# data[].attributes.body
During this week, we had 3minute thesis presentation. Only 11 persons presented on 4 December. At the end of class, Dr. Adelene gave some adviced to us not to depend on memorized the text but we need to understand and tell the story based on our understanding and words. I hope that I will do as Dr. Adelene said and practicing it  and there was no physiology class on thursday.  On thusday, we had bacteriology class with Dr. Suriana and on that day, we a bit shocked because there was a online quiz on the topic photosynthetic bacteria that we have learned last week and  it takes 5% . After that, we continued our lectures on cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are also known as Blue Green Algae. They are Gram positive prokaryotes. They are photosynthetic and have pigments like chlorophyll a, carotenoids, along with phycobilins. They have autotrophic mode of nutrition. They have thrived in almost every environment like hot springs, salt marshes, and moist soils. They are one of the earliest colonizers. They can be unicellular, filamentous or occur in colonies. The filament has mucin covering. There are no flagella for locomotion of bacteria. Their cells are larger than normal bacterial cells. Their cell wall is multi layered. It includes peptidoglycan and there are photosynthetic pigments in outer part of protoplast. Some of them lie freely in the cytoplasm. Mostly all the photosynthetic pigment are present except chlorophyll b. There are minute granules which are attached to the photosynthetic pigment and are referred as Phycobilisomes. It also contains photosynthetic pigments known as Phycobilins. On lab class, we were exposed to know how to handle gel electrophoresis and we can see the band which DNA move to its particular size as the light DNA will went down and heavy DNA will stay at above.

# data[].attributes.body
During this week, in physiology class, Dr. Adelene taught us about the topic of lipid metabolism. We continued the last week topic that we had stopped, catabolism of fatty acids. Fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl-CoA via a pathway called β-oxidation, because the oxidation occurs at β-carbon which was at carbon number 3 while in biosynthesis fatty acids not the reverse reaction of lipid catabolism (degradation) because there was different set of enzymes involved. We need to know phospholipid biosynthesis pathway, isoprenoid pathways and ergesterol biosynthesis pathway as well. In bacteriology class, we had presentation on topic applications in biotechnology. My group have to present about applications of bacteriology on pharmaceutical. Unluckily, not all group were presented on that time because there was a lack of times and the other group that have not presented, they must recorded the video based on their topic as replacement. The next class of bacteriology, we learned about photosynthetic bacteria. It was catogories as oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria contain light-harvesting pigments, absorb carbon dioxide, and release oxygen while anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen.  For lab classes, we need to do the experiment of the extraction of DNA using electrophoresis. This experiment quite interesting because it was important to obtain the DNA in a relatively purified form which can be used for further investigations. Below is the pathways that we have learned and the image of gel electrophoresis.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Catabolism and biosynthesis of fatty acids

# data[].attributes.body
During this week, we had microbial physiology and BBI test 2. On Tuesday, we do not have the class but the replacement class on Wednesday. In the class Dr. Fairol discussed on the literature review based on the topics that each group got. My group is related to the application of microorganisms in pharmaceutical and we need to discuss the subtopic that will be inserted in the literature review. We were allowed to do it at lab computer to search the information and need to come back to the class after that. We need to show the draft of the literature review on next week. On Thursday, Dr. Adelene informed to us about 3 minutes talk which will be going on 4 December and she taught on the topic of lipid metabolism. In this topic we need to know the components and steps involved in lipid biosynthesis and catabolism. The classes of the lipid membrane are phospholipids which consist of two long non-polar hydrocarbon chains (hydrophobic) linked to a hydrophilic head group, glycolipids which consist of four components which are glycerol- a platform to which the fatty acids are attached, a phosphate and a side chain attached to the phosphate (-R) and glycerol which are  lipid based steroid with four linked hydrocarbon rings. On Thursday, we need to join the two classes of bacteriology and physiology because we need to cover the topic of photosynthesis as it was in the list of syllabus of both subjects. We should know the light reaction of photosynthesis (Hill reaction), and Calvin cycle in this topic. The differences between light-dependent reactions and The Calvin Cycle are:-

