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Doctors sometimes believe that black people can withstand pain more than white people. They believe that black people have thicker skin.

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During the pandemic and especially right at the very beginning black people were the biggest group of victims that were dying in hospitals.

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Covid vaccine hesitancy amongst ethnic groups 

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Covid vaccine hesitancy amongst ethnic groups 

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https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/372/bmj.n513.full.pdf

Trust is eroded by systemic racism and discrimination,10 previous unethical healthcare research in black populations,13 under-representation of minorities in health research and vaccine trials,9 and negative experiences within a culturally insensitive healthcare system

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Medical Apartheid ( Book)
The word iatrophobia is used to label Black peoples fear of medicine and healthcare 

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The word iatrophobia is used to label Black peoples fear of medicine and healthcare professionals due the health disparities and maltreatment of ethnic minorities throughout the history of medicine

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Black people more likely to be prescribed anti-psychotic drugs than offered talking therapies compared to white counterparts

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Aboriginals face stereotypes from the healthcare professionals (such as wanting drugs, being drunks) which lead to them recieivng poor treatment or no treatment at all. This lead to some participants not wanting to seek healthcare

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The term ‘race’ has no biological basis but continues to operate within a social-political context (Smedley & Smedley, 2005).

Race is utilised within society to enable racial inequality and racism.

As described by Robin Deangelo in her book “White Fragility”,

“When a racial groups collective prejudice is backed by the power of legal authority, and institutional control, it is transformed into racism, a far reaching system that functions independently from the intentions or self-images of individual actors.”

It is a structure, not an event.

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Patients are treated in accordance with the cultural beliefs of the healthcare staff and system, not their own. Patients shouldn't all be treated the same, they should all be treated the way they want to be treated.

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This is an action based on prejudice. People may be discriminated on the basis of race, gender, age or sexual orientation, as well as other categories. It is against the UK law to discriminate against someone of the basis of a protective characteristic. Take a look at more information here. https://www.gov.uk/discrimination-your-rights

Such actions may include violence, slander, threats, exclusion or ignoring. It can also be more subtle than this and therefore harder to detect. It can be a heightened feeling of being treated differently, or conversely a worry about being around certain groups causing you to act or think differently

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I have found a lot of research surrounding  contraceptive method choices in women. Lots of black women especially are given less formal advice from doctors and therefore are more likely to select short acting contraceptives (condoms) over longer methods such as the pill. Shows that there is a gap between the methods/information provided to white women and black or minority women by medical professionals

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Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group. For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender etc. (e.g. sexist).

Prejudices tend to be shared amongst people in the same culture as us, as we all absorb the same messages and are based on little or no experience.

All humans have prejudice, and they are there to allow us to make sense of how our social group and another social group fit together. People who say they are not prejudice are showing a lack of self awareness. We are socialised into believing prejudices are bad or wrong, and therefore, often deny their existence. So instead of reflecting on them and potentially changing them, we defend our character and so as to avoid shame.

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Black women are less likely to receive the treatment they need and deserve because healthcare professionals predetermine that they're strong enough or are able to just push through it (based on racial steryotypes)

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Black women are less likely to receive the treatment they need and deserve because healthcare professionals predetermine that they're strong enough or are able to just push through it (based on racial steryotypes)

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Poor treatment provision for illnesses which affect BAME people more than white people (e.g. Sickle Cell Disease which is more common in Black people)

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https://www.concrete-online.co.uk/the-dangerous-lack-of-diversity-in-science-and-medicine-textbooks/

This is the link to the article I found highlighting the lack of diversity within science and medical text books

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the increasing use of PPE during the pandemic creates communication barriers, especially to individuals who don't speak English as a first language.

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More BAME NHS workers have died from covid than any other ethnicity - shows that even in the healthcare system there is difficulty accessing appropriate and timely care

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There is a lot of stigmatisation of mental health among black peers so health care services need to do more to encourage and destigmatize these individuals seeking help and support

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There is a lot of stigmatisation of mental health among black peers so health care services need to do more to encourage and destigmatize these individuals seeking help and support

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A Black man who was experiencing sepsis phoned 999 from his hospital bed just last week as he wasn’t receiving the care he needed (he was refused oxygen). This should have been prevented but the healthcare staff did not recognise that his symptoms which were due to his sickle cell disease. This is a recent, clear example highlighting the disparities amongst healthcare for BAME individuals and white people

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BAME service users are often underrepresented in primary mental health care services and often have worse mental health outcomes. BAME service users are also overrepresented in secondary mental healthcare services (Naz et al.,2019)

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Health disparities in COVID deaths , show high disproportion of BAME deaths. Yet the government has just released a 'race report 'paper saying there's no racial inequalities in the UK. I think will be further damaging to healthcare quality/access for racial minorities as it fails to address and sort out the issue.

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People from BAME communities sometimes don't fully understand mental health conditions and do not know how to access treatment or where to seek treatment (Loewenthal et al, 2011)

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First generation immigrants may lack knowledge of how the healthcare system in their new country works.

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A systematic review of BAME females experiences of perinatal mental health conditions and services in Europe

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A systematic review of BAME females experiences of perinatal mental health conditions and services in Europe

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-Highlighted a lack of awareness about mental ill health - e.g., some cultures didn't have a word for depression and thought it was culturally unacceptable to talk about depression.
-Many women felt socially isolated
-Many women not aware of the support available
-Some women fearful of accessing services and wanted to avoid services that were facilitated by people not from the same ethnic background
- Women found that the attitude of healthcare providers often presented a barrier to accessing support as providers were perceived to be too busy
- women found services to be culturally insensitive