et chanteuse française.

Pierre Rabhi, essayiste, agriculteur biologiste, romancier et poète français, fondateur du mouvement Colibris.

Vandana Shiva, écologiste, écrivain et féministe indienne.

Jeremy Rifkin, essayiste américain, spécialiste de prospective économique et scientifique.

Olivier De Schutter, juriste belge, professeur de droit international, rapporteur spécial des Nations unies sur le droit à l'alimentation.

Emmanuel Druon, dirigeant de la papeterie française Pocheco, à Forest-sur-Marque, dans le Nord,.

Perrine et Charles Hervé-Gruyer, agriculteurs biologistes français, produisant en permaculture au Bec-Hellouin, dans l'Eure.

Rob Hopkins, enseignant britannique en permaculture, initiateur du mouvement des villes en transition.

Bernard Lietaer, économiste belge.

Michelle Long, localiste américaine, dirigeante de Balle (Business Alliance for Local Living Economies), " plus grand réseau au monde d'entrepreneurs locaux engagés pour transformer l'économie ".

Elango Rangaswamy, créateur du village modèle de Kuthambakkam, dans le district de Tiruvallur du Tamil Nadu, en Inde du Sud.

Robert Reed, porte-parole de Recology , coopérative mettant en œuvre la démarche " zéro déchet " de San Francisco, aux États-Unis.

Thierry Salomon, ingénieur énergéticien français, l'un des promoteurs en France du concept de négaWatt.

David Van Reybrouck, scientifique belge, historien de la culture, archéologue et écrivain.

Malik Yakini, fondateur du Detroit Black Community Food Security Network, qui exploite une ferme de 2,8 hectares à Détroit.

Hervé Dubois, porte-parole de la banque Wir, à Bâle, en Suisse.

Pour compléter le financement du tournage et de la location du matériel, l'équipe a besoin de 200 000 euros,. Le 27 mai 2014, une opération de financement participatif est lancée sur KissKissBankBank. Le 26 juillet, 10 266 personnes ont permis de réunir 444 390 euros, ce qui représente " plus d'un quart du budget du film ".

Le film reçoit un accueil critique assez positif de la part de la presse (3,8 sur 5 sur le site Allociné). Il fait l'objet de critiques globalement bonnes dans les médias généralistes et d'un certain nombre de critiques mitigées dans des parutions plus militantes.

Pour Weronika Zarachowicz de : " Sorte de détox à l'usage de citoyens abreuvés à l'idéologie de la croissance, une telle "transition", aujourd'hui présente dans plus de cinquante pays, répand un nouvel optimisme autour de délibérations locales, de révolutions minuscules et de micropolitiques qui permettent d'avancer, loin des radars... Autant de "Nous pouvons le faire !" qui infusent le film de bout en bout. "

Olivier Le Naire de : " Il y avait un vrai risque que Mélanie Laurent et Cyril Dion, lorsqu'ils se sont lancés dans cette aventure, réalisent un documentaire écologiquement correct, ne parlant qu'à trois bobos déjà convaincus. Certes, toutes les expériences qu'ils mettent en avant ne sont pas forcément réplicables, et d'autres, très complexes, restent effleurées. Mais en décidant de privilégier les rencontres, les portraits, le terrain, d'adopter un ton, complice, chaleureux, et de se focaliser sur les résultats concrets plutôt que sur les théories complexes, ils offrent, à ceux qui en doutent encore, la démonstration convaincante que le changement est déjà en route, partout. Et que chacun peut réellement peser, à travers ses choix au quotidien, sur le cours de sa vie et de celle de ses enfants, sans attendre en tremblant les catastrophes qu'on nous annonce. Une bulle d'espoir dans un monde pas seulement peuplé de brutes. "

Pour Arnaud Gonzague de L'Obs :

Le site abusdecine.com : " Voir tous ces Anglais planter légumes et céréales dans les moindres recoins de leur commune, ces fermes péri-urbaines apporter des denrées aux habitants d'un Détroit sinistré, ce chef d'entreprise "écolonomiser" avec ses salariés, ces villes avoir leur propre monnaie pour pousser à la consommation locale, ce maire indien favoriser la mixité entre les castes et le travail partagé entre les villageois, on se rend compte que, finalement, aider la Terre à mieux se porter, c'est aussi aider l'Homme à mieux se connaître, à mieux s'accepter et à mieux vivre ensemble. "

Le Temps (Suisse) :

La Décroissance :

Selon Emmanuel Wathelet, du site de la gauche radicale " Dans leur film, Cyril Dion et Mélanie Laurent s'attardent longuement sur l'expérience de constitution citoyenne en " continuer à "faire sa part" comme le rappelle la légende du colibri racontée par Investig'Action, ce film est très irréaliste en se positionnant de façon à ne jamais critiquer le capitalisme et fait oublier à quel point ces initiatives, tant qu'elles restent locales et à petite échelle, sont tolérées mais se heurteraient à des intérêts puissants dès lors qu'elles seraient menées à plus grande échelle : " Le problème d'une telle vision est qu'elle occulte complètement l'acteur le plus important de la société capitaliste : le capitaliste lui-même. " Il souligne aussi que l'approche réformiste proposée dans ce film est peu révolutionnaire. Il mentionne plusieurs exemples où le film omet de traiter de la réalité pour rester " optimiste " : Islande, mais il ne leur faut que quelques secondes pour rappeler que cette dernière est bloquée depuis plusieurs années par le parlement ! Forcément, la constitution allait "contre les intérêts" des députés. Mais ça n'aurait pas été très "positive attitude" de souligner l'échec. " La démarche proposée par le film est donc selon lui insuffisante : l'activisme politique est également nécessaire. Il préconise pourtant de Pierre Rabhi. "

Pour Jean-Claude Guillebaud, journaliste à , écrivain et essayiste :

Le film reçoit un excellent accueil des spectateurs (4,6 sur 5 sur le site Allociné). Le premier jour, le démarrage est difficile : le cinéma test, à Paris, n'accueille que neuf spectateurs. Mais le film marche très bien durant le week-end, et finit sa première semaine avec 82 144 entrées, ce qui est un bon score pour un documentaire. Il reste 15 semaines dans le Top 20. Le , après 19 semaines d'exploitation, il réalise 950 700 entrées. Le , l'équipe du film annonce que le cap du million de spectateurs a été franchi. Après 48 semaines d'exploitation en salles (le record tous films confondus pour 2015), le film totalise 1 087 306 spectateurs en France et se classe au box-office de 2015.

Prix de la Révélation, Assemblée des médias

Contrairement à d'autres documentaires qui se concentrent plutôt sur l'origine des déséquilibres environnementaux planétaires et leurs conséquences négatives (tels que Le Syndrome du Titanic, La Onzième Heure, le dernier virage, Une vérité qui dérange, Nos enfants nous accuseront et ), Demain propose une approche constructive (comparable à Solutions locales pour un désordre global) mettant en avant des solutions aux problèmes écologiques menaçant l'humanité. Au passage, le film dénonce les lobbies conservateurs agissant pour maintenir le statu quo, acquérant une dimension " subversive et coléreuse ".

Demain est l'œuvre de militants plutôt que de cinéastes, défendant des thèses sans émettre de critiques. Ce film et Merci patron ! remportent tous deux un succès inattendu au début de l'année 2016, participant au même mouvement que Nuit debout en donnant la parole aux anonymes pour inciter les citoyens à s'engager pour la collectivité.

Les cinq chapitres du film (alimentation, énergie, économie, démocratie et éducation) sont liés par un " fil narratif " dans le but d'en faire un récit décrivant ce que le monde de demain pourrait être,. Les réalisateurs ont été inspirés par l'essai L'espèce fabulatrice de Nancy Huston qui " insiste sur la propension des humains à penser en termes de fiction, de récit, de narration ",.

Le groupe d'humoristes du a réalisé une parodie du film, intitulée Après-Demain, dans laquelle ils tournent en dérision l'auto-mise en scène de Cyril Dion et Mélanie Laurent, ainsi que le décalage énorme entre les enjeux écologiques terrestres et les " solutions " proposées.

A noter que lors de la sortie de ce film, le système scolaire finlandais avait été rétrogradé à la 12e place en 2012. Par ailleurs, la Kirkkojärvi Comprehensive School finlandaise dans laquelle est tournée la séquence dédiée à l'éducation est une école privée pratiquant la Pédagogie Steiner-Waldorf, théorie pédagogique controversée : celle-ci n'est donc pas représentative du système scolaire finlandais ni liée aux résultats de celui-ci.

Postérité et impact

Le film est projeté dans plusieurs cercles internationaux ( COP 21, Parlement européen, ONU...). Plus de 700 projets liés aux initiatives décrites dans le film ont été lancés fin 2016. Le film a été diffusé à chaque école de Bruxelles par la Ministre bruxelloise de l'Environnement.

En octobre 2016, Mélanie Laurent et Cyril Dion reçoivent tous les deux le titre de Docteur Honoris Causa de l'université de Namur (Belgique) pour ce documentaire.

Le film suscite un engouement pour des formes alternatives de consommation et de participation à la société qu'il présente, ce qui pousse Cyril Dion et le mouvement Colibris à organiser des événements dans les années qui suivent pour diffuser les initiatives et favoriser l'élargissement du mouvement à la sphère politique, notamment à l'occasion de l' élection présidentielle française de 2017.

La ville de Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, seconde ville de Meurthe-et-Moselle par son nombre d'habitants, organise en 2017 en partenariat avec le mouvement Colibris 54 et d'autres acteurs locaux une série d'événements structurés autour des thèmes du film intitulés "Ici c'est aussi demain",. La mairie déclare avoir "envie de poursuivre le voyage avec la population de la commune et de l'agglomération".

Le film donne l'idée à quatre genevois de mettre en valeur les initiatives locales en réalisant en 2018 le film Demain Genève.

En 2018, Cyril Dion et Laure Noualhat sortent un documentaire d'une durée d' intitulé Après demain, qui fait un point sur les projets initiés par le film Demain en étant relayés par des collectivités territoriales françaises et des entrepreneurs.

Notes et références

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Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche technique et Distribution Demain est un film documentaire français réalisé par Cyril Dion et Mélanie Laurent, sorti en 2015. Devant un futur que les scientifiques annoncent préoccupant, le film a la particularité de ne pas donner dans le catastrophisme.

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youtube video
Pablo Servigne talk

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Conseil économique social et environnemental

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Collapsologie - Conférence de Pablo Servigne au CESE

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film
Link to website

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"BLUE is a cinematic song for our oceans; beautiful, intimate and grand. Fearlessly truth-telling, yet passionately hopeful. See this film and you will want to rise up with the waves."

- GREENPEACE AUSTRALIA

BLUE is the story our generation need to hear. The industrialization that has occurred in the oceans over the last century, mirrors the events that triggered mass extinctions on land. Industrial scale fishing, habitat destruction, species loss and pollution have placed the ocean in peril. The very nature of the sea is being irretrievably altered. BLUE is a provocative journey into the ocean realm, witnessing this critical moment in time when the marine world is on a precipice.

Our ocean has been the guardian of life on earth. Now it is our turn to be guardians for the ocean.

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BLUE is the story our generation need to hear. The industrialization that has occurred in the oceans over the last century, mirrors the events that triggered mass extinctions on land. Industrial scale fishing, habitat destruction, species loss and pollution have placed the ocean in peril. The very nature of the sea is being irretrievably altered.

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6 Minute English Mega Class on Environment

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6 Minute English Mega Class on Environment

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Improve your English vocabulary and speaking with this 'environmental' 6 Minute English compilation from BBC Learning English!

One hour of listening practice to help improve your English listening and learn LOTS of new vocabulary!

There are 10 episodes and each contains authentic listening practice, fun quiz questions, analysis of new vocabulary and looks at how to use these words in real-life contexts!

Guide to video

00:00 Does recycling coffee cups make a difference?
06:12 Is there a future without bees?
12:16 Could we live without plastic?
18:22 Touring bands and climate change
24:22 Will humans become extinct?
30:29 Low emission zones
36:36 Fake or real: what's the best tree to have at Christmas?
42:40 Is the recycling system broken?
48:45 Have you ever had ecotherapy?
54:50 Is tourism harmful?

Next
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BBC Learning English - Watch a box set / 6 Minute English - Environmental English Mega Class! One Hour of New Vocabulary!

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Improve your English vocabulary and speaking with this 'environmental' 6 Minute English compilation from BBC Learning English! One hour of listening practice to help improve your English listening and learn LOTS of new vocabulary! There are 10 episodes and each contains authentic listening practice, fun quiz questions, analysis of new vocabulary and looks at how to use these words in real-life contexts!

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Perfect Planet

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A Perfect Planet | BBC Earth | BBC Earth

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The Story of Earth's Power and Fragility. The next natural history series from Sir David Attenborough's next series. This is A Perfect Planet.

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Réveiller, Alerter mais surtout Encourager ! S'engager pour un monde positif - GPF2019

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Comme pour l'arrêt du gulfstream, nous avons tous en tête une série de scénarios catastrophes au niveau météorologique. Globalement, c'est vrai, les phénomènes dits "exceptionnels" risquent de se produire plus régulièrement... mais fondamentalement, on risque surtout de se retrouver dans des situations stagnantes : lorsqu'un type de météo s'installera (que ce soit une canicule ou une vague de froid), il risque de perdurer plus longtemps au même endroit.

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Réchauffement climatique : et si on déconstruisait quelques idées reçues ?

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Comme pour l'arrêt du gulfstream , nous avons tous en tête une série de scénarios catastrophes au niveau météorologique. Globalement, c'est vrai, les phénomènes dits "exceptionnels" risquent de se produire plus régulièrement...

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Climate Science Information Center (Facebook page)

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List of environmental issues - Wikipedia

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This is an alphabetical list of environmental issues, harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment. As such, they relate to the anthropogenic effects on the natural environment, which are loosely divided into causes, effects and mitigation, noting that effects are interconnected and can cause new effects.

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From climate change to plastic pollution: get up to speed on the biggest issues facing our world - and the most promising solutions.

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Comment tout peut s'effondrer (d )

Pablo Servigne, né en 1978 à Versailles, est un auteur et conférencier français. Il s'intéresse tout particulièrement aux questions de transition écologique, d' agroécologie, de collapsologie et de résilience collective.

Pablo Servigne est ingénieur agronome de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (Belgique) et docteur en sciences, de l' université libre de Bruxelles (ULB).

En 2008, il quitte le monde universitaire après avoir fini sa thèse sur l'entraide entre les fourmis arboricoles en Guyane. Cette bifurcation coïncide avec une crise financière qui provoque l'effondrement des bourses mondiales. Il décide d'étudier la possibilité d'un effondrement civilisationnel au sein de l'association Barricades à Liège en Belgique et travaille également pour l' éducation populaire.

Il s'installe ensuite à Bruxelles, où il est employé dans l'économie solidaire et sociale. À cette époque, il découvre le livre de Rob Hopkins, enseignant en permaculture, qui prône une transition par des actions locales, en vue de l'avènement d'une société sans pétrole, et il rencontre Raphaël Stevens, avec qui il partage la vision d'un monde nouveau. Il rencontre également Yves Cochet à l' Institut Momentum, qui lui propose de s'exprimer devant le parlement européen. Il y présente en octobre 2013 son étude " Nourrir l'Europe en temps de crise ".

En 2015, il publie avec Raphaël Stevens le livre Comment tout peut s'effondrer. Petit manuel de collapsologie à l'usage des générations présentes qui va inspirer divers mouvements écologistes émergents, tel Extinction Rebellion. Le livre est un succès de librairie, avec 45 000 exemplaires vendus en trois ans et des ventes continues, amenant le livre aux 100 000 exemplaires vendus. En 2018, il publie Une autre fin du monde est possible, dans lequel il invite à l'entraide et au retour à la nature pour une autonomie alimentaire, via la permaculture, qui n'utilise ni engrais chimiques ni pesticides. Installé dans la Drôme en France avec sa femme et ses enfants, il vit du revenu de la vente de ses livres et des conférences, pratique la sobriété, vit dans un habitat léger, élève des poules et tient un potager,.

