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Panic disorders. intense thoughts when the next thing will happen.
Social anxiety disorders. blushing and sweating or rejected.
Signs and manifestation.  having trouble controlling your thoughts.
Medication. medication does  not cure Anxiety disorders but to cure it temporary  are beta-blockers and anti-anxiety drug but these drugs are very STRONG. these drugs help panic attacks and anxiety it self.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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by: Yesenia R. Pena

The part of the brain that's called hippocampus is connected with the memory, it also indirects to our mood and impulses. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that let the brain cells communicate and regulate mood. People who have bipolar disorder can take medications, support and can also stabilize their moods with actual treatment.
source: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/bipolar-disorder/helping-someone-with-bipolar-disorder.htm
symptoms: mood, swings, loss of interest
behavioral: crying, risk taking behaviors
source: www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-causes

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People: Therapist

Behavioral:”compulsive behavior, agitation, compulsive hoarding, hypervigilance, impulsivity, meaningless repetition of own words, repetitive movements, ritualistic behavior, social isolation, or persistent repetition of words or actions”

How it affects brain: It’s a serious miscommunication of the  different parts of the brain. Also the serotonin levels are lower in ocd patients.

https://prezi.com/tjj_ox6ekl88/how-does-ocd-and-anxiety-affect-the-body-and-brain/

https://prezi.com/efdstkjz0bpc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/

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ADHD is a medical condition that affects how well someone can sit still,focus,and pay attention.
Most adults with ADHD there nervous system are not overtly hyperactive. There hyperactive internally meaning in the body.These people have a shortage of attention.  Children with severe ADHD have smaller frontal lobes,temporal grey matters, caudate nucleus,and smaller cerebellum.
- By: Ximena Jimenez

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Panic Disorders. when your have unexpected thoughts. thoughts about when the next thing will happen. Social Anxiety

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Smartphones and Our Brains by Myangela Pruitt

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Smartphones and Our Brains by Myangela Pruitt

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Affects
There are three main effects smartphones have on humans:

1. Influences our sleeping schedule- If you use your device before you go to sleep there will be a decrease of melatonin levels which will cause it longer for you to fall asleep and experience less REM sleep

2. Makes us lazy thinkers- We don’t have to rely on our brains to memorize everything anymore since we have our devices to store whatever notes we need which results in our brains being lazy

3. Impairs our social skills- These days children are growing up with technology use, a lot more than is healthy and is interfering with their social development skills

Impacts on the Nervous System
When we use our phones right before bed the blue light emitting from those devices sends wavelengths of light to the cells in the back of our eyes. These cells send signals to the body’s circadian rhythms which controls our body’s sleep schedule. Blue light peaks in the morning so by using our phone at night the brain thinks it’s time to wake up and be active.
Treatments
The most obvious “treatment” for this is to unplug, stop using as much technology as we’re use to it. Start to learn information rather than relying on our smartphones to tell us all the answers. If we can’t completely unplug then at least stop using our devices right before bed to ensure we get the amount of sleep we need.
Sources
https://www.verywell.com/how-do-smartphones-affect-the-brain-2794892

https://www.realsimple.com/work-life/technology/smartphone-reliance-and-lazy-thinking

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Mental Disorder Autism

By: Yareli Lopez

The jobs that specialize with Autism are a special education teacher, applied behavior analyst, autism spectrum disorder specialist and a social worker. The symptoms for autism are inappropriate social interaction, poor eye contact, compulsive behavior, gestures, and facial expression. Other symptoms can be lack of interest in another people or in sharing interests or achievements. They unlikely to approach others or to talk, they also have difficulty understanding other people’s feelings, reaction and nonverbal cues, resistance to being touch. Also they have problems or fail to make friends with there own age. They delay and difficulties with speech, missing humor They also may present hyper-or-hypo reactive to sensory output. The affects areas for autism are the sensory and  synaptic function.

Resources:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160609134247.htm

https://www.helpguide.org/articles/autism-learning-disabilities/autism-spectrum-disorders.htm

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Lean

How to make lean.

Prescription-strength cough medicine.

Soft drinks.

Hard, fruit-flavored candy.- drugabuse.com

Any kind of jobs are people that help with drug addiction or possible brain damage due to this drug.

Symptoms are

Dizziness.

Blurred vision.

Nausea.

Memory problems. - drugabuse.com

How it affects the nervous system

Also, both codeine and promethazine HCl act as depressants of the central nervous system, producing sedating or calming effects. When abused, both codeine and DXM directly or indirectly cause a pleasurable increase in the amount of dopamine in the brain's reward pathway. -drugabuse.com

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Summary

This is a hard chapter. If there are any in this series of five chapters you might wish to skip, this would probably be it. The others lead more directly to implications for treatment. This chapter is for those people who would like to see with their own eyes what is going on in the brain of people with bipolar disorder that might be different from what is going on in those who do not have this condition.

The bottom line: psychiatry is making progress. Although it is hard to spot differences in the brain by doing simple tests like a CT scan, or even an MRI, there are now consistent differences which are being shown that confirm the working hunch about bipolar disorder - namely, that this is a condition in which emotions gain too much power over behavior. I know, is that not obvious? True, we already knew that just from experience, as you surely know as well. But what we can now see is at least a glimpse of the brain mechanisms by which this occurs: too much activity in emotional centers, and too little in the frontal lobes that are supposed to be able to inhibit action. Moreover, these differences are present even when no symptoms are present.

Link to Chapter 3 : The central role of the biological clock

Differences in size

First the good news: many of the differences in brain size which have been shown in many studies of patients with mood problems can be reversed at least in part with effective treatment. Second, the take-home message for now: growing evidence suggests that each episode of severe mood symptoms is associated with increases in these brain size differences, and therefore aggressive pursuit of good symptom control may be associated with preventing some of the brain changes that unfortunately seem to progress in at least some forms of bipolar disorder.

Although it has taken years to be certain, because not all studies have shown the same results, there is now fairly good agreement that the frontal cortex (which is associated with decision-making and controlling impulsive behavior) shrinks in size when bipolar disorder is allowed to progress. This is basically the same result which has been seen in severe forms of depression which remain untreated, as shown in my essay on frontal atrophy in depression.

Several studies have now shown that lithium appears to be capable of reversing this trend toward frontal atrophy (the studies are referenced in the essay on treatment effects in depression).

Differences in Function

People with bipolar disorder make mistakes when interpreting the expressions on people's faces, at least in an experimental setting. This has been shown several times, including in children, where the following results were obtained:

As you can see, given the pictures that were shown in this study, everybody makes mistakes and interpreting them, but people with bipolar disorder make those mistakes more often. Interestingly, their mistake rate was even greater than patients with anxiety disorders, who did not differ greatly from controