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Photosynthesis turns energy from the sun into chemical energy. "Photosynthesis fuels ecosystems and replenishes the Earth's atmosphere with oxygen"(AP Bio Lap 2). It is a redox reaction because H₂O is oxidized and CO₂ is reduced, It is also endergonic. Photosynthesis is split into two stages: light dependent and light independent. During light dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membrane, NADPH and ATP are produced. In photosynthesis oxygen is produced during the linear electron flow during light reactions. During the light independent reactions, which occur in the stroma and is also called the Calvin Cycle, sugar is formed from CO₂ by using the products from the light dependent reactions.

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6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O + Light energy→C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ + 6 H₂O

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For this lap one will use the information obtained from photosynthesis to calculate the rate of photosynthesis for leaf chads in CO₂ water. They will do this by sinking 10 leaf chads to the bottom of a beaker of CO₂ water. Then one will shine light on the beaker. Oxygen will accumulate in the leaf chads and they will rise to the top of the beaker. While the leaf chads are undergoing photosynthesis, one will record the time it take for the chads to reach the top of the beaker. This will me one's constant.
The next step in this experiment is to repeat the  steps, but exchange the room temperature CO₂ water for CO₂ water placed in the 45°C  hot water bath.

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If the temperature of the CO₂ water is increased, then the rate of photosynthesis will increase because molecules work faster

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The controls and constants of the experiment are the: number of leaf chads, amount of solution, type of leaf, and distance from the light.

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My group's hypothesis was that "If the temperature of the CO₂ water is increased, then the rate of photosynthesis will increase because molecules work faster ". The hypothesis can be accepted because the leaf chads in °C CO₂ water undergo photosynthesis at a faster rate than the leaf chads in room temperature CO₂ water.

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The heated CO₂ water has a 83% increased rate as compared to the room temperature water because molecules move at a faster rate when temperature is increased. Although this is true, if the temperature of the CO₂ were too high then the protein in the pigments of the leafs would denature,therefore ceasing photosynthesis. Fortunately, the leaf chads did not denature during this experiment.

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One error that could have been made during this experiment is starting the experiment before allowing the heated CO₂ water to reach 45°C. This would cause the leaf chad to undergo photosynthesis slower than it should, therefore muddling the data. Another error is impairing the leaf chads. By doing this the proteins in the pigments of the chads will take longer to undergo photosynthesis.

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A way to improve this experiment is by performing it at least ten times. By doing this one can obtain a more accurate result. Another way to improve this experiment is by keeping the leaves in a dark and cold area when one is not using them. If the leaves are left out in a sunny area they may begin to undergo photosynthesis before the experiment had begun, ergo ruining the experiment.

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The independent variable was the heat of the CO₂ water. The dependent variable was the time it takes for the leaf chads to undergo photosynthesis.

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The ET⁵⁰ in the constant experiment was higher than the ET⁵⁰ in the experiment of 45°C CO₂  water. This is because the leaf chads performed photosynthesis faster than the constant experiment. The average ET⁵⁰ in the experiment of 45°C CO₂ was 2 minutes 15 seconds.