Idées et concepts

Collapsologie

Pablo Servigne et Raphaël Stevens ont inventé le terme " collapsologie " - ils avaient pensé dans un premier temps à " effondrementisme " - pour désigner la " science de l'effondrement de la civilisation industrielle ". Le terme apparaît dans leur livre Comment tout peut s'effondrer en 2015. Mais le concept d'une science de l'effondrement apparaît dès 2004 dans l'essai , de Jared Diamond, et également dans un article de 2012 paru dans la revue Nature cosigné par 22 auteurs : ils y envisagent la possibilité d'un effondrement dû à la dégradation de l'environnement résultant notamment du réchauffement climatique et de la pollution des sols due aux engrais et pesticides.

Frédéric Joignot analyse l'ouvrage de Pablo Servigne et Raphaël Stevensen Comment tout peut s'effondrer: petit manuel de collapsologie à l'usage des générations présentes en ces termes  :

" Après avoir compilé une impressionnante quantité de méta-analyses portant sur l'aggravation du réchauffement, l'épuisement des ressources énergétiques, alimentaires, forestières, halieutiques et métallifères, leur thèse est claire  : les écosystèmes s'écroulent, la catastrophe a commencé pour l'humanité. Elle va s'accélérer. Et la " collapsologie " est la nouvelle science interdisciplinaire qui regroupe les études, faits, données, prospectives, scénarios qui le démontrent. "

Résiliences

Pablo Servigne a participé à un travail conceptuel sur la notion de résilience pour la transition écologique et l' effondrement.

Avec Agnès Sinaï, Hugo Carton et Raphaël Stevens, il propose quatre déclinaisons de la résilience : la résilience commune, la résilience globale, la résilience locale et la résilience intérieure. Cette dernière se renforce lorsqu'on a pris acte des catastrophes qui ont lieu, et lorsque l'on fait le deuil du monde tel qu'on le connaît (dans son fonctionnement, ses objectifs, etc.). Cela implique de passer au-delà de l'effarement, de la colère et de la tristesse, et de réaliser les possibilités nouvelles de renouer avec soi-même, au plus profond, et avec ses proches (amis, famille et/ou voisins), et envisager ainsi un vivre ensemble qui part de l'intime, vers le local, le régional, puis le planétaire, voire le cosmique.

Entraide et coopération

Reprenant et actualisant les thèses de Pierre Kropotkine dans L'Entraide, un facteur de l'évolution, Pablo Servigne co-écrit avec Gauthier Chapelle L'Entraide, l'autre loi de la jungle, un ouvrage qui attaque le mythe d'un monde construit sur le principe de la compétition, la concurrence et de la loi du plus fort (mythe du darwinisme social). Pour les auteurs, les relations entre espèces et entre membres d'une même espèce ne se réduisent pas uniquement à la compétition et à la prédation. Selon eux, la symbiose et la coopération sont des principes du vivant jouant un rôle clé dans l'évolution.

Pablo Servigne et la doctrine de la collapsologie qu'il défend ont fait l'objet de critiques diverses. La collapsologie serait " un discours fantaisiste qui tient plus du prophétisme que de la science. "

Ainsi, le philosophe Jacques Bouveresse dit :

" La collapsologie, c'est un terme qui m'exaspère. Quand vous forgez un mot avec la terminaison en -logie vous voulez donner l'impression qu'il s'agit de quelque chose de plus ou moins scientifique ; et, si j'ai bien compris, il y a des gens qui prétendent pratiquer ce genre de choses de façon scientifique. Je suis sceptique : bien qu'ils puissent s'appuyer au départ sur des données recueillies sérieusement, ces discours me paraissent davantage relever du prophétisme que de la science. "

Alternatives économiques estime également que Servigne est trop ignorant de l'état actuel de la recherche en sciences sociales et qu'il établit de nombreux parallèles discutables comme celui entre l'effondrement d'une société et la disparition d'un être vivant.

Il lui est également reproché une proximité avec des mouvements ésotériques New Age empreints de masculinisme et d'écospiritualité, comme lors de la promotion des week-ends d'initiation du " nouveau guerrier " organisés par le ManKind Project dans le livre Une autre fin du monde est possible, celle du sommet du masculin sacré sur Facebook ou lorsqu'il rend hommage au travail de Joanna Macy, fondatrice de la Fondation Findhorn, en préambule d'un de ses livres.

Pablo Servigne (préf. Yves Cochet, postface Olivier De Schutter), Nourrir l'Europe en temps de crise : vers des systèmes alimentaires résilients, Nature et Progrès, , 189 p.
Réédition par les éditions Actes Sud, coll. " Babel " en 2017 .

Pablo Servigne et Raphaël Stevens (postface Yves Cochet), Comment tout peut s'effondrer : petit manuel de collapsologie à l'usage des générations présentes, Paris, Seuil, coll. " Anthropocène ", , 304 p. .
Édition de poche avec préface et postface inédites en 2021 .

Agnès Sinaï, Hugo Carton, Raphaël Stevens et Pablo Servigne, Petit traité de résilience locale, Paris, Éditions Charles Léopold Mayer, , 110 p. .

Pablo Servigne et Gauthier Chapelle, L'entraide : l'autre loi de la jungle, Paris, Les Liens qui libèrent, , 224 p.
Édition de poche en 2019 .

Pablo Servigne, Raphaël Stevens et Gauthier Chapelle, Une autre fin du monde est possible : vivre l'effondrement (et pas seulement y survivre), Paris, Seuil, coll. " Anthropocène ", , 327 p. .

Retour sur Terre : 35 propositions (ouvrage collectif: Dominique Bourg, Johann Chapoutot, Gauthier Chapelle, Philippe Desbrosses, Xavier Ricard Lanata, Pablo Servigne, Sophie Swaton), juin 2020, PUF

Isabelle Attard, Carolyn Baker, Nicolas Casaux, Yves Cochet, Nicolas Hulot, Derrick Jensen, Jean Jouzel, Arthur Keller, Vincent Mignerot et Pablo Servigne, L'effondrement de l'empire humain : regards croisés, Rue de l'échiquier août 2020, 228 p.

Pablo Servigne (dir.), Raphaël Stevens (dir.) , Aux origines de la catastrophe : Pourquoi en sommes-nous arrivés là ?, éd. Les Liens qui libèrent et Imagine Demain le monde, , 208 p. .

Pablo Servigne et Gauthier Chapelle : L'Effondrement (et après) expliqué à nos enfants... et à nos parents, Seuil, Septembre 2022. .

Notes et références

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :

Articles connexes

Liens externes

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Comment tout peut s'effondrer (d ) Pablo Servigne, né en 1978 à Versailles, est un auteur et conférencier français. Il s'intéresse tout particulièrement aux questions de transition écologique, d' agroécologie, de collapsologie et de résilience collective. Pablo Servigne est ingénieur agronome de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (Belgique) et docteur en sciences, de l' université libre de Bruxelles (ULB).

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Cyril-Christophe Dion, dit Cyril Dion, est un écrivain, réalisateur, poète et militant écologiste français, né le à Poissy.

Biographie

Après trois années d'étude à l'école d'art dramatique Jean-Périmony, une très courte carrière de comédien, Cyril Dion devient en 2003 coordinateur de projets et directeur éditorial pour la fondation " Hommes de parole ", association engagée pour la paix à travers le dialogue interculturel et interreligieux. Il participe à l'organisation du congrès israélo- palestinien de Caux en 2003 puis, en 2005 et 2006, des et Congrès mondiaux des imams et rabbins pour la paix à Bruxelles puis à Séville.

Fin 2006, il participe à la création du Mouvement Colibris, qu'il dirige jusqu'en .

En 2010, il conseille et co-produit avec les Colibris le documentaire Solutions locales pour un désordre global de Coline Serreau.

En 2012, il cofonde le magazine Kaizen dont il est directeur de la rédaction de à , et la collection " Domaine du Possible " aux éditions Actes Sud, avec Jean-Paul Capitani.

Cyril Dion a commencé l'écriture lorsqu'il avait 13 ans, et écrit de la poésie depuis l'âge de 17 ans.

Sur ce sujet, il déclare dans Pioche! :

" J'y ai trouvé une sorte de familiarité avec des choses que je traversais et je me suis mis à en écrire. C'était une façon de gérer ma sensibilité, cette impression de vivre tout un peu trop fort. "

Cette démarche poétique aboutit en 2014 à la publication du recueil Assis sur le fil aux éditions de la Table Ronde. Par la suite, un second recueil, A l'Orée du Danger, est paru chez Actes Sud le 2 mars 2022.

Il écrit et co-réalise avec Mélanie Laurent le film documentaire , qui sort au cinéma le ainsi que deux livres au même titre parus aux éditions Actes Sud. Demain remporte plusieurs prix dont le César du meilleur film documentaire en 2016 et rencontre un large succès en salles avec plus d'un million d'entrées en France et une diffusion dans près de 30 pays. Durant près de 20 mois, il visite 22 pays pour accompagner le film. Pour le journal Libération, " En une heure et cinquante-huit minutes, Cyril Dion réussit ce que des décennies de lutte écologiste n'étaient pas parvenues à faire : jeter les bases d'une "nouvelle fiction collective". "

En septembre et , il est président du jury du film documentaire au Festival Biarritz Amérique latine, parrain du festival Atmosphère avec la chanteuse Camille et du FIFF Campus à Namur.

Entre et , il est membre suppléant de la commission avance sur recettes avant réalisation du Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée (CNC).

Entre mars et , il est l'un des piliers de la tournée organisée par le mouvement Colibris : " le chant des Colibris, l'appel du monde de demain ". Lors des sept concerts à Bordeaux, Paris, Nantes, Marseille, Strasbourg et Toulouse, il se produit avec une quarantaine d'artistes parmi lesquels Alain Souchon, Matthieu Chedid, Izia, Dominique A, Albin de la Simone, Arthur H, Zaz, Tryo, Emily Loizeau, Jeanne Cherhal, Bastien Lallemant, Piers Faccini, Gaël Faure, Xavier Polycarpe, Sébastien Hoog... ponctuant le spectacle de lectures poétiques du recueil Assis sur le fil et de textes du livre Demain un nouveau monde en marche.

En , pour la rentrée littéraire, il publie son premier roman aux éditions Actes Sud : " le coréalisateur du film Imago. Le livre est bien reçu par la critique et par les libraires. Il est retenu dans la sélection de rentrée du magazine , de La Nouvelle Quinzaine littéraire et de Page des libraires. Pour Libération, Demain, livre un premier roman qu'un pitch rapide peut desservir. Or, s'il s'est livré à l'exercice périlleux du sujet trois fois casse-gueule, il a pris le parti de ses quatre personnages, avec une empathie sans complaisance et une écriture envoûtante. " Pour , Imago est " un premier roman puissant ", pour " Cyril Dion propose une trame sobre et efficace : une succession de dominos empilés entre la Palestine et Paris qui s'effondrent les uns sur les autres à un rythme soutenu. " Le livre est coup de cœur des lectrices de Version Femina en et reçoit le prix Méditerranée du premier roman en 2018 décerné par un jury notamment composé de Jean-Christophe Rufin, Amin Maalouf, Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, Christine Fabresse, Dominique Bona (de l'Académie française) et Jean-Marc Pujol.

En , il publie Petit manuel de résistance contemporaine, toujours chez Actes Sud. Dès sa parution le livre se classe dans les meilleures ventes d'essais, qualifié de phénomène par Livres Hebdo soulignant que le livre " grimpe de la à la place du palmarès des essais " dès la seconde semaine. Il atteint la seconde place du classement de , la semaine du . L'accueil critique est également très bon et Cyril Dion est invité sur de nombreux plateaux, de la matinale de France Inter et de France Culture, en passant par C politique sur France 5 ou Les Grandes Gueules sur RMC et BFM TV.

Pour Charlotte Bloch dans L'Express,

Le livre se vend à 100 000 exemplaires en grand format. Une édition revue et enrichie est publiée le dans la collection de poche Babel.

Le est diffusé son deuxième film " C'est la conclusion d' Après Demain, coréalisé avec Laure Noualhat. Le film est une commande de France 2 pour accompagner la première diffusion de sur la chaîne. L'intention de ce documentaire de 71 minutes était de partir à la rencontre des personnes qui ont mis en œuvre des projets après avoir vu Demain et d'évaluer ainsi l'impact du premier film. Pour cela, Dion a proposé à Laure Noualhat, journaliste pendant 15 ans à Libération à la rubrique planète, de partir enquêter. Il n'a, selon ses propres dires, " presque pas tourné d'images, simplement fait quelques interviews et travaillé sur le montage et la structure. " Comme dans son ouvrage Petit Manuel de résistance contemporaine, il développe la thèse que les récits jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l'évolution de la société. Après Demain : les choses changent quand il y a suffisamment de personnes qui se racontent une nouvelle histoire et engagent une lutte non-violente dans la rue, comme pour les droits civiques ou les droits des femmes. " confie-t-il à .

En , il réalise le clip de la chanson d' Emily Loizeau, Viens avec moi mon vieux pays, écrit en soutien à l'Appel des coquelicots, qui demande l'interdiction des pesticides de synthèse en France et avait réuni 1 000 000 de signataires en .

Le , il crée avec le guitariste et compositeur Sébastien Hoog, le spectacle Résistances Poétiques à la Maison de la Poésie à Paris, qui mêle poèmes et musique. Le spectacle est repris au Carreau du Temple, aux Correspondances de Manosque et à la Chapelle du Méjan à Arles. Une tournée organisée par Décibels Productions est prévue pour 2021. Pour Cyril Dion :

En , il entame le tournage de son troisième film , distribué par UGC. Le film met en scène deux adolescents : Bella Lack et Vipulan Puvaneswaran qui ont alors 16 ans, et appartiennent à une génération persuadée que leur avenir et celui d'une grande partie du Vivant est menacé.

" Changement climatique, extinction de masse des espèces... d'ici 50 ans leur monde pourrait devenir inhabitable. Ils ont beau alerter mais rien ne change vraiment. Alors ils décident de remonter à la source du problème : notre relation au monde vivant. Tout au long d'un extraordinaire voyage, ils vont comprendre que nous sommes profondément liés à toutes les autres espèces. Et qu'en les sauvant, nous nous sauverons aussi. L'être humain a cru qu'il pouvait se séparer de la nature, mais il est la nature. Il est, lui aussi, un Animal. "

Le film sort en France et en Suisse le et en Belgique le 8. Animal a été sélectionné au festival de Cannes 2021, dans la section Cinéma pour le Climat, a remporté huit prix dans des festivals internationaux et a été nommé pour le César du meilleur film documentaire 2022. Sorti dans un contexte de Covid très difficile pour le cinéma français avec des baisses de 30 à 40% de la fréquentation, le film totalise 214 648 entrées, soit plus que de nombreuses fictions sorties à la même période. C'est le deuxième meilleur score de l'année pour un documentaire, derrière La Panthère des neiges.

En novembre 2022, est diffusé sur Arte un documentaire sur le climat en trois parties, intitulé "Un monde nouveau". Cyril Dion a écrit et incarne à l'image les trois volets, réalisés par Thierry Robert. Ces films ont été pensés par Dion comme une sorte de plan pour répondre au péril climatique.

Les films sont bien accueillis par la critique et sont notamment gratifiés de trois T dans Télérama.

Il est l'une des figures de proue du mouvement qui organise les grandes marches pour le climat à partir de . Il prend notamment la parole lors de la marche du appelant à amplifier le mouvement et à le doter d'une stratégie. Le , il appelle les Gilets jaunes à rejoindre les marches pour le climat estimant que :

Le il participe à l'action L'Affaire du siècle, lancée par quatre ONG ( Greenpeace, Oxfam France, la Fondation Nicolas-Hulot pour la nature et l'homme et Notre affaire à tous) qui attaque l'État français en justice pour inaction face au changement climatique. Il coécrit la vidéo avec les YouTubers de Partager c'est sympa et réunit un certain nombre d'artistes pour lui donner plus d'audience. En quelques jours la mobilisation en ligne bat tous les records de pétitions en France et dépasse les deux millions de signataires début 2019.