# data[].attributes.body
During this week, there were two test which were biomol and bacteriology. In bacteriology class we doing an exercise because we had examination on thursday. We need to form group and discussed it between the group members without referred to the lecture notes. After we were already finished answered the exercise, we need to discuss together the answer and each group must sent one group member to answer the subjective question. Our group quite performed because we got many correct. On Thurday, we had an exam and the question on the objective is quite confusing me. Alhamdulillah for the subjective question all went well.
In physiology class, we need to do an assignment that Dr. Su was given which was related to the topic of electron transport chain. In this assignment we need to do in a group and we can do anything apps or another way to present the this topic. After all of each group was accomplished their task, then uploaded it in the putrablast.  My group make a poster so that we can draw the pictures of electron transport chain and we can memorized the steps that involves in the ETC. This is the video that explained about ETC and the animation is quite easy to understand and simple.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cellular Respiration (Electron Transport Chain)

# data[].attributes.body
During week 8, we have to do the presentation for scl 2 of biomoles. It is about the role play regarding to the topic enzyme. All of my coursemates were struggled to prepare the presentation that was held at DKU in wednesday. In physiology class, all of us need to answer the questions in the group that was related to the topic of central pathways of carbohydrate metabolism that was prepared by Dr. Sue. The questions consists of 14 (Q&A) and 2 essays. After a few minutes, we discussed the answer together. In bacteriology class, we need to do 3 simple mind maps which according of the three topics that we have discovered, Gram negative aerobic bacteria, Gram negative anaerobic bacteria and Gram positive bacteria. Then we need to upload all mind maps to the padlet link that Dr. Fairol mentioned at the screen. Then, we went through out the note of gram positive bacteria in Thursday.  For the lab microbiology, as our group had the growth of the fungi, we need subcultured the fungi into the PDA and incubated it. After that, we have the talk with the demos. They commented about our lab reports and many mistake that we have made so we need to improve it. Actually , I am not statisfied with my marks but it is okay because may be I had many mistakes and I need to improve it. Then, they explain one by one about the lab reports. May be this is our first time to do full lab report for the microbiology lab so we were lacks of skill to do the lab report and it is a little bit different because we need to add citation in the lab report. I thought they should explained it more details to us earlier which was before our first lab report so that we can do well. Next time, I will do it better than before :) Thank you :)

# data[].attributes.body
During this week we were learned about gram negative anaerobic bacteria in bacteriology class. We were assigned to do proposal about this topic. Every group were given each topic to present. My group need to do Gram negative anaerobic bacteria which was the application of sulfate reducing bacteria. All of us need listed down the topics and then find the question that be related to the application. On thursday, we need to choose one topic that we wanted and group representatives need to present in front of class and explained the introduction of the topic, hypothesis and rough idea. This kind of activities were such selling the product. So, we need to convinced the people to interested in our product and need to present in excited way. My group choose the topic about bioaccumulation of gold by sulfate reducing bacteria cultured in the presence of gold (l) thiosulfate complex. I thought this was the interesting topic that we will study.

# data[].attributes.body
During this week, we were study about the central carbon metabolism which involves many pathways in this topic. Every pathway and steps we need to memorized as it in important in this topic. I remembered Dr. Su was showed us the glycolysis song and it was so fun. All of us, feel amused and laugh to watch the that song because they also dance on that song. This is the link of that song, haha https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWlK4ml_1dQ I already watch it until 3 times. The song make me to memorized that pathway. I think I should find another song for the another pathways to memorized, haha. I think this is the best way for me to study this topic.  Four stages of aerobic breakdown of glucose are, glycolysis , pyruvate oxidation, Krebs @ TCA cycle and ETC cycle. For bacteriology classes, we learn about gram negative aerobic bacteria which were more deeper than what we learn before. There were many genera that we were not familiar for example Zooglea under pseudomonas species, Beijerinckia, Derxia and Bradyrhizobium under nitogen-fixation bacteria. We were given the tasks by Dr. Fairol to find more information about the nitrogen-fixation bacteria. Every group have one bacteria and my group have to explain about Beijerinckia and we need to pronounced it. At the bottom,this is the figure of EMP pathways and the information of Beijerickia http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/biology/fackrell/Microbes/4170.htm

# data[].attributes.body
During this week, we were going to have 2 tests which are physiology and bacteriology. In physiology test, we had 40 objective questions,for short answer questions,we need to remember the definition and draw the structural cell if they are in the isotonic solution, hypotonic solution and hypertonic solution. In bacteriology test, there is a question which makes me confused. I confused between the differences the cell wall of the gram +ve bacteria and gram -ve bacteria and the differences between bacteria cell wall and archeal cell wall. The question is what are the chemical composition in the peptidoglycan ?
1)sugar backbone
2)glycan tetrapeptide side-chain
3)peptide cross-bridge

What are the differences between  gram +ve bacterial and gram -ve bacterial cell wall?

