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They use the steps from the experimental design to research and create experiments to learn about the natural world

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Before learning the steps to experimental design, let's learn about how to set up the design and go through it correctly

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Our brain collects massive amounts of information everyday, constantly. The more information we retain can help us to go through and follow the scientific process

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Over the years all different kinds of scientist have developed complex patterns and rules to help us determine the outcome (conclusion or answer)

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It's goos to know a few things before going on to a full experiment.

Measurements, the true value of an actual object. With multiple retakes on experiments the results can differ each time. With little to slight differences, measurement errors can occur.

Even though the actual mass didn't change between the experiments. The differences are called error measurements

System errors happen when the error has a very specific causes the pattern.

Random error happens without any specific cause or patterns.

Accuracy and Precision

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Ask a few friends to see what they think! 

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Ask a few friends to see what they think! 

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So if you want to be that weird guy and ask all of your friends if they believe in aliens too? Go over the information collected and let everyone have a say. Call for a peer review!

Multiple people review and check the observations and that team filters out the authenticity of that information.

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Finding out information and details about the topic.
The more information you accumulate, the better understanding of the subject you are and being able to filter out a better outcome

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What are you going through the process for? What do you want to prove from this theory/problem?

Its the thing that you are stating and frames what you are going through to prove it.

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So when [your brain] is taking in all of this new information it needs to know to classify it right? When it is aware of the new information and confirms, it's know as Confirmation bias.

Countering bias is when you believe in something then you really believe it. Not influenced by personal opinions

(objectivity) all based on facts. "Pyramids are all over the world in different cultures" and then there is

(subjectivity) is based on opinions "The statues at Easter Island come from aliens"

OPPOSITES*

Inattentional (perceptual) blindness, thats a fun one. It happens when the brain is so focused on a certain task, it does not know what is going on when there is an unexpected stimulus in plain sight.

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Conducting series of test and trials to explain the outcome.

Now you have all of the information you need, you can set up to prove what you think is right. Or it can prove that you were wrong and after all of the test and trials you ended up with a different outcome and you have all of the evidence to show it.

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Coming up with a prediction.

Making up what you think is going to happen, or what you want the answer to be. And explain why you think it is going to be that answer. Add in some of the information you researched to back it up as well

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1. Purpose
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion

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Ptolemy - epicycle (starts move across the sky)

Copernicus - sun is in the center of the universe still used epicycle

Kepler - ellipses (not epicycle)

and Einstein - gravity put into the models (E=mc^2)

Models evolved over time and new information being presented then changing accuracy of models until the current one

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Go over and analyze the data from the experiment and try and prove or disprove your hypothesis from earlier.

Lay out all of the evidence you have from the experiment and show when where why and how it all happened.

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Compare and contrast and explain your answer with what you thought would happen and what really happened

Come up with your final answer and prove our disprove your hypothesis. Our come up with an answer you didn't think could be possible

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While the rest of the world uses the same metric system, the United States is the only one who uses a different system for measurements

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m x 10^n
number part x 10 raised power of n

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V = L x W x H
250,000 cm^3= 100cm x50cm x50cm

Convert Celcues to Kelvin
K = C + 273

Kilometers = 1.6 miles
Kilograms = 2.2 lbs
Centimeters 2.54 cm = 1 inch
Degrees (C) = 273.15 K

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"Measure the number of cars being passing a point on a road each day of the week"

Number of cars on the road depends on what day of the week it is. Not the day of the week doesn't depend on the number of cars.

Independent - not changed by observer x-axis

Dependent - the variable is manipulated by observer y axis

Controlled variables - are something that are held constant something that stays the same and never changes. *only change one variable at a time

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Important part of graphing is learning how to read it and know how each part works. And the relationships that come along with it

identifying independent and dependent variables on the x-axis and the y-axis

Move in opposite directions one increases and the other decreases
Direct correlation (positive)
Indirect correlation (negative)

the data collected cannot conclusively prove a cause and effect relationship between independent and dependent variables

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Positive control is something from the experiment that is measured and is expected to show a result

Negative control is the same thing as a positive control but, is expected to show no type of result

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Pounds = 453.59g / 1 lb

Feet 1ft = .305 M

Gallons = 3.79 L

Miles = 1.609 Km

Yards = 3ft

Ounces = 28.35 g

12 in = 1 ft

3 ft = 1 yrd

1760 = yd on a mile

16 oz = 1lb

Rest of the world

1000mL = 1 m

1000m = 1Km

1000g = 1 Kg

1000kg = 1 ton

Kilogram = mass

Meter = length

Second = time

Kelvin = temperature

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Compound light microscopes are basic standard pieces of equipment. Uses light to magnify, can only use 2D objects and also have to be thin enough for light to pass through

Stereoscopic light microscope still uses light like the compound microscope but is seen in 3D where the light doesn't pass through it bounces off and can be thick

Then there are electron microscopes that uses electrons to magnify an image at greater resolutions. Transmission Electron Microscopes can magnify up to 1,000,000x but has to be think and creates 2D images.
Scanning Electron Microscope can be thick samples and create 3D images

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Sinusoidal - a smooth change from one state to another (smooth wiggle wave)

Sigmoidal - a rapid rise from one level to another

Exponential - the most rapid growth rate without stopping Logarithmic - a rapid increase before reaching a plateau or limit (fast growth then levels off