Le , le tribunal administratif rend une première décision dans laquelle il reconnait que l'État n'a pas respecté ses engagements sur la réduction des gaz à effet de serre et a donc commis une " faute " : " À hauteur des engagements qu'il avait pris et qu'il n'a pas respectés dans le cadre du premier budget carbone, l'État doit être regardé comme responsable [...] d'une partie du préjudice écologique constaté. "

Le , le tribunal administratif rend une deuxième décision dans laquelle il ordonne au gouvernement de prendre " toutes les mesures utiles " pour " réparer le préjudice écologique " au plus tard le . Il considère que la diminution d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre observée en 2020, bien que due principalement à la pandémie de Covid-19 et non à une action de l'État, doit être prise en compte pour l'évaluation du préjudice, qui se fait à la date de la décision. Le tribunal chiffre ainsi le préjudice restant à réparer à quinze millions de tonnes équivalent CO ₂, sur les soixante-deux demandées par les associations.

En , il fait partie du collectif des Gilets citoyens qui appelle à la création d'une " assemblée citoyenne " tirée au sort fonctionnant avec les principes de démocratie délibérative pour sortir " par le haut " de la crise des Gilets jaunes,. Le , il rencontre Emmanuel Macron avec l'actrice Marion Cotillard et propose au président de mettre en place une telle assemblée pour chercher des solutions sur le référendum d'initiative citoyenne, la transition écologique et la justice fiscale. Le , il explique dans une interview au journal pourquoi il pense que seule l'intelligence collective peut apporter des solutions à un problème aussi complexe que la crise climatique. Il s'y montre critique du grand débat national organisé par le gouvernement et estime que :

Le , Emmanuel Macron annonce la création d'une Convention citoyenne pour le climat composée de 150 citoyens tirés au sort pour aborder les questions environnementales jugées " conflictuelles ". En , il est désigné comme l'un des trois garants chargés " d'assurer l'indépendance des travaux de la convention, en veillant notamment au respect des principes d'impartialité et de sincérité " ,.

Le , la Convention citoyenne pour le climat donne lieu à 149 mesures jugées ambitieuses et parfois mêmes radicales, par certains éditorialistes et responsables politiques, alors qu'elles sont parfois considérées comme manquant d'audace pour les écologistes les plus engagés. Nicolas Hulot salue " un très bel exemple d'intelligence collective et un impressionnant travail cohérent de véritable démocratie inclusive. Ce peut être un premier levier pour amorcer la mutation écologique tant attendue. Il y a, pour le gouvernement, une opportunité à saisir pour sortir du cercle de la défiance ".

Pour Cyril Dion, cet exercice démocratique inédit a permis de parvenir à " un point d'équilibre " dans la société française, entre radicaux et conservateurs. Pour lui cet exercice est la preuve que des citoyens correctement informés font des propositions qui vont plus loin que ce que font les différents gouvernements sur le climat depuis 30 ans.

Emmanuel Macron annonce en retenir 146 sur 149 le , un référendum sur l'article de la Constitution et l'examen d'une grande loi reprenant ces propositions à l'automne. Cyril Dion estime le dans le quotidien de l'écologie Reporterre :

Mi , face aux renoncements du président Emmanuel Macron, Cyril Dion lance une pétition pour demander que les engagements sur le climat soient tenus. Elle rassemble plus de 525 000 signatures. Les travaux de la Convention Citoyenne aboutiront à une loi Climat promulguée le qui compte plus de 300 articles et une centaine de décrets. Le site Vie publique relate que :

Pourtant de nombreux experts estiment que cette loi ne permettra pas à la France de tenir ses objectifs climatiques. Pour Cyril Dion, si l'ambition initiale de la loi sur le climat " n'est pas du tout respectée, [c'est] la faute à pas suffisamment de courage politique, la faute à beaucoup d'intérêts privés qui ont pesé de tout leur poids pour amoindrir un certain nombre de ces propositions, la faute au gouvernement d'avoir fait passer ces intérêts privés avant l'intérêt général ".

La fiction se déroule dans les années 2010, principalement en Palestine, et à Paris. Khalil, Ahmad, Jalil, Nadr, jeunes palestiniens de Cisjordanie, jettent des pierres sur des chars israéliens : Ahmad meurt, Khalil se radicalise encore. Fernando Clerc travaille à un bureau du Fonds (FMI ?), à Paris, gère des dossiers, dont (malgré lui) celui de la Palestine, sous la responsabilité de son supérieur, Barnes. Marié à Alva, père de deux enfants (Victor, Inès), il lit Mahmoud Darwich et Fernando Pessoa. Il finit par être envoyé en mission en Palestine, observer la réalité et rencontrer le président. Et disparaître dans une attaque israélienne. Khalil (1989 ?) et Nadr ont le même père, médecin palestinien, formé en France, revenu au pays, décédé, Tarek, qui a enlevé Nadr à sa mère à la naissance. Fernando (1977) et Nadr (1987) ont la même mère, Amandine, qui a travaillé dans l'humanitaire médical, s'est à peu près retirée du monde, et accueille en vacances ses petits-enfants. Nadr, sensible, non islamiste, lecteur de Mahmoud Darwich et Rûmî, finit par quitter la Palestine (par un tunnel), pour suivre et sauver Khalil, parti en France perpétrer un attentat à Paris... Parmi les autres figures du roman, on peut citer Mohammed (vieux passeur palestinien), Ali Aswani (taxi de Port-Saïd), Samira Aswaniya (étudiante en architecture), Brahim Hourdi (éminence grise, quartiers nord de Marseille), des membres d'une tribu bédouine.

Petit manuel de résistance contemporaine (2018)

Le Petit manuel de résistance contemporaine : récits et stratégies pour transformer le monde est un appel à la résistance et à l'élaboration d'un nouveau récit se libérant du capitalisme et du mythe de la croissance illimitée. L'ouvrage est composé de sept chapitres : " C'est pire que vous ne le croyez ", " Chaque geste compte si... ", " Changer d'histoire pour changer l'histoire ", " Ce qui fait tenir la fiction nouvelle ", " Construire de nouvelles fictions ", " C'est quand la révolution ? " et enfin " L'heure du choix ".

Après un rappel du constat ( extinction des espèces, emballement possible du réchauffement climatique, possible effondrement de la civilisation industrielle, Cyril Dion expose les limites de l'action individuelle en énonçant notamment les thèses des membres de la Deep Green Resistance (DGR), dont Derrick Jensen et son texte " Oubliez les douches courtes ". En effet, l'action individuelle semble dérisoire lorsque l'on sait que 92 % de l'eau est utilisée soit par l'agriculture (70 %), soit par l'industrie (22 %). Mais pour autant le réalisateur de défend que l'action individuelle est indispensable pour un changement de paradigme, parce que si les consommateurs arrêtent d'acheter tel ou tel produit nocif pour l'environnement, forcément les activités de production réduiront. À l'inverse, des choix bénéfiques pour la planète sont possibles, comme l'envolée de la consommation de produits biologiques.

Assis sur le fil, éditions de la Table ronde, 2014.

Demain, les aventures de Léo, Lou et Pablo à la recherche d'un monde meilleur (avec Mélanie Laurent), éditions Actes Sud Junior / L'amandier, 2015.

Demain, un nouveau monde en marche, Éditions Actes Sud, coll. " Domaine du possible ", 2015 .

Demain... et après, Éditions Actes Sud, coll. " Domaine du possible ", 2016.

Demain entre tes mains (avec Pierre Rabhi), éditions Actes Sud Junior, 2017.

Petit manuel de résistance contemporaine : Récits et stratégies pour transformer le monde, Éditions Actes Sud, coll. " Domaine du possible ", . Éditions Babel 1784, .

Vous êtes des animaux, comme nous, 2021 , Éditions Actes Sud Junior (avec Sébastien Mourrain aux illustrations)

À l'orée du danger, 2022, Éditions Actes Sud

2022 : l'émission Aux arbres citoyens, imaginée par Cyril Dion est diffusée en prime-time sur France 2 durant la COP 27. Cet évènement télévisuel consacrée à la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique est animée par Hugo Clément et Léa Salamé. Parrainé par Marion Cotillard et Yannick Noah, les participants sont Nagui, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Camille Étienne, Paloma Moritz, Gilles Boeuf, Francis Hallé, Lucienne Haèse, Geoffroy Delorme, Élise Lucet, Chloé Nabédian, Mathieu Vidard, Christophe Béchu, José Bové,,,. Ce programme a permis de collecter 1,8 millions d'euros, au profit d'une quinzaine de projets nationaux mis sur pieds par l'association France Nature Environnement,.

2022 : une série de trois documentaires est diffusée sur Arte durant la COP 27. Intitulé Un monde nouveau, ce programme écrit et raconté par Cyril Dion, réalisée par Thierry Robert suit un plan en trois étapes : " Résister ", " S'adapter ", " Régénérer ". Les intervenants sont notamment l'écrivain David Wallace-Wells, la cofondatrice d'Extinction Rebellion Gail Bradbrook, un des rédacteurs du GIEC Christophe Cassou, le mitant Paul Hawken, l'ancien président de l'Uruguay José Mujica, le survivaliste John Ramey, la porte-parole du mouvement de désobéissance civile allemand Ende Gelände, Kathrin Henneberger et le collapsologue Pablo Servigne,,.

Distinctions

En , Cyril Dion refuse d'être nommé chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite pour protester contre les violences policières auxquelles les militants écologistes, mais aussi les journalistes et les gilets jaunes sont exposés en France, ; il fait référence en particulier à la dispersion violente d'un sit-in pacifiste d'Extinction Rebellion le sur le pont de Sully à Paris. Il avait été promu chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite en , sur proposition de la secrétaire d'État à la transition écologique, Brune Poirson, mais n'avait jamais accompli les démarches administratives pour recevoir sa décoration.

Notes et références

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :

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Cyril-Christophe Dion, dit Cyril Dion, est un écrivain, réalisateur, poète et militant écologiste français, né le à Poissy. Après trois années d'étude à l'école d'art dramatique Jean-Périmony, une très courte carrière de comédien, Cyril Dion devient en 2003 coordinateur de projets et directeur éditorial pour la fondation " Hommes de parole ", association engagée pour la paix à travers le dialogue interculturel et interreligieux.

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Imagining a better consumption model is key to a good future.

On August 2, 2017, we started using more from nature than our planet can renew in the whole year. Every natural resource we used from that day onward resulted in "ecological overspending." Think of it as your bank account. For the first 7 months of the year, you lived on your regular salary. After that, you started using your savings and increasing your credit card debt. Currently, humanity lives at credit and consumes resources equal to that of 1.7 planets a year. That's compared to 1.4 a decade ago and 0.8 in 1963. If population and consumption trends continue, this figure will rise to 2 planets by 2030. This puts us - and our children - on an unsustainable path.

The Climate Crisis Is Embedded in Our Consumerist Culture

This ecological overspending contributes to the warming of our planet. It accelerated in the past 35 years - 2016 was the hottest year since record-keeping began. Most scientists agree that the leading cause of the warming is human pollution. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests are the main contributors. Clean energy and protecting our forests are critical parts of the solution. But we must look at the challenge in a more holistic manner. The climate crisis is rooted in our modern lifestyle, and in the economic model that supports it.

A recent study in the Journal of Industrial Ecology looked at the impact of consumption. It calculated that, in 2007, consumers contributed to more than 60 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. They also contributed between 50 and 80 percent of total land, material, and water use. US households alone contributed to a quarter of global emissions. Only 20 percent were direct emissions from the use of public transport and household fuel. The bigger part was indirect emissions from consumption of products and services. These included housing, transportation, food, manufactured products, and clothing.

To appreciate how much this relates to lifestyle, take food, for example. As income rises, people consume more dairy and meat products. These are the food categories with the highest environmental footprint. In fact, the global livestock industry produces more emissions than all cars, planes, trains, and ships combined. A study by Oxford University calculated that a global shift to a vegan diet would reduce food-related emission by 70 percent by 2050. The picture is similar for our use of resources like water. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may face water shortages. Beef is the second most popular meat in the US. It is also one of the most water-intensive foods (to produce one pound of beef requires 1,800 gallons of water).

Clothing is another case of our lifestyle destroying our environment. In recent decades, the fashion industry nurtured our appetite for cheap clothes and kept increasing production. The world now consumes 400 percent more clothes than two decades ago. According to the World Bank, textile processing causes 20 percent of water pollution globally. Cotton, the "thirsty crop," makes up about half of our clothes and requires 5,300 gallons of water to produce 1kg of cotton. This can have devastating effects as seen with the drying up of the Aral Sea.

As we consume we also generate a lot of waste. Especially plastic waste, which accounts for about half of all human waste. Only 9 percent of all plastic waste produced since the 1950s has been recycled. The rest ends up in landfills or polluting our environment. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation projects that, by 2050, oceans will contain more plastic than fish.

The point is: A big part of the problem is ingrained in the fabric of our lifestyle, our daily choices and habits. It is not only the car we drive, the food we eat, or the clothes we wear. The changes needed, from adopting new diets to breaking buying and throwaway habits, go beyond what products we choose. We need to redesign our behaviors: why and how we consume.

We Need Things Consumed, Burned Up, Worn Out

We are all consumers. In a sense, we always have been, satisfying our human needs and cravings. But consumption took a different turn at the offset of the second industrial revolution. Since then, consumerism moved to the center stage of our modern lifestyle. Today, consumption accounts for 70 percent of US GDP. The average American household holds more than $8,000 in credit card debt.

The rise of consumerism started early in the 20th century, in a particular context. Energy from fossil fuels became abundant and cheap. The assembly line production model, first adopted in the automotive industry, began to spread. The production and use of petrochemicals, in turn, expanded. Combined, these developments resulted in a massive increase in our manufacturing capacity. This led to an overproduction problem with too many goods chasing too few buyers. Corporations needed a larger market of consumers. As depicted by historian Stuart Ewen in Captains of Consciousness (1976):

"Consumerism, the mass participation in the values of the mass-industrial market . . . emerged in the 1920s not as a smooth progression from earlier and less 'developed' patterns of consumption, but rather as an aggressive device of corporate survival."

Advertising and consumer lending then developed as very effective tools to create new consumers. By the 1950s, consumerism was a core part of the American way of life. In 1955, economist Victor Lebow wrote in the Journal of Retailing:

"Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfactions, our ego satisfactions, in consumption. The measure of social status, of social acceptance, of prestige, is now to be found in our consumptive patterns (...) We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever-increasing pace."

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Excess, clutter, and waste are now everywhere. The average American home has tripled in size since 1950. It contains 300,000 items and over $3,100 worth of unused goods. And still, 1 out of every 10 Americans rent offsite storage, one of the fastest growing segments of the commercial real estate industry. Sixty percent of all clothing ends up in incinerators or landfills within a year. Only 3.1 percent of the world's children live in America, but they own 40 percent of the toys consumed globally. Nearly 40 percent of food in America goes to waste. Each year, Americans throw away 70 pounds of clothing per person (equal to more than 200 men's T-shirt).

Something Has To Give: The Ethics of Consumerism

Companies need to maintain a supply of new and cheap products. They look for ways to increase the volume and speed of production while decreasing costs. This often means using cheap material and labor. The Global Slavery Index estimates that 46 million people are in some form of slavery. Many earn very low wages to produce consumer goods for Western markets.

Large fashion retailers have adopted this model aggressively in the last three decades. In 1900, a US household spent 15 percent of its income on clothing. In 1950, it was still 12 percent but, by 2010, it was less than 3 percent. This happened as brands kept pushing prices and costs down. To do that, they moved production to countries with the lowest wages, the least regulation and the least protections for workers. While in 1960 almost all clothes purchased in the US were also made in the US, today it's less than 2 percent.