# data[].attributes.body
In this week, in the bacteriology class we learned about chemolithotrophs and methylotrophs.
Chemolithotrophs
4 groups:-
1)Nitrifying bacteria (nitrosofyers & nitifyers)
2)Sulfur oxidizers
-Thiobacillus - (unicellular sulfur / iron oxidizer)
-Thiomicrospira - (unicellular sulfur oxidizer)
-Thermothrix - (unicellular  sulfur oxidizer)
-Beggiatoa - (filamentous sulfur oxidizer)
-Thiothrix -  (filamentous sulfur oxidizer)
-Thioploca - (filamentous sulfur oxidizer)
-Sulfolobus - (an archeon)
3)Iron oxidizing bacteria
4)Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria
A)Carboxydobacteria (energy source:carbon monoxide)
B) Acetogenic bacteria (energy source:hydrogen)
Methylotrophs
-use one carbon organic compounds/compounds containing no carbon-carbon bonds as electron donors and carbon sources for growth.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The differences between Type l methanotrophs and T

# data[].attributes.body
In the microbial practical class, this week we had an experiment which were harvested NDV from allantoic fluid and haemagglutination assay.

Allantoic fluid from inoculated eggs will be harvested for three reasons.
1. To prepare I-2 Newcastle disease working seed or vaccine.
2. To use as antigen in the haemagglutination inhibition test.
3. To be tested for the presence or absence of Newcastle disease virus by the haemagglutination test. These results are then used to calculate the infectivity titre of a suspension of virus.

The hemagglutination assay is a method for titering influenza viruses based on their ability to attach to molecules present on the surface of red blood cells. A viral suspension may agglutinate the red blood cells, thus preventing them from settling out of suspension. By serially diluting a virus in a 96-well plate and adding a consistent amount of red blood cells, an estimation of the amount of virus present can be
made.
If sufficient antibody is present to agglutinate and form cross-linking with the antigen, the antibody-antigen complex forms a mat at the bottom of the well. If insufficient antibody is present, the cells roll down the sloping sides of the well to form a red pellet or "button" at the bottom of the well.

# data[].attributes.body
First of all, I want to share with all of you about what I have learned during this week 2. During this week, in bacteriology class we learned about the bacterial structure and functions and bacterial systematics. In this topic, we need to know the name of the structure in the bacterial cell and what's the role of each of them. Flagella are for the locomotion, pili is for adhering bacteria to surface and used in conjugation, the capsule is for protection, the plasma membrane is semipermeable so that essential substances and waste products can move in and out of the cell, the cytoplasm is to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules, the cell wall gives shape and rigidity to the cell, lipopolysaccharides are only present in gram negative bacteria while teichoic acid is present in gram positive bacteria. Ribosomes involved in protein synthesis while Inclusion involved in storing energy reserves or building blocks. Lastly, endospores is giving resistance to the structure. On the topic of bacterial systematics, basically we need to know about the bacteria which are prokaryotic DNA,bacterial reproduction, bacterial morphology, bacterial nutrition, controlling bacterial diseases and important of the bacteria.

# data[].attributes.body
Assalammualaikum and hi ...
For the first class of bacteriology, the first question that across in my mind is what are we going to learn in this course? I think it relates about the bacteria, but it is much deeper than from what we have learned before. I am very excited and really want to know and learn about this course because I feel that this course quite interesting. Firstly, Dr. Fairol gave us a brief about the subtopic that we are going to learn and we need to do a literature review with 3000 words for scl. Wow, I think this assignment quite challenging and also can give us many benefits as we can gain experience like to do the thesis in our final year. This assignment needs to form 8 groups. My group have choose pharmaceutical as our title of the literature review. The condition in this writing, we need to use our own words and no copy paste.