For decades, clothing collections were produced twice a year. Now, fast fashion brands launch new collections every week or two. This ultra-fast schedule governs vast, opaque and fragmented supply chains. It creates the context for human rights violation, precarious and unsafe working conditions. A tragic example happened on 24 April 2013. Over 1,130 people were killed and 2,500 injured when the Rana Plaza factory collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The Same Excess That Hurts Our Planet Hurts Us

Chronic diseases - such as heart attacks, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's - are the leading cause of disability and death in the US. They have been increasing at an alarming rate and claim 90 percent of the US healthcare spending. As of 2012, about half of all adult Americans had one or more chronic health conditions. We can prevent, treat or reverse these conditions with lifestyle and dietary changes like eating less meat and junk foods.

In recent years, scientists found toxic chemicals in most of our consumer products. More than 80,000 chemicals are used in commerce in the US, but the vast majority is not tested for health effects. They are used everywhere, including in our food, clothes, furniture, electronics, and cosmetics. Chemicals used in our clothes, for example, can be absorbed by the skin, our largest organ. Half of our clothes are made of cotton, a crop that accounts for 24 percent and 11 percent of the global use of insecticide and pesticides. The other half is mainly made of polyester and other petroleum-derived fibers. About a quarter of the chemicals produced globally are reportedly used in textile. Wrinkle-free clothes, for example, are often treated with formaldehyde, a known carcinogen. Studies found widespread use of phthalates-linked to asthma, diabetes, and autism-in children clothing.

A report for the European Parliament reviewed the latest science on organic food and human health. It highlighted the impact of pesticide exposure during pregnancy on children's brain development:

"Three long-term birth cohort studies in the U.S. suggest that pesticides are harming children's brains. In these studies, researchers found that women's exposure to pesticides during pregnancy ( . . . ) was associated with negative impacts on their children's IQ and neurobehavioral development, as well as with ADHD diagnoses."

The impact is greater on children because the brain develops during pregnancy and in the first two years. Exposure during this phase can cause brain injury at low levels that would have little or no effect in an adult. Parents report that 1 in 6 children in the US, 17 percent more than a decade ago, have a developmental disability. In 2015, a group of leading scientists, medical experts, and children's health advocates formed Project TENDR. They published a scientific statement to warn against chemicals that can harm children.

"The science is in. The science is clear and sufficient and substantial, and what it shows is that toxic chemicals are increasing American children risks for neurodevelopmental disorder including autism, ADHD and intellectual impairment ( . . . ) These include chemicals that are used extensively in consumer products and that have become widespread in the environment."

Waste, too, comes around. Plastic waste finds its way into the human food chain through contaminated seafood. Recent studies showed it also contaminates air and tap water. A recent investigation found microplastic particles in 94 percent of tap water samples from the US. It was the highest rate of any country in the study.

Your Latest Trick

As consumption patterns accelerated, the act of buying itself took a cultural dimension. Around the world, shopping has become a frequent pastime accessible to all. This has contributed to a rise in materialistic values in our societies. As fields like psychology and neurosciences progressed, researchers started re-visiting the happiness question. What makes us happy? And what happens to our mental health when we live a big part of our life as a consumer?

The answers confirm ancient wisdom and common sense. Once we have enough to cover our essential needs, further material gains have little to do with our well-being. They even tend to come in the way of true happiness. In The High Price of Materialism (2002), Tim Kasser offers this conclusion:

"What stands out across the studies is a simple fact: people who strongly value the pursuit of wealth and possessions report lower psychological well-being than those who are less concerned with such aims ( . . . ) The American dream has a dark side, and the pursuit of wealth and possessions might actually be undermining our well-being".

Other studies found that, above a certain income, material gains or possessions do not increase happiness. An ongoing 75-years long adult development study led by Harvard tracked the well-being of 724 men and their families. Generations of researchers analyzed brain scans, blood samples, surveys and direct interactions. They recently started to share their findings:

"The clearest message that we get from this 75-year study is this: Good relationships keep us happier and healthier. Period"

This sounds obvious. Yet, we spend a disproportionate amount of time and resources on activities that do not increase well-being or undermine it. If common sense and science both show it, then why are we still so consumed with consumption?

Part of the response relates to how our brain works. Neuroscientists have revealed many biases that trick our brain into making short-term decisions. These biases strongly influence our consumption behaviors. They include survival instinct, forming habits, setting goals, and chasing rewards. Often, they make us choose instant gratification over long-term rewards. Brands are experts at stimulating these instincts through advertising and commercial tactics. Sales, discounts, and coupons trick us into seeking temporary satisfaction from the pursuit of a new desired object. This disconnect between the act of shopping and its outcome (owning a product) results in overspending, clutter, and waste.

Do The Evolution

The word "consumption" first appeared in the 14th century to describe any potentially fatal disease that "consumed" the body.

We know we need to transition to sustainable modes of consumption. Our challenge goes beyond fixing the current model, it is one of imagining a new one. Approaches that focus on fixing the current model exist in reaction to it and don't offer a new way of doing things. Alternatives such as ethical consumerism or minimalism are unlikely to impact enough people. They often underestimate how deep consumption behaviors are embedded into our culture and habits. Choosing sustainable options requires an investment in time and money that only a small minority of people can afford.

We can imagine a new, higher form of consumption where we are not just sorting through the good and the bad but rediscovering why and how we consume. When we do that, we create endless opportunities to re-imagine and improve our lives. We can start with a few principles:

1. Start with people, not product. The last century of mass consumption was first driven by the ability to produce at large scale. Once we became able to produce so much, we had to make people consume so much. A more evolved system starts with what people need and want, focusing on when and how we use a product (from pay-to-own to pay-to-use).

2. Design for efficiency and low/no waste. On a planet with finite resources, it does not make sense to produce and consume things in a linear way, from extracting new resources to waste. We need to move to a circular system where we design products to last and be recovered. That way, we also limit the need for new materials (from planned obsolescence to lifetime value).

3. Design for impact. We need solutions that everyone can afford and enjoy, beyond a happy few. We should design services that solve for joy, convenience, sustainability, and affordability. New business and distribution models can unlock this impact (from single users to multi-user networks).

4. Design for trust. Digital tools allow us to re-invent almost any user experience. But this has been dominated by advertising-driven models that monetize people's attention. Often, they serve brands more than users. We need companies with the courage and creativity to build trust by serving the user first.

We should ask ourselves: What societies do we want for us and for future generations? How do we want to spend our time? How much do we want to spend on activities that fulfill us and contribute to our well-being? How do we reconcile with nature and with ourselves?

As we answer these questions, we should rise to the challenge of health and sustainability, and start building pathways to the future we want.

Read the second part of this story: We're Building a New Consumption Model and it Starts at the Beginning: Babies
Ali is the Founder and CEO of UpChoose PBC, a startup on a mission to activate consumers' role in transitioning to a sustainable future.

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Newco Shift | Our Consumption Model Is Broken. Here's How To Build A New One.

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Imagining a better consumption model is key to a good future. On August 2, 2017, we started using more from nature than our planet can renew in the whole year. Every natural resource we used from that day onward resulted in "ecological overspending." Think of it as your bank account.

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Together we defend the natural world, and stand for a green and peaceful future

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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - Protecting Marine Wildlife Worldwide

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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society's sole mission is to protect and conserve the world's oceans and marine wildlife.

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Extinction Rebellion (XR) is a do-it-together movement. All our design and artwork can be used non-commercially for the purpose of planet saving. This does not mean creating merchandise for fundraising or sending XR a percentage of your sales. We do not endorse or create any merchandise and we will pursue and prosecute anyone who does. The Extinction Symbol was designed in 2011 by street artist ESP, who loans XR usage on the same basis: extinctionsymbol.info * il.ly

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Extinction Rebellion | Join The Fight Against Climate and Ecological Collapse

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Life as we know it is on the brink of collapse. Our governments have failed to protect us. Help us to build a powerful movement to change the course we are on.

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"So while this is a book about fighting back, in the end this is a book about love. The songbirds and the salmon need your heart, no matter how weary, because even a broken heart is still made of love. They need your heart because they are disappearing, slipping into that longest night of extinction, and the resistance is nowhere in sight.

We will have to build that resistance from whatever comes to hand: whispers and prayers, history and dreams, from our bravest words and braver actions. It will be hard, there will be a cost, and in too many implacable dawns it will seem impossible. But we will have to do it anyway. So gather your heart and join with every living being. With love as our First Cause, how can we fail?"
― Lierre Keith, Deep Green Resistance

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"So while this is a book about fighting back, in the end this is a book about love. The songbirds and the salmon need your heart, no matter how weary, because even a broken heart is still made of love.

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Why it's Green to Go Vegetarian | The Vegetarian Society

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Earth Overshoot Day

Earth Overshoot Day marks the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year. In 2021, Earth Overshoot Day lands on July 29. We maintain this deficit by liquidating stocks of ecological resources and accumulating waste, primarily carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Earth Overshoot Day is hosted and calculated by Global Footprint Network, an international research organization that provides decision-makers with a menu of tools to help the human economy operate within Earth's ecological limits.

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Earth Overshoot Day marks the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year. In 2021, Earth Overshoot Day lands on July 29. We maintain this deficit by liquidating stocks of ecological resources and accumulating waste, primarily carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡrêːtaˈtʉ̂ːnbærj] TOON-berry; born 3 January 2003) is a Swedish environmental activist known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action to mitigate the effects of human-caused climate change.

Born in Stockholm, Thunberg's climate activism began when she persuaded her parents to adopt lifestyle choices that reduced her family's carbon footprint. In August 2018, aged 15, Thunberg began skipping school, vowing to remain out of school until after a Swedish election to attempt to influence the outcome. She protested outside the Swedish parliament where she called for stronger action on climate change by holding up a Skolstrejk för Klimatet ( School Strike for Climate) sign and handing out informational flyers. After the election, Thunberg spoke in front of supporters, telling them to use phones to film her. She then said she would continue school striking for the climate every Friday until Sweden was in compliance with the Paris climate agreement. Thunberg's youth and blunt speaking manner fueled her rise to the status of a global icon.

After Thunberg's first school strike for the climate, other students engaged in similar protests. They united and organized the school strike for climate movement. After Thunberg addressed the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference, weekly climate strike protests took place on Fridays around the world. In 2019, coordinated multi-city protests involved over a million students each. To avoid carbon-intensive flying, Thunberg sailed on a carbon-free yacht from England to New York where she addressed the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. In her speech, Thunberg scolded the world's leaders by exclaiming " How dare you" in reference to their perceived indifference and inaction to the climate crisis. Her admonishment made worldwide headlines. After Thunberg graduated from high school in 2023, her activism continued to gain international attention and her protest tactics have become increasingly assertive. As an adult, her protests have included both peaceful demonstrations and acts of civil disobedience such as defying lawful orders to disperse, which have led to arrests, convictions, and an acquittal. Thunberg's activism has evolved to include other causes, supporting Ukraine, Palestine, Armenia and Western Sahara in their respective conflicts with Russia, Israel, Azerbaijan and Morocco.

Thunberg's rise to world fame made her an ad hoc leader in the climate activist community. She faced heavy criticism, especially due to her age. Thunberg's influence on the world stage has been described by The Guardian and other media as the "Greta effect". She has received honours and awards, including in 's 100 most influential people, named the youngest Time Person of the Year in 2019, inclusion in the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women (2019), and nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg was born on 3 January 2003, in Stockholm, Sweden, to opera singer Malena Ernman and actor Svante Thunberg. Her paternal grandfather was actor and director Olof Thunberg. As explained by , "with a thespian father" and singer mother, "it is perhaps unsurprising that [Thunberg] has a slightly unusual name.... Thunberg shares her second name with the adventuring creation of Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, better known as Hergé." She has a younger sister, Beata.

Thunberg says she first heard about climate change in 2011, when she was eight years old, and could not understand why so little was being done about it. The situation depressed her, and as a result, at the age of 11, she stopped talking and eating much and lost ten kilograms (22 lb) in two months. Eventually, she was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and selective mutism. In one of her first speeches demanding climate action, Thunberg described her selective mutism as meaning she "only speaks when necessary".

For about two years, Thunberg challenged her parents to lower the family's carbon footprint and overall impact on the environment by becoming vegan, upcycling, and giving up flying. She has said she showed them graphs and data, but when that did not work, she warned her family that they were stealing her future. Giving up flying in part meant her mother had to abandon international ventures in her opera career. Interviewed in December 2019 by the BBC, her father said: "To be honest, [her mother] didn't do it to save the climate. She did it to save her child, because she saw how much it meant to her, and then, when she did that, she saw how much [Greta] grew from that, how much energy she got from it." Thunberg credits her parents' eventual response and lifestyle changes with giving her hope and belief that she could make a difference. Asked in September 2021 whether she felt guilty about ending her mother's international career, she was surprised by the question: "It was her choice. I didn't make her do anything. I just provided her with the information to base her decision on." The family's story is recounted in the 2018 book Scenes from the Heart, updated in 2020 as Our House Is on Fire: Scenes of a Family and a Planet in Crisis, with contributions from the girls, and the whole family credited as authors.

Strike at the Riksdag

Thunberg in front of the Swedish parliament, holding a "Skolstrejk för klimatet " (transl. School Strike for the Climate) sign, Stockholm, August 2018

Bicycle in Stockholm with references to Thunberg: "The climate crisis must be treated as a crisis! The climate is the most important election issue!" (11 September 2018)

Sign in Berlin, 14 December 2018

Thunberg speaking at the annual climate conference, Austrian World Summit, 2019

In August 2018, Thunberg began the school climate strikes and public speeches for which she has become an internationally recognized climate activist. In an interview with Amy Goodman of Democracy Now!, she said she got the idea of a climate strike after school shootings in the United States in February 2018 led several youths to refuse to return to school. These teen activists at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, went on to organize the March for Our Lives in support of greater gun control. In May 2018, Thunberg won a climate change essay competition held by Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. In part, she wrote: "I want to feel safe. How can I feel safe when I know we are in the greatest crisis in human history?"

After the paper published her article, Thunberg was contacted by Bo Thorén from Fossil Free Dalsland, a group interested in doing something about climate change. Thunberg attended a few of their meetings. At one of them, Thorén suggested that school children could strike for climate change. Thunberg tried to persuade other young people to get involved but "no one was really interested", so eventually she decided to go ahead with the strike by herself.

On 20 August 2018, Thunberg, who had just started ninth grade, decided not to attend school until the 2018 Swedish general election on 9 September; her protest began after the heat waves and wildfires during Sweden's hottest summer in at least 262 years. Her demands were that the Swedish government reduce carbon emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement, and she protested by sitting outside the Riksdag every day for three weeks during school hours with the sign Skolstrejk för klimatet ("School strike for climate").

Thunberg said her teachers were divided about her missing class to make her point. She says: "As people, they think what I am doing is good, but as teachers, they say I should stop."

Throughout the autumn of 2018, Thunberg's activism evolved from a solitary protest to taking part in demonstrations throughout Europe, making several high-profile public speeches, and mobilizing her followers on social media platforms. In December, after Sweden's 2018 general election, Thunberg continued to school strike - but only on Fridays. She inspired school students across the globe to take part in her Friday school strikes. In December alone, more than 20,000 students held strikes in at least 270 cities.

Thunberg spoke out against the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate) 2020 and Joint Entrance Examination 2020 entrance exams, which were conducted in India in September. She said it was unfair for students to have to appear for exams during a global pandemic. She also said that India's students had been deeply impacted by the floods that hit states such as Bihar and Assam, which caused mass destruction.

On 3 February 2021, Thunberg tweeted her support of the ongoing 2020-2021 Indian farmers' protest. Effigies of Thunberg were burned in Delhi by nationalists who opposed the farmers' protests. Thunberg's tweet was criticized by the BJP-led Indian government, which said that it was an internal matter. In her initial tweet, Thunberg linked to a document that provided a campaigning toolkit for those who wanted to support the farmers' protest. It contained advice on hashtags and how to sign petitions, and it also included suggested actions beyond those directly linked to the farmers' protest. She soon deleted the tweet, saying the document was "outdated", and linked to a different one "to enable anyone unfamiliar with the ongoing farmers protests in India to better understand the situation and make decisions on how to support the farmers based on their own analysis". The Indian climate activist who edited the toolkit, Disha Ravi, was arrested under the charges of sedition and criminal conspiracy on 16 February 2021.

Protests and speeches in Europe

Thunberg's speech during the plenary session of the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24) went viral. She said that the world leaders present were "not mature enough to tell it like it is". In the first half of 2019, she joined various student protests around Europe, and was invited to speak at various forums and parliaments. At the January 2019 World Economic Forum, Thunberg gave a speech in which she declared: "Our house is on fire." She addressed the British, European and French parliaments; in the latter case several right-wing politicians boycotted her. In a short meeting with Thunberg, Pope Francis thanked her and encouraged her to continue her activism.

By March 2019, Thunberg was still staging her regular protests outside the Swedish parliament every Friday, where other students occasionally joined her. According to her father, her activism did not interfere with her schoolwork, but she had less spare time. She finished lower secondary school with excellent grades: 14 As and three Bs. In July 2019, magazine reported Thunberg was taking a " sabbatical year" from school, intending to travel in the Americas while meeting people from the climate movement on her way to attend and address COP25.

Sabbatical year

United States Congresswoman Dina Titus listening to Thunberg and her fellow activists discussing the urgent need to address climate change, 2019

In August 2019, Thunberg sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Plymouth, England, to New York City, in the 60-foot (18 m) racing yacht , equipped with solar panels and underwater turbines. The trip was announced as a carbon-neutral transatlantic crossing serving as a demonstration of Thunberg's declared beliefs of the importance of reducing emissions. The voyage took 15 days, from 14 to 28 August 2019. France 24 reported that several crew members would fly to New York to sail the Malizia II yacht back to Europe. On Thunberg's return voyage aboard the La Vagabonde catamaran, she was quoted that she chose sailing as a way to send a message to the world that there is no real sustainable option to travel across the oceans. While in New York, Thunberg was invited to give testimony in the US House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis on 18 September. Instead of testifying, she gave an eight-sentence statement and submitted the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C as evidence.

UN Climate Action Summit

This is all wrong. I shouldn't be up here. I should be back in school on the other side of the ocean. Yet you all come to us young people for hope. How dare you!
You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words. And yet I'm one of the lucky ones. People are suffering. People are dying. Entire ecosystems are collapsing. We are in the beginning of a mass extinction, and all you can talk about is money and fairy tales of eternal economic growth. How dare you!

On 23 September 2019, Thunberg attended the UN Climate Action Summit in New York City. That day the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) hosted a press conference where Thunberg joined 15 other children, including Ayakha Melithafa, Alexandria Villaseñor, Catarina Lorenzo, and Carl Smith.

Together, the group announced they had made an official complaint against five nations that were not on track to meet the emission reduction targets they committed to in their Paris Agreement pledges: Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, and Turkey. The complaint challenged these countries under the Third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Protocol is a quasi-judicial mechanism that allows children or their representatives, who believe their rights have been violated, to bring a complaint before the relevant "treaty body", the Committee on the Rights of the Child. If the complaint succeeds, the countries will be asked to respond, but any suggestions are not legally binding.

Autumn global climate strikes

In late September 2019 Thunberg entered Canada where she participated in climate protests in the cities of Montreal, Edmonton and Vancouver, including leading a climate rally as part of the 27 September 2019 Global Climate Strike in Montreal. The school strikes for climate on 20 and 27 September 2019 were attended by over four million people, according to one of the co-organisers. Hundreds of thousands took part in the protest, described as the largest in the city's history. The mayor of Montreal gave her the Freedom of the City award. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was in attendance, and Thunberg spoke briefly with him. While in the United States, Thunberg participated in climate protests in New York City with Alexandria Villaseñor and Xiye Bastida, in Washington, D.C., with Jerome Foster II, Iowa City, Los Angeles, Charlotte, Denver with Haven Coleman, and the Standing Rock Indian Reservation with Tokata Iron Eyes. In various cities, Thunberg's keynote speech began by acknowledging that she was standing on land that originally belonged to Indigenous peoples, saying: "In acknowledging the enormous injustices inflicted upon these people, we must also mention the many enslaved and indentured servants whose labour the world still profits from today."

Participation at COP25

Thunberg had intended to remain in the Americas to travel overland to attend the 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) originally planned in Santiago, Chile, in December. However, it was announced on short notice that COP25 was to be moved to Madrid, Spain, because of serious public unrest in Chile. Thunberg has refused to fly because of the carbon emissions from air travel, so she posted on social media that she needed a ride across the Atlantic Ocean. Riley Whitelum and his wife, Elayna Carausu, two Australians who had been sailing around the world aboard their 48-foot (15 m) catamaran La Vagabonde, offered to take her. So on 13 November 2019, Thunberg set sail from Hampton, Virginia, for Lisbon, Portugal. Her departing message was the same as it has been since she began her activism: "My message to the Americans is the same as to everyone - that is to unite behind the science and to act on the science."

Thunberg arrived in the Port of Lisbon on 3 December 2019, then travelled on to Madrid to speak at COP25 and to participate with the local Fridays for Future climate strikers. During a press conference before the march, she called for more "concrete action", arguing that the global wave of school strikes over the previous year had "achieved nothing" because greenhouse gas emissions were still rising - by 4% since 2015.

Further activism in Europe and end of sabbatical year

On 30 December 2019, Thunberg was guest editor of the BBC Radio's flagship current affairs programme, the Today Programme. Thunberg's edition of the programme featured interviews on climate change with Sir David Attenborough, Bank of England chief Mark Carney, Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja, and Shell Oil executive Maarten Wetselaar. The BBC subsequently released a podcast containing these interviews and other highlights. On 11 January 2020, Thunberg called on German company Siemens to stop the delivery of railway equipment to the controversial Carmichael coal mine, operated by a subsidiary of Indian company Adani Group in Australia, but on 13 January, Siemens said that it would continue to honour its contract with Adani.

On 21 January 2020, Thunberg returned to the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland, delivered two speeches, and participated in panel discussions hosted by The New York Times and the World Economic Forum. Thunberg used many of the themes contained in her previous speeches, but focused on one in particular: "Our house is still on fire." Thunberg joked that she cannot complain about not being heard, saying: "I am being heard all the time."

In February 2020, Thunberg travelled to Oxford University to meet Malala Yousafzai, a Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pakistani activist for female education who had been shot in the head by the Taliban as a schoolgirl. Thunberg was later to join a school strike in Bristol.

On 4 March 2020, Thunberg attended an extraordinary meeting of the European Parliament's Environment Committee to talk about the European Climate Law. There she declared that she considered the new proposal for a climate law published by the European Commission to be a surrender.

On 24 August 2020, Thunberg ended her " gap year" from school when she returned to the classroom. The COVID-19 pandemic severely restricted travel and meetings in 2020 and 2021.

Activism during the COVID-19 pandemic

In early 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused worldwide implementation of mitigation measures, including social distancing, quarantine, and face coverings. On 13 March 2020, Thunberg stated that "In a crisis we change our behavior and adapt to the new circumstances for the greater good of society." Thunberg and School Strike for Climate subsequently moved their activities online. On 20 August 2020, the second anniversary of Thunberg's first strike, Thunberg and fellow climate activists Luisa Neubauer, Anuna de Wever van der Heyden and Adélaïde Charlier met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin. They subsequently announced plans for another global climate strike on 25 September 2020. Neubauer said that whether the strike in September is virtual in nature or in the streets would be determined by the pandemic situation. At a joint press conference with fellow activists echoing her sentiment, Neubauer said: "The climate crisis doesn't pause."

On 14 December 2020, Thunberg used Twitter to criticize the New Zealand Labour Government's recent climate change emergency declaration as " virtue signalling", tweeting that New Zealand's Labour Government had only committed to reducing less than one percent of New Zealand's carbon emissions by 2025. In response, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and climate change Minister James Shaw defended New Zealand's climate change declaration as only the start of the country's climate change mitigation goals. On 29 December 2020, during a BBC interview, Thunberg said that climate experts are not being listened to despite the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting the importance of using science to address such issues. She added that the COVID-19 crisis had "shone a light" on how "we cannot make it without science".

Thunberg with a megaphone leading an event in Berlin, 2021

Thunberg and other climate activists launched the annual Climate Live concert to highlight climate change. Their first concert was held in April 2021. In May 2021, she addressed the COVID-19 crisis again, when she urged a change in the food production system and the protection of animals and their habitats. Thunberg's comments, which came amidst calls for meat-free alternatives, also addressed health concerns regarding animal welfare and the environment. Thunberg said that the way humans are destroying habitats are the perfect conditions for the spread of diseases and noted zoonotic illnesses such as COVID-19, Zika, Ebola, West Nile fever, SARS, MERS, among others. In July 2021, Thunberg received her COVID vaccine, saying: "I am extremely grateful and privileged to be able to live in a part of the world where I can already get vaccinated. The vaccine distribution around the world is extremely unequal. No one is safe until everyone is safe. But when you get offered a vaccine, don't hesitate. It saves lives."

The inaugural edition of Vogue Scandinavia (August-September 2021) had a cover photograph of Thunberg shot by Swedish photography and conservationist duo Iris and Mattias Alexandrov Klum and an interview with her. The cover shows Thunberg wearing a trench coat while sitting with an Icelandic horse in a woodland outside Stockholm. In the interview, Thunberg criticized the promotional campaigns the fashion industry uses to appear sustainable without "actually doing anything to protect the environment" and called the campaigns " greenwashing". On the same day, she used Twitter to criticize the fashion industry as "a huge contributor" to the climate and ecological "emergency" and "not to mention its impact on the countless workers and communities who are being exploited around the world in order for some to enjoy fast fashion that many treat as disposables". Thunberg's wearing of wool during the photoshoot garnered criticism from other vegans, who said it promoted animal cruelty. According to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), she was unaware that the clothing was made of real animal-derived wool.

On 28 September 2021, Thunberg criticized U.S. president Joe Biden, British prime minister Boris Johnson, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi and other world leaders over their promises to address the climate crisis in a speech at the Youth4Climate Summit in Milan. Thunberg also criticized and doubted organizers of climate conferences, saying, "They invite cherry-picked young people to meetings like this to pretend they are listening to us. But they are not." A month later, Thunberg took part in a protest in London, demanding that the financial system stop funding companies and projects that use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. The protest in London is part of a series taking place at the financial centres around the world, including New York City, San Francisco and Nairobi. She told the BBC journalist Andrew Marr that banks should "stop funding our destruction", ahead of the UN COP26 climate summit. At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, Thunberg attended a panel on climate change hosted by British actress Emma Watson.

In November 2021, Thunberg, along with other climate activists, filed a petition to the United Nations, calling it to declare a level 3 global climate emergency, with the aim of creating a special team that will coordinate the response to the climate crisis at an international level. In December 2021, Thunberg reiterated her criticism of U.S. president Joe Biden, saying, "If you call him a leader - I mean, it's strange that people think of Joe Biden as a leader for the climate when you see what his administration is doing", alluding to the U.S. expansions on use of fossil fuels during the Biden administration. Thunberg further lamented that activists and teenagers are needed in order to bring awareness about climate change.

Post-COVID-19 pandemic

On 6 February 2022, Thunberg condemned the British firm Beowulf and its mining of iron on Sámi land. She said, "We believe that the climate, the environment, clean air, water, reindeer herding, indigenous rights and the future of humanity should be prioritized above the short-term profit of a company. The Swedish government needs to stop the colonization of Sami."

On Friday, 25 February 2022, Thunberg combined her usual Friday climate protests to include opposing the invasion of Ukraine by Russian military forces. She stood outside the Russian embassy in Stockholm holding a sign that read "Stand With Ukraine". On 29 June 2023, Thunberg met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and other prominent European figures to form a working group to address ecological damage from the 16-month-old Russian invasion.

In late 2022, Thunberg's The Climate Book was released. It is a compilation in which she brought together over one hundred experts-geophysicists, oceanographers and meteorologists; engineers, economists and mathematicians; historians, philosophers and indigenous leaders-who wrote essays focusing on changes to the Earth's climate. Thunberg also contributed writings to the book and is credited as its author. She donated her copyright and all royalties generated by the book to her foundation and will not personally profit from sales or other commercial uses. While on her 2022 midterm Autumn break from school, Thunberg embarked on a publicity campaign for the book's initial release, which occurred in the UK on 27 October 2022 and in Australia on 1 November 2022; it is published under Penguin's Allen Lane Imprint books. On 14 February 2023, the Climate Book was released in the United States and elsewhere. An extract from The Climate Book and reviews are available.

On 14 January 2023, Thunberg spoke during a protest in Lützerath, calling on the German authorities to stop the expansion of a nearby coal mine. She was detained along with other activists by German police while demonstrating at the opencast coal mine of Garzweiler 2, around 9 km from the village on 17 January, after police warned the group that they would be detained unless they moved away from the edge of the mine. The mine's owner RWE had earlier agreed with the government on demolishing Lützerath in exchange for a faster exit from coal and the saving of five villages originally slated for destruction. She was released the same day after an identity check.

Post-high school graduation

On 9 June 2023, Thunberg graduated from high school and marked the day by attending what would be her last school strike for climate protest before receiving her diploma. She wore the Swedish traditional graduation white dress and white studentmössa (cap) to the protest. She vowed to continue, saying that her "fight has only just begun". In Thunberg's subsequent protest pictures that she posts to her social media accounts, some of the group photos have featured "School Strike for Climate" signage.

On 19 June 2023, Thunberg took part in a Reclaim the Future protest in Malmö, Sweden, and was charged with disobeying a police order. On 24 July 2023, a trial was held at Malmö District Court where the prosecution presented its case against Thunberg for disobedience to authority after having disrupted traffic and refusing to follow police orders. While she acknowledged that the facts of the case against her were accurate, Thunberg said that due to the existential and global threat to the climate caused by the fossil fuel industry, her protest was a form of self-defence. She was sentenced by the court to pay fines totaling 2,500 SEK (approximately US$240). Within hours after the court convicted her, Thunberg attended a similar protest where Reclaim the Future again blocked oil tankers on a road in Malmö. She was again forcibly removed by police and later criminally charged. On 11 October 2023, Thunberg's second Swedish trial for disobedience (disobeying a police order to disperse) occurred. She was found guilty for the 24 July 2023 incident and ordered to pay fines totaling 4,500 Swedish crowns ($414).

On 4 August 2023, Thunberg cancelled a prearranged appearance that was to occur the following Friday, 11 August, at the Edinburgh International Book Festival to promote her book: The Climate Book. She said that as a climate activist she could not attend an event sponsored by Baillie Gifford - an investment management firm - due to its connections with the fossil fuel industry. In making the announcement, the festival's Nick Barley said that he was disappointed but respected Thunberg's decision. "I share Greta's view that in all areas of society the rate of progress is not enough." He went on to say: "The book festival exists to give a platform for debate and discussion around key issues affecting humanity today - including the climate emergency . . . We strongly believe that Baillie Gifford are part of the solution to the climate emergency." In its response, Baillie Gifford said that it was not a significant fossil fuel investor, with 2% of its clients' money being invested in companies with some business related to fossil fuels while the market average was 11%.

On 18 October 2023, Thunberg was arrested in London, England, for her part in protesting against the Energy Intelligence Forum, described as the " Oscars of oil". She was charged with failure to comply with a lawful order to disperse, a "condition imposed under Section 14 of the Public Order Act". On 15 November 2023 Thunberg appeared at Westminster Magistrates' Court and entered a plea of "not guilty". On 2 February 2024 the case against Thunberg, et al., was dismissed by the presiding judge after the prosecution rested its case. The judge agreed with the defence that "the crown had failed to present enough evidence to prove their case".

On 6 April 2024, Thunberg participated in an Extinction Rebellion-led protest in The Hague, Netherlands, where law enforcement forcibly removed her from blocking a road. She then joined another group of Extinction Rebellion protesters who were blocking a different road and was again removed. The BBC and some other media outlets reported that Thunberg was arrested while some media outlets only mention that she was detained. It is unclear whether criminal charges were - or will be - filed.

On 23 April 2024, Thunberg was charged with civil disobedience for allegedly ignoring police orders to leave two climate demonstrations which law enforcement claim were blocking Sweden's parliament building on 12 and 14 March. Her refusal to comply with police orders caused her to be forcibly removed. Thunberg entered a plea of not guilty. A Swedish court convicted her on 8 May 2024 and she was fined 6,000 Swedish Kronor (US$550). Thunberg was also ordered to pay an additional 1,000 Swedish Kronor (US$92) in damages.

Pro-Palestinian activism

Thunberg wearing a keffiyeh in solidarity with Palestine at an event in Amsterdam in 2023

On 20 October 2023, Thunberg posted a photo during her usual Friday climate protests, showing her and three other protesters holding signs. One sign read "climate justice now" and the other three displayed support for Palestinians in the Gaza Strip amidst the Israel-Hamas war. Her post on X (formerly Twitter) and Instagram also included fourteen links to "Palestine solidarity" social media accounts where, she said, "you can find information on how you can help." Thunberg was immediately criticized for not condemning Hamas's attack on Israel. The following day Thunberg posted "It goes without saying - or so I thought - that I'm against the horrific attacks by Hamas. As I said, 'the world needs to speak up and call for an immediate ceasefire, justice and freedom for Palestinians and all civilians affected.'" The Israeli Ministry of Education responded to Thunberg's initial "statements in support of Gaza without condemning Hamas" by removing "various references in the educational curriculum that present Thunberg as a role model and a source of inspiration for youth".

On 5 December 2023, Thunberg and three researchers/activists affiliated with Fridays for Future Sweden published an opinion piece in The Guardian titled "We won't stop speaking out about Gaza's suffering - there is no climate justice without human rights." The piece clarified her and FFF Sweden's support for Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip amidst the Israel-Hamas war. The article stated that "All Fridays for Future groups are autonomous, and this article represents the views of nobody but FFF Sweden." They also addressed the criticism that Fridays for Future has been radicalized and is engaging in politics by stating that the organisation has always been political because it is a movement for justice. FFF Sweden believes that "means speaking up when people suffer, are forced to flee their homes or are killed - regardless of the cause".

In September 2024, Danish police apprehended Thunberg during a pro-Palestinian protest in Copenhagen against the Israel-Hamas war. Thunberg, along with five others, was detained after blocking the entrance to a building at the University of Copenhagen. Less than a week later, she was "carried out" from the library of Stockholm University by Stockholm police after she participated in an encampment inside the library. She characterized the police response as a "repression". Following those incidents, she was labeled "antisemite of the week" by StopAntisemitism. In December 2024, while speaking at a pro-Palestine rally in the German city of Mannheim, Thunberg declared "Fuck Germany and fuck Israel." In response, local CDU politician Manuel Hagel accused Thunberg of "moving very consciously in close proximity to anti-Semitism".

Reflecting on her pro-Palestine activism in November 2024, Thunberg stated:

For me, it hasn't been solely about the climate at all. The media often wants to simplify things, like 'she's the one who works on climate.' They want to put a face to the issue. I mean, we're talking about climate justice. All forms of justice are included within climate justice. In the last year, when I started getting involved in Palestinian activism, that view has shifted.

Boycott of COP29

Thunberg boycotted COP29, hosted by Azerbaijan, for human rights violations, and instead visited neighboring Georgia and Armenia. While in Georgia, she joined a political demonstration against Georgia's government in Tbilisi, stating "I am here to express my support and solidarity to all activists and citizens who are coming forward to defend their fundamental rights such as freedom, justice and democracy." In an interview, she said that "The only thing that will come out of [COP29] is loopholes, more negotiations, and symbolic decisions that look good on paper but are really just greenwashing."

She then visited Armenia, where she argued that "We need to stop hosting climate conferences in places like Azerbaijan, a country that is repressing its own population to an extreme degree." At a demonstration in front of the United Nations delegation headquarters in the Armenian capital of Yerevan, she stated "We urge international media and those in power who are in Baku to go and visit Armenian hostages and demand an immediate release to all political prisoners, prisoners of war and hostages." While in Armenia, she also visited Pink Armenia, which stated "We extend our gratitude to Greta Thunberg for raising Armenia's critical issues on international platforms and for showing her solidarity with the LGBT+ movement."

Position on climate change

A video of Thunberg speaking at the 2019 World Economic Forum in Davos

Thunberg delivering a speech at a July 2019 school strike for climate change in Berlin

Thunberg states that humanity is facing an existential crisis because of global warming and holds the baby boomers, and each subsequent generation, responsible for creating and perpetuating detrimental changes to the Earth's climate. She uses graphic analogies (such as "our house is on fire") to highlight her concerns and often speaks bluntly to business and political leaders about their failure to take concerted action.

Thunberg has said that climate change will have a disproportionate effect on young people, whose futures will be profoundly affected. She argues that her generation may not have a future any more because "that future was sold so that a small number of people could make unimaginable amounts of money." She also has said that people in the Global South will suffer most from climate change, even though they have contributed least in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. Thunberg has voiced support for other young activists from developing countries who are already facing the damaging effects of climate change. Speaking in Madrid in December 2019, she said: "We talk about our future, they talk about their present."

Speaking at international forums, she berates world leaders because she believes that too little action is being taken to reduce global emissions. She says that lowering emissions is not enough, that emissions need to be reduced to zero if the world is to keep global warming to less than 1.5 °C. Speaking to the British Parliament in April 2019, she said: "The fact that we are speaking of 'lowering' instead of 'stopping' emissions is perhaps the greatest force behind the continuing business as usual." In order to take the necessary action, she added that politicians should not listen to her, they should listen to what the scientists are saying about how to address the crisis. According to political scientists Mattia Zulianello and Diego Ceccobelli, Thunberg's ideas can be defined as technocratic ecocentrism, which is grounded on "the exaltation of the vox scientifica".

More specifically, Thunberg has argued that commitments made at the Paris Agreement are insufficient to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees, and that the greenhouse gas emissions curve needs to start declining steeply no later than 2020 - as detailed in the IPCC's Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C published in 2018. In February 2019, at a conference of the European Economic and Social Committee, she said that the EU's current intention to cut emissions by 40% by 2030 is "not sufficient to protect the future for children growing up today" and that the EU must reduce their CO ₂ emissions by 80%, double the 40% goal.

Thunberg reiterated her views on political inaction in a November 2020 interview where she stated that "leaders are happy to set targets for decades ahead, but flinch when immediate action is needed." She criticized the European Green Deal, which aims to make the EU climate neutral by 2050, saying that it "sends a strong signal that real and sufficient action is being taken when in fact it's not. Nature doesn't bargain, and you cannot make deals with physics."

In July 2020, Greta Thunberg, Luisa Neubauer, Anuna De Wever and Adélaïde Carlier wrote an open letter to all EU leaders and heads of state stating they must "advocate to make ecocide an international crime at the International Criminal Court." In June 2023, Greta called the destruction of the Kakhovka dam in Ukraine by Russia an ecocide and called for prosecution, stating "Russia needs to be held accountable for their action and for their crimes. The eyes of the world are on them now".

In an interview shortly before the 2021 COP26 conference in Glasgow, Thunberg, asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded, "Nothing has changed from previous years, really. The leaders will say, 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it." She called Chinese president Xi Jinping "a leader of a dictatorship" and said that "democracy is the only solution to the climate crisis, since the only thing that could get us out of this situation is ... massive public pressure."

On 30 October 2021, she arrived at Glasgow Central station for the COP26. She spoke at some protests during the COP and marched in a Fridays for Future Scotland climate strike on Friday 5 November; she said in an earlier interview that the public needed to "uproot the system". She delivered a speech to protesters in which she described COP26 as a failure, speaking of "blah blah blah" and greenwashing.

Public response and impact

In February 2019, 224 academics signed an open letter of support stating they were inspired by Thunberg's actions and the striking school children in making their voices heard. This support from academics, including many scientists, is in sharp contrast with the opposition Thunberg usually receives from politicians.

Politicians

United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres endorsed the school strikes initiated by Thunberg, admitting: "My generation has failed to respond properly to the dramatic challenge of climate change. This is deeply felt by young people. No wonder they are angry." Speaking at an event in New Zealand in May 2019, Guterres said his generation was "not winning the battle against climate change" and that it was up to the youth to "rescue the planet".

Thunberg urges MEPs to show climate leadership, receives standing ovation, 2020

Democratic candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election such as Kamala Harris, Beto O'Rourke, and Bernie Sanders expressed support after her speech at the September 2019 action summit in New York. German Chancellor Angela Merkel indicated that young activists such as Thunberg had driven her government to act faster on climate change.

Thunberg and her campaign have been criticized by politicians as well, ranging from personal attacks to statements that she oversimplifies the complex issues involved. Among them are the Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, German chancellor Angela Merkel, French president Emmanuel Macron, Russian president Vladimir Putin, OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and, repeatedly, U.S. president Donald Trump.

In September 2019, Trump shared a video of Thunberg angrily addressing world leaders, along with her quote that "people are dying, entire ecosystems are collapsing. We are in the beginning of a mass extinction." Trump wrote about Thunberg, tweeting: "She seems like a very happy young girl looking forward to a bright and wonderful future. So nice to see!" Thunberg reacted by changing her Twitter bio to match his description, and stating that she could not "understand why grown-ups would choose to mock children and teenagers for just communicating and acting on the science when they could do something good instead." In December 2019, Trump again mocked Thunberg after she was named Person of the Year for 2019 by Time, tweeting: "So ridiculous. Greta must work on her Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie with a friend! Chill Greta, Chill!" Thunberg responded by changing her Twitter biography to: "A teenager working on her anger management problem. Currently chilling and watching a good old fashioned movie with a friend." During the 2020 United States presidential election, Thunberg commented on Trump tweeting "Stop the count!" with the text: "So ridiculous. Donald must work on his Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie with a friend! Chill Donald, Chill!"

In October 2019, Putin described Thunberg as a "kind girl and very sincere", while suggesting she was being manipulated to serve others' interests. Putin criticized her as "poorly informed", adding, "No one has explained to Greta that the modern world is complex and different and people in Africa or in many Asian countries want to live at the same wealth level as in Sweden." Similar to her reaction to Trump, Thunberg updated her Twitter bio to reflect Putin's description of her. In December 2019, Thunberg tweeted: "Indigenous people are literally being murdered for trying to protect the forest from illegal deforestation. Over and over again. It is shameful that the world remains silent about this." When asked about this subject two days later, Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro responded, "Greta said that the Indians were dying because they were trying to protect the Amazon. It is impressive how the press gives voice to such a brat." On the same day, Thunberg changed her Twitter description to pirralha, the Portuguese word for "brat" used by Bolsonaro.

In a Time story published in May 2019, Thunberg addressed the criticism she has received online, saying, "It's quite hilarious when the only thing people can do is mock you, or talk about your appearance or personality, as it means they have no argument or nothing else to say." Former U.S. vice-president and Trump's eventual successor Joe Biden responded to Trump's tweet mocking Thunberg after she was named the Time's Person of the Year 2019 by tweeting at Trump: "What kind of president bullies a teenager? @realDonaldTrump, you could learn a few things from Greta on what it means to be a leader."

Thunberg swarmed by the press at the European Parliament, 2019

In August 2019, Scott Walsman wrote in Scientific American that Thunberg's detractors have "launched personal attacks", "bash [her] autism", and "increasingly rely on ad hominem attacks to blunt her influence". Writing in The Guardian, Aditya Chakrabortty said that columnists including Brendan O'Neill, Toby Young, the blog Guido Fawkes, as well as Helen Dale and Rod Liddle at The Spectator and The Sunday Times, had been making "ugly personal attacks" on Thunberg. British TV presenter Piers Morgan also mocked Thunberg. As part of its climate change denial, Germany's right-wing populist party Alternative for Germany (AfD) has attacked Thunberg "in fairly vicious ways", according to Jakob Guhl, a researcher for the Institute for Strategic Dialogue.

Arron Banks' Twitter post saying that "freak yachting accidents do happen in August" in reference to Thunberg, outraged a number of British MPs (Member of Parliament), celebrities, and academics. Tanja Bueltmann, founder of EU Citizens' Champion, said Banks had "invoked the drowning of a child" for his own amusement and said that most of those attacking Thunberg "are white middle-aged men from the right of the political spectrum". Writing in The Guardian, Gaby Hinsliff said Thunberg has become "the new front in the Brexit culture war", arguing that the outrage generated by personal attacks on Thunberg by Brexiteers "gives them the welcome oxygen of publicity".

In September 2019, Nick Gillespie wrote in that "Greta Thunberg's histrionics are likely heartfelt but neither they nor the deplorable responses they conjure are a guide forward to good environmental policy in a world that is getting richer every day." In August 2021, Yasmeen Serhan wrote in The Atlantic that Thunberg had become "the target of a barrage of disinformation and conspiracies" from the far-right and populist right, "including depictions of her as a spoiled child, a leftist pawn, and even a Nazi".

"The Greta effect"

September 2019 climate strike in Geneva

In summarizing Thunberg's global impact on the climate debate, the BBC encapsulated her influence: "she is credited with raising public awareness of climate change across the world, especially amongst young people. Many commentators call this 'the Greta effect'".

Beginning in early 2019, roughly concurrent with growing public recognition of Thunberg's work, Google Trends data shows a growth in searches for the term climate emergency (shown in red), and for the term climate crisis (shown in blue). The surge in 2006 followed release of Al Gore's film, An Inconvenient Truth.

In February 2019, Thunberg shared a stage with the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, where he outlined: "In the next financial period from 2021 to 2027, every fourth euro spent within the EU budget will go towards action to mitigate climate change." Climate issues also played a significant role in European Parliament election in May 2019, as Green parties recorded their best ever results, boosting their MEP seat numbers from 52 to 72. Many of the gains came from northern European countries where young people have taken to the streets inspired by Thunberg.

In June 2019, a YouGov poll in Britain found that public concern about the environment had soared to record levels in the UK since Thunberg and Extinction Rebellion had "pierced the bubble of denial". In August 2019, publication and sales of children's books about the climate crisis reportedly doubled compared to the previous year. Publishers attribute this to the "Greta effect".

According to a 2021 study, "those who are more familiar with Greta Thunberg have higher intentions of taking collective actions to reduce global warming and that stronger collective efficacy beliefs mediate this relationship. This association between familiarity with Greta Thunberg, collective efficacy beliefs, and collective action intentions is present even after accounting for respondents' overall support for climate activism."

Flight shame

Thunberg has spearheaded the anti-flying movement, promoting rail travel over flying on environmental grounds. The buzzword associated with this movement is or "flight shame". It is a phenomenon in which people feel social pressure not to fly because of the rising greenhouse gas emissions of the airline industry. It was originally championed by Swedish Olympic athlete Björn Ferry, but has gained significant momentum after Thunberg's refusal to fly on environmental grounds. Thunberg backed the campaign to fly less and made it part of her 2019 "awareness tour" in Europe.

Sweden reported a 4% drop in domestic air travel for 2019 and an increase in rail use. The BBC says that the movement could halve the growth of global air travel, but Airbus and Boeing say that they still expect to grow at around 4% until 2035. In June 2019, Swedish Railways (SJ) reported that the number of Swedes taking the train for domestic journeys had risen by 8% from the previous year, reflecting growing public concern (reflected in a survey published by Swedish Railways) about the impact of flying on CO ₂ emissions.

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Public image and controversies

According to ABC news, in December 2019 Thunberg was attacked by a sitting US president, Donald Trump, after she was named Time's youngest Person of the Year. Trump tweeted that "[Thunberg] must work on her Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie. Chill Greta, Chill!" In response, Thunberg changed her Twitter (now X) profile description to read: a "teenager working on her anger management problem. Currently chilling and watching a good old fashioned movie with a friend."

In popular culture and art

A multi-story mural of Thunberg in Istanbul, Turkey

Thunberg has been depicted in popular culture and art. Greta and the Giants, a book by Zoë Tucker and Zoe Persico, published by Frances Lincoln Children's Books, was inspired by the life of Thunberg. Argentinian artist Andrés Iglesias unveiled an 18-meter mural of Thunberg above Mason street, near Union Square in San Francisco. American painter Elizabeth Peyton chose her 2019 portrait Greta Thunberg as the leading image of one of her shows. She has been depicted in multiple murals. In Bristol, a 15-metre-high (49 ft) mural of Thunberg by artist Jody Thomas, portrays the bottom half of her face as if under rising sea water since May 2019. Thunberg was featured on the Time magazine cover in May 2019 issue, where she was described as a role model and one of the " Next Generation Leaders". She and fifteen others were featured on the cover of the fashion magazine created by guest editor Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, in September 2019.

Some of Thunberg's speeches have been incorporated into music. In 2019, Thunberg contributed a voiceover for a release of " The 1975", a song by the English band by the same name. Thunberg finishes the song by urging: "So, everyone out there, it is now time for civil disobedience. It is time to rebel." Proceeds will go to Extinction Rebellion at Thunberg's request. In September 2019, John Meredith set her UN Action Summit speech to death metal. The Australian musician Megan Washington and composer Robert Davidson used the same 'how dare you' speech, for a performance at an event exploring the future of music. DJ Fatboy Slim created a mashup of this speech with his dance hit " Right Here, Right Now".

Project Pressure, Voices for the Future, projected a quote by Thunberg onto the United Nations building in New York in the lead up to the UN Climate Action Summit, 2019

In 2019, Thunberg collaborated with the climate charity Project Pressure on an art piece projected onto the UN building in New York in the lead up to the UN Climate Action Summit featuring the voices of six young activists, including Thunberg herself. Vizualised by Joseph Michael, authored by Klaus Thymann and music by Brian Eno, their commentary was on the climate crisis and the urgent actions that need to be taken to minimize its consequences.

In May 2020, Thunberg was featured in Pearl Jam's music video " Retrograde". She appears as a fortune teller, with images in her crystal ball depicting startling effects of climate change in numerous countries.

On 3 September 2020, the Hulu cinéma vérité-esque documentary had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival. The film was directed by Nathan Grossman, who single-handedly operated the camera and sound equipment while memorializing Thunberg's climate activism "from the first solitary days of her school strike in August 2018, all the way through to her two-week sea voyage across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to New York City to attend the United Nations Climate Summit in September 2019." Following its Venice premiere, the film had its North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2020, and opened in cinemas across Europe, North America and Australia in October.

In March 2021, the University of Winchester installed a life-sized sculpture of Thunberg on its campus. BBC Studios made a three-part series Greta Thunberg: A Year to Change the World, with planned visits to various countries omitted due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Honours and awards

Thunberg has received honours and awards over the course of her activism. In May 2018, before the start of her school strike, she was one of the winners of a climate change essay competition by Svenska Dagbladet (The Swedish Daily News) for young people. Thunberg has refused to attend ceremonies or accept prizes if it requires her to fly, such as for the International Children's Peace Prize. She has received prizes from various NGOs but also from scientific institutions that lauded her success in raising awareness.

's 25 most influential teens of 2018, December 2018, an annual list compiled by Time magazine of the most influential teenagers in the world that year.

Nobel Peace Prize nomination, 2019, by three deputies of the Norwegian parliament. Again in 2020 by two Swedish lawmakers. Nominated in 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Rachel Carson Prize, March 2019, awarded to a woman who has distinguished herself in outstanding work for the environment in Norway or internationally.

Time 100, April 2019, by Time magazine, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world for that year.

Honorary degree of Doctor honoris causa (dr.h.c.), May 2019, conferred by the Belgian University of Mons (Mons, Belgium) for "contribution ... to raising awareness on sustainable development".

Ambassador of Conscience Award, June 2019, Amnesty International's most prestigious award, for her leadership in the climate movement, shared with Fridays for Future.

The Geddes Environment Medal, July 2019, by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, for "an outstanding practical, research or communications contribution to conservation and protection of the natural environment and the development of sustainability."

International Children's Peace Prize, October 2019, shared with 14-year-old Divina Maloum from Cameroon, awarded by the KidsRights Foundation.

Maphiyata echiyatan hin win (Woman Who Came from the Heavens), Lakota tribal name conferred, October 2019, at Standing Rock Indian Reservation, following support for the Dakota Access pipeline opposition, after being invited by Tokata Iron Eyes, a 16-year-old Lakota climate activist.

Nordic Council Environment Prize, October 2019. Thunberg declined to accept the award or the prize money of DKK 350,000 (€47,000 as of October 2019) stating that Nordic countries were not doing enough to cut emissions.

Time Person of the Year, December 2019, by Time magazine, the first recipient born in the 21st century and the youngest ever. For succeeding in "creating a global attitudinal shift, transforming millions of vague, middle-of-the-night anxieties into a worldwide movement calling for urgent change." And: "For sounding the alarm about humanity's predatory relationship with the only home we have, for bringing to a fragmented world a voice that transcends backgrounds and borders, for showing us all what it might look like when a new generation leads."

Glamour Woman of the Year Award 2019, 12 November 2019, by magazine. Accepted by Jane Fonda, quoting Greta as saying "If a Swedish, teenage, science nerd who has shopstop, refuses to fly and has never worn makeup or been to a hairdresser can be chosen a Woman of the Year by one of the biggest fashion magazines in the world then I think almost nothing is impossible."

She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2019.

, December 2019, an annual list of ten "people who mattered" in science, produced by the scientific journal , specifically, for being a "climate catalyst: A Swedish teenager [who] brought climate science to the fore as she channeled her generation's rage."

Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, 2019

Forbes 30 under 30 Europe 2020 - Social Entrepreneurs

Human Act Award, on Earth Day, 22 April 2020, by the Human Act Foundation, for "her fearless and determined efforts to mobilize millions of people around the world to fight climate change." The USD100,000 prize money was donated to UNICEF and doubled by the Foundation.

Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD), 31 May 2021, conferred by the University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, for "her international recognitions for challenging world leaders to take immediate action against climate change."

Species named in Thunberg's honour

The following species have been described and named after Greta Thunberg:

Nelloptodes gretae, by Michael Darby, Natural History Museum, UK, December 2019, a new species of beetle from Kenya in the family Ptiliidae. Its long antennae bear a passing resemblance to her braided pigtails.

Craspedotropis gretathunbergae, by Schilthuizen et al., 2020, a new species of land snail from Borneo in the family Cyclophoridae.

Thunberga greta, in a new genus Thunberga gen nov, both by Peter Jäger, June 2020, a new species of east African huntsman spider in the family Sparassidae. As of April 2022 the new Thunberga genus contained twenty-nine newly described spiders, all from Madagascar and Mayotte, many in honour of other inspirational young people.

Opacuincola gretathunbergae, by Verhaege & Haase, 2021, a new freshwater snail from New Zealand in the family Tateidae.

Pristimantis gretathunbergae, by Mebert et al., 2022, a species of frog native to Panama.

For No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference, Thunberg was named author of the year by Waterstones

Scenes from the Heart (2018), with her sister, father and mother.

Thunberg, Greta (2019). No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-51457-3. OCLC 1196840691. 96 pages. A collection of Thunberg's climate action speeches, with the earnings being donated to charity.

"Greta Thunberg Speeches and Interviews". What Would Greta Do?. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. An archived compilation of Thunberg's speeches and interviews, and IPCC Reports, up to March 2020

Thunberg, Greta (November 2019). "The Disarming Case to Act Right Now on Climate Change". Stockholm: TED.

Ernman, Malena; Thunberg, Greta; Ernman, Beata; Thunberg, Svante (2021). Our House Is on Fire: Scenes of a Family and a Planet in Crisis. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-199288-4. OCLC 1179047026. 288 pages

Thunberg, Greta; Calderón, Adriana; Jhumu, Farzana Faruk; Njuguna, Eric (2021-08-19). "Opinion | This Is the World Being Left to Us by Adults". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

Thunberg, Greta (October 2022). The Climate Book. London, United Kingdom: Allen Lane (Penguin Books). ISBN 978-0-241-54747-2. Hardback.

References

1. ^ Gibson, Caitlin (16 March 2020). "Before Greta Thunberg was a global icon, she was a tormented child who refused to eat or speak". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020.

2. Sengupta, Somini (12 November 2019). "Greta Thunberg Sets Sail, Again, After Climate Talks Relocate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019.

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5. Watts, Jonathan (23 April 2019). "The Greta Thunberg effect: at last, MPs focus on climate change". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019.

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9. ^ "Greta Thunberg's father: 'She is happy, but I worry'". BBC News. 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019.

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11. ^ Olsson, Christer (20 May 2015). "Det har varit ett helvetiskt år" [It's been a hellish year]. Expressen (in Swedish). Stockholm. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019.

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13. ^ Thunberg, Greta (23 December 2018). "Teen activist on climate change: If we don't do anything right now, we're screwed" (Interview). Interviewed by Fareed Zakaria. CNN. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019 - via YouTube.

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15. ^ "Information Pack about the Optional Protocol to the Convention on theRights of the Child on a Communications Procedure (OP3 CRC)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2019.

16. ^ Laframboise, Kalina (27 September 2019). "'We will not be bystanders': Greta Thunberg tells hundreds of thousands at Montreal climate march". Global News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019.

17. ^ Harvey, Fiona (6 December 2019). "Greta Thunberg says school strikes have achieved nothing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019.

18. ^ Kaminski, Isabella (7 December 2019). "'We have achieved nothing': Greta Thunberg urges 'concrete action' during Madrid climate conference". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019.

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20. ^ "Greta Thunberg regresa a la escuela después de un año" [Greta Thunberg returns to school after more than a year]. Associated Press (in Spanish). 25 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021.

21. ^ Bo, Yacong; Guo, Cui; Lin, Changqing; Zeng, Yiqian; Li, Hao Bi; Zhang, Yumiao; Hossain, Md Shakhaoat; Chan, Jimmy W.M.; Yeung, David W.; Kwok, Kin On; Wong, Samuel Y.S.; Lau, Alexis K.H.; Lao, Xiang Qian (January 2021) [28 October 2020]. "Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in 190 countries from 23 January to 13 April 2020". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 102: 247-253. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.066. PMC 7598763. PMID 33129965.

22. ^ "Greta Thunberg: Activist calls on banks to stop funding climate 'destruction'". BBC News. 29 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

23. ^ Bryant, Miranda (10 November 2021). "Youth activists petition UN to declare 'systemwide climate emergency'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

24. ^ Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Sengupta, Somini (6 July 2022). "Europe Calls Gas and Nuclear Energy 'Green'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023.

25. Thunberg, Greta; Brannen, Peter [at Wikidata]; Shapiro, Beth; Kolbert, Elizabeth; Oppenheimer, Michael; Oreskes, Naomi; Rockström, Johan; Hayhoe, Katharine; Hausfather, Zeke; Samset, Bjørn H. [in Norwegian]; Ceppi, Paulo; Francis, Jennifer; Otto, Friederike; Marvel, Kate; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Pörtner, Hans-Otto [in German]; Kvale, Karin; Gleick, Peter H.; Gergis, Joëlle [at Wikidata]; Nobre, Carlos; Arieira, Julia; Nascimento, Nathália; Law, Beverly; Purvis, Andy [at Wikidata]; De Palma, Adriana; Goulson, Dave; Larson, Keith W.; Soong, Jennifer L.; Gustafsson, Örjan [in Swedish]; Edwards, Tamsin; Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Tedros; Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana M.; Shindell, Drew; Colón-González, Felipe J. [at Wikidata]; Brownstein, John; MacFadden, Derek; McGough, Sarah; Santillana, Mauricio [at Wikidata]; Myers, Samuel S.; Huq, Saleemul; Patterson, Jacqueline; Lustgarten, Abrahm; Taylor, Michael; Oumarou Ibrahim, Hindou; Labba, Elin Anna; Guajajara, Sonia; Hsiang, Solomon; Oki, Taikan [in Japanese]; Burke, Marshall; Linden, Eugene; Anderson, Kevin; Otto, Alexandra Urisman [in Swedish]; McKibben, Bill; Peters, Glen [in German]; Erb, Karl-Heinz [at Wikidata]; Gingrich, Simone; Hällström, Niclas; Stephens, Jennie C.; Stoddard, Isak; Jackson, Rob [at Wikidata]; Popp, Alexander; Clark, Michael; Vermeulen, Sonja; Barrett, John; Garvey, Alice; Joshi, Ketan [at Wikidata]; Larkin, Alice; Anable, Jillian; Brand, Christian; Lowrey, Annie; Berners-Lee, Mike; Kaza, Silpa; Schrank, Nina; Stern, Nicholas; Narain, Sunita; Hickel, Jason; Ghosh, Amitav; Capstick, Stuart; Whitmarsh, Lorraine; Raworth, Kate; Stoknes, Per Espen; Eshel, Gidon; Elizabeth Johnson, Ayana; Monbiot, George; Wrigley, Rebecca; Atwood, Margaret; Chenoweth, Erica; Mann, Michael E.; Klein, Seth [at Wikidata]; Wallace-Wells, David; Klein, Naomi; Becker, Nicki; Ravi, Disha Annappa; Nakabuye, Hilda Flavia; Muñoz, Laura Verónica; Shikongo, Ina Maria; Siddiqa, Ayisha; Tan, Mitzi Jonelle; Mathai, Wanjira; Chancel, Lucas; Piketty, Thomas; Táíwò, Olúfẹ́mi O.; Kimmerer, Robin Wall; Hawkins, Ed (28 October 2022). Thunberg, Greta (ed.). The Climate Book (1 ed.). London, UK: allen lane / Penguin Books / Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-241-54747-2. OCLC 1338161907. (2+18+446+2 pages) (NB. The cover features the Warming stripes by Ed Hawkins. For space reasons references are not included in the printed book, but can be found online at: https://theclimatebook.org Archived 21 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.)

26. ^ Giordano, Elena (9 September 2024). "Greta Thunberg carried away by police at pro-Palestine demonstration, again". Politico.

27. ^ ""As part of her visit to Armenia, we had the opportunity to host activist Greta Thunberg."". 19 November 2024.

28. ^ Oroschakoff, Kalina (16 April 2019). "Climate icon Greta Thunberg finds that political change is 'complicated'". Politico. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019.

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30. ^ "'It's an existential crisis. Listen to scientists'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.

31. ^ Zulianello, Mattia; Ceccobelli, Diego (2020). "Don't Call it Climate Populism: on Greta Thunberg's Technocratic Ecocentrism". The Political Quarterly. 91 (3): 623-631. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12858. S2CID 219919296. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021.

32. Briand F. 2012. Making research count in marine governance - The communication challenge. CIESM Marine Policy Series no 3, 36 p. ISSN 2306-4897 ^ https://www.ciesm.org/FBriand_comm&governance.pdf

33. ^ "Climate campaigners 'greatest threat' to oil sector: OPEC". Agence France-Presse. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.

34. ^ Multiple sources:

35. ^ "Greta Thunberg mocks Trump's election rage: 'Chill, Donald, chill!'". Global News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021.

36. ^ Multiple sources:

37. ^

38. ^ Vaughan, Adam (18 December 2019). "The Year the World Woke up to Climate Change". New Scientist. Vol. 244, no. 3261/62. pp. 20-21. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019.

39. ^ Sabherwal, Anandita; Ballew, Matthew T.; Linden, Sander van der; Gustafson, Abel; Goldberg, Matthew H.; Maibach, Edward W.; Kotcher, John E.; Swim, Janet K.; Rosenthal, Seth A.; Leiserowitz, Anthony (2021). "The Greta Thunberg Effect: Familiarity with Greta Thunberg predicts intentions to engage in climate activism in the United States". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 51 (4): 321-333. doi:10.1111/jasp.12737. ISSN 1559-1816.

40. ^ Tucker, Zoë (November 2019). Greta and the Giants: inspired by Greta Thunberg's stand to save the world. Frances Lincoln Children's Books. ISBN 978-0711253773. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021.

41. Cyranoski, David; Gaind, Nisha; Gibney, Elizabeth; Masood, Ehsan; Maxmen, Amy; Reardon, Sara; Schiermeier, Quirin; Tollefson, Jeff; Witze, Alexandra (2019). "Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2019". Nature. 576 (7787): 361-372. Bibcode:2019Natur.576..361C. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03749-0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31848484.

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Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡrêːtaˈtʉ̂ːnbærj] TOON-berry ; born 3 January 2003) is a Swedish environmental activist known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action to mitigate the effects of human-caused climate change. Born in Stockholm, Thunberg's climate activism began when she persuaded her parents to adopt lifestyle choices that reduced her family's carbon footprint.

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On today's farms, animals used for food are crammed by the thousands into filthy, windowless sheds or stuffed into wire cages, metal crates, and other torturous devices. Billions of fish-along with "nontarget" animals, including sharks, sea turtles, birds, seals, and whales-are caught each year by the commercial fishing industry. Animals used for food will never raise their families, root around in the soil, build nests, or do anything else that's natural and important to them. Most won't even feel the warmth of the sun on their backs or breathe fresh air until the day they're loaded onto trucks headed for slaughterhouses.

PETA Is at the Forefront of Stopping the Abuse of Animals Used for Food

PETA and our millions of supporters around the world know that animals aren't ours to use for food-they're unique, feeling individuals with their own wants and needs. That's why we work behind the scenes with companies to get delicious vegan options added at restaurants across the country, among other efforts.

Our hard-hitting campaigns and eye-opening investigations show people the reality of using animals for food. For decades, PETA's ads, articles, and bold protests have revealed the horrors that the meat and dairy industries try so hard to hide-and the public can't help but take notice.
PETA's Victories for Animals Used for Food

How Many Animals Are Killed for Food Every Year?

More than 29 million cows suffer and die in the meat and dairy industries every year.

In the U.S., approximately 9 billion chickens are killed for their flesh each year and 305 million hens are used for their eggs.

Of the millions of pigs killed every year for food, more than 1 million die annually just during transport to the slaughterhouse, and at least 40,000 have sustained injuries by the time they arrive.

An estimated 245 million turkeys are raised and killed for their flesh every year in the U.S. More than 46 million of them are killed each year at Thanksgiving alone, and more than 22 million die at Christmas.

More than 31 million ducks are killed each year for their flesh and for cruelly obtained foie gras.

More fish are killed for food each year than all other animals combined, as tens of billions of fish and shellfish are slaughtered annually.

What Is 'Factory Farming'?

The overwhelming majority of animal-derived foods sold in the U.S. today-including meat, eggs, milk, and cheese-come from large-scale, industrialized farms known as "concentrated animal-feeding operations." On these " factory farms," animals are packed in as tightly as possible to maximize output and profit, even though this causes many to die from disease or infection before being sent to the slaughterhouse.

According to an analysis by the Sentience Institute, 99% of animals used for food in the U.S. are living on factory farms.

Animals Used for Food Endure Constant Fear and Torment

They're often given so little space that they can't even turn around or lie down comfortably. Egg-laying hens are kept in small cages, chickens and pigs are kept in jam-packed sheds, and cows are kept on crowded, filthy feedlots.

Animals endure mutilations such as debeaking, dehorning, and castration without painkillers.

Most farmed animals have been genetically manipulated to grow larger or to produce more milk or eggs than they naturally would. Some chickens grow so large that their legs cannot support their outsized bodies, and they suffer from starvation or dehydration when they can't walk to reach food and water.

Many fish on aquafarms suffer from parasitic infections, diseases, and debilitating injuries. Conditions on some farms are so horrendous that millions of fish die before farmers can kill and package them for food.

In the foie gras industry, pipes or tubes are shoved down the throats of ducks and geese three times daily so that 4 pounds of grain can be pumped into their stomachs to produce the diseased "fatty liver" that some diners consider a delicacy.

Babies are torn away from the sides of their loving mothers, and the nourishment that the mothers long to provide their offspring is instead shipped off for human consumption.

What About Animals on 'Humane' Farms?

Animals on organic and "free-range" farms often endure the same cruel mutilations as those on other farms. At the end of their miserable lives, these animals are typically shipped on trucks to the same slaughterhouses used by massive factory farms.

Remember: "Organic," "natural," "humane," "pasture-raised," "grass-fed," and "free-range" are just labels. The meat, eggs, and milk stamped with them are filled with the same artery-clogging saturated fat and cholesterol as all other animal-derived foods. These labels represent little more than efforts to make consumers feel better-they often mean little to nothing for the animals involved. The only truly humane foods are vegan ones.

How Animals Used for Food Are Killed

When their bodies wear out from producing milk or eggs, animals raised for food are crowded onto trucks and transported for miles through all weather extremes, typically without food or water. At the slaughterhouse, the throats of those who survived the transport are slit, often while they're still conscious. Many remain alert when they're plunged into the scalding-hot water of the defeathering or hair-removal tanks. Some are even still awake while their bodies are being skinned or hacked apart. Most animals killed for food are practically babies, slaughtered after just a few months-far short of their natural life expectancy.

The Perks of Going Vegan

Going vegan is also good for your health. There is no nutritional need for humans to eat any animal product. All our dietary needs-even as infants and children-are best supplied by a meatless diet. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics notes that eating plant-based foods reduces the risk of suffering from many chronic degenerative diseases and conditions, including heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.

Raising animals for food requires massive amounts of resources. Two-thirds of all agricultural land in the U.S. is used to raise animals for food or to grow grain to feed them. Chickens, pigs, cattle, and other animals raised for food are the primary consumers of water in the U.S.: A single pig consumes 21 gallons of drinking water per day, while a cow on a dairy farm drinks as much as 50 gallons daily. Farms produce billions of pounds of manure daily, which ends up in lakes, rivers, and even drinking water.

You Can Help Animals Used for Food

With so many great vegan options, eating green has never been more delicious. Whether you go vegan for animals, the environment, or your health, you have the power to change the world, simply by changing what's on your plate.

We have all the free resources you'll need to get started, including the following:

Order a vegan starter kit

Check out this vegan meal plan for inspiration

Take action to get more vegan options added at chain restaurants

Share this page with your friends, family, and social media followers. Let them know how easy it is to start making a difference for animals used for food today!

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Cows, Chickens, Fish, and Other Animals Used for Food | PETA

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On today's farms, animals used for food are crammed by the thousands into filthy, windowless sheds or stuffed into wire cages, metal crates, and other torturous devices. Billions of fish-along with "nontarget" animals, including sharks, sea turtles, birds, seals, and whales-are caught each year by the commercial fishing industry.

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engl6 - environment - cl - What is the Real Cost of That Dress - january 2019

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A garbage patch is a gyre of marine debris particles caused by the effects of ocean currents and increasing plastic pollution by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris, cause ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of oceanic gyres where currents are weakest. Garbage patches grow because of widespread loss of plastic from human trash collection systems.

The United Nations Environmental Program estimated that "for every square mile of ocean" there are about "46,000 pieces of plastic." The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh, largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans." Asia was the leading source of mismanaged plastic waste, with China alone accounting for 2.4 million metric tons.

The best known of these is the Great Pacific garbage patch which has the highest density of marine debris and plastic. Other identified patches include the North Atlantic garbage patch between North America and Africa, the South Atlantic garbage patch located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the South Pacific garbage patch located west of South America, and the Indian Ocean garbage patch found east of south Africa listed in order of decreasing size. In the Pacific Gyre, specifically 20°N-40°N latitude, large bodies with floating marine debris can be found. Models of wind patterns and ocean currents indicate that the plastic waste in the northern Pacific is particularly dense where the Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ), meets a southwest-northeast line, found north of the Hawaiian archipelago.

In the Pacific, there are two mass buildups: the western garbage patch and the eastern garbage patch, the former off the coast of Japan and the latter between Hawaii and California. The two garbage patches are both part of the great Pacific garbage patch, and are connected through a section of plastic debris off the northern coast of the Hawaiian islands. These garbage patches contain 90 million tonnes (100 million short tons) of debris. The waste is not compact, and although most of it is near the surface of the pacific, it can be found up to more than 30 metres (100 ft) deep in the water.

2017 research reported "the highest density of plastic rubbish anywhere in the world" on remote and uninhabited Henderson Island in South Pacific as a result of the South Pacific Gyre. The beaches contain an estimated 37.7 million items of debris together weighing 17.6 tonnes. In a study transect on North Beach, each day 17 to 268 new items washed up on a 10-metre section.

Identified patches

In 2014, there were five areas across all the oceans where the majority of plastic concentrated. Researchers collected a total of 3070 samples across the world to identify hot spots of surface level plastic pollution. The pattern of distribution closely mirrored models of oceanic currents with the North Pacific Gyre, or Great Pacific Garbage Patch, being the highest density of plastic accumulation. The other four garbage patches include the North Atlantic garbage patch between the North America and Africa, the South Atlantic garbage patch located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the South Pacific garbage patch located west of South America, and the Indian Ocean garbage patch found east of south Africa.

Environmental issues

References

1. ^ Maser, Chris (2014). Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective. CRC Press. pp. 147-48. ISBN 978-1482226393.

2. ^ Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015). "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" (PDF). Science. 347 (6223): 769. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..768J. doi:10.1126/science.1260352. PMID 25678662. S2CID 206562155.

3. ^ Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017). "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (21): 12246-12253. Bibcode:2017EnST...5112246S. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368. PMID 29019247. The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88-95% of the global load into the sea

4. ^ Harald Franzen (30 November 2017). "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers". Deutsche Welle. It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).

5. ^ Robert Lee Hotz (13 February 2015). "Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015.

6. ^ Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra; García-de-Lomas, Juan; Ruiz, Andrea; Fernández-de-Puelles, María L. (2014-07-15). "Plastic debris in the open ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (28): 10239-10244. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110239C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314705111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC . PMID 24982135.

7. ^ "Marine Debris in the North Pacific A Summary of Existing Information and Identification of Data Gaps" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. 24 July 2015.

8. ^ Lavers, Jennifer L.; Bond, Alexander L. (2017). "Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world's most remote and pristine islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (23): 6052-55. doi:10.1073/pnas.1619818114. PMC . PMID 28507128.

9. ^ Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra; García-de-Lomas, Juan; Ruiz, Andrea; Fernández-de-Puelles, María L. (2014-07-15). "Plastic debris in the open ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (28): 10239-10244. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110239C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314705111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC . PMID 24982135.

10. ^ See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch. A general overview is provided in Dautel, Susan L. "Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch", 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 181 (2007).

11. ^ Philp, Richard B. (2013). Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1466567214.

12. ^ Albeck-Ripka, Livia (22 March 2018). "The 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' Is Ballooning, 87,000,000,000 Tons of Plastic and Counting". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.

13. ^ Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A. (22 March 2018). "Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 4666. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.4666L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC . PMID 29568057.

14. ^ Maser, Chris (2014). Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective. CRC Press. pp. 147-48. ISBN 978-1482226393.

15. ^ "Congress acts to clean up the ocean - A garbage patch in the Pacific is at least triple the size of Texas, but some estimates put it larger than the continental United States". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008.

16. ^ "Great Pacific garbage patch: Plastic turning vast area of ocean into ecological nightmare". Santa Barbara News-Press. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015.

17. ^ Lovett, Richard A. (2 March 2010). "Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society.

18. ^ Barry, Carolyn (20 August 2009). "Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All And Fast". National Geographic Society.

19. ^ First Voyage to South Atlantic Pollution Site SustainableBusiness.com News

20. ^ Opinion: Islands are 'natural nets' for plastic-choked seas Archived 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Marcus Eriksen for CNN, Petroleum, CNN Tech 24 June 2010

21. ^ Our Ocean Backyard: Exploring plastic seas Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Dan Haifley, 15 May 2010, Santa Cruz Sentinel

22. ^ Moore, Charles (November 2003). "Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere". Natural History Magazine. Archived from the original on 2009-07-06.

23. ^ Sesini, Marzia (August 2011). "The Garbage Patch In The Oceans: The Problem And Possible Solutions" (PDF). Columbia University.

24. ^ Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, Susan L. Dautel, 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 181 (2009)

25. ^ Carpenter, E.J.; Smith, K.L. (1972). "Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface, in Science". Science. 175 (4027): 1240-1241. doi:10.1126/science.175.4027.1240. PMID 5061243.

26. ^ "Scientists find giant plastic rubbish dump floating in the Atlantic". Perthnow.com.au. 26 February 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012.

27. ^ Sigler, Michelle (2014-10-18). "The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 225 (11): 2184. doi:10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6. ISSN 1573-2932.

28. ^ "The garbage patch territory turns into a new state - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". unesco.org.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A garbage patch is a gyre of marine debris particles caused by the effects of ocean currents and increasing plastic pollution by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris, cause ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

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HOW AND WHY DID THE IDEA OF CREATING PLOGGING IN SWEDEN COME ABOUT?

Sweden just gets dirtier and dirtier. Every day there are 2.7 million cigarette butts on our streets from a population of 10 million. For several years I have tried to change a behavior that I think is a sign of a dysfunctional society without respect for each other and earth, namely, littering.

When I moved back to Stockholm after living for 20 years in Åre, a small ski-community in northern Sweden, I realized just how dirty Stockholm had become. During my daily cycling trip from Nacka to work at Östermalm I was shocked by the amount of junk there was in nature. The same debris could remain in the road for several weeks without anyone picking it up, so I started picking it up. It felt good in the heart to clean up a small place.

Plogga (or plogging) is the basis of a collective name where we want to change the setting and get everyone to become "Proud litter pickers".

One does not necessarily have to run or jog - plogging can be done walking down the street, on the golf course, biking, paddle boarding, swimming or wherever you are

Read the full interview

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Sweden just gets dirtier and dirtier. Every day there are 2.7 million cigarette butts on our streets from a population of 10 million. For several years I have tried to change a behavior that I think is a sign of a dysfunctional society without respect for each other and earth, namely, littering.

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The Planetary Health Diet

The planetary health diet is flexible by providing guidelines to ranges of different food groups that together constitute an optimal diet for human health and environmental sustainability. It emphasizes a plant-forward diet where whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes comprise a greater proportion of foods consumed. Meat and dairy constitute important parts of the diet but in significantly smaller proportions than whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes.

In addition to the targets set within each section, the dietary targets also suggest that the average adult requires 2500 kcal per day. While this amount will vary based on age, gender, activity levels and health profiles, overconsumption is a waste of food with both health and environmental costs.

Science-Based

The EAT- Lancet Commission's scientific targets for healthy diets allow for individuals to prepare and consume meals in the total amount, composition and proportions that fit within the ranges of different food groups. The dietary pattern allows for flexible application of these criteria with room to tailor foods and amounts to the different preferences and contexts to reduce the risk of poor diets and environmental degradation.

EAT-Lancet Explained

Co-chairs of the EAT-Lancet Commission, Prof. Johan Röckstrøm and Prof. Walter Willett take you through the groundbreaking report.

Read article "EAT-Lancet Explained"

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The EAT-Lancet Commission presents a global planetary health diet that is healthy for both people and planet. Discover the report's key takeaways and specific actions that we all can take to contribute to the Great Food Transformation.

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Collapsologie : notre monde va t-il changer ou disparaître ?

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Réchauffement climatique, extinction de centaines de milliers d’espèces, pollutions globales, guerres de l’eau et…

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Blog How to eat less dairy as a climate-conscious cheese lover Blog Why the benefits of seasonal food can’t be measured in CO2 Blog Eating sustainably on a budget: is it possible? Blog Why palm oil is not as bad as its reputation Blog How to make sustainable choices at the supermarket Video Is it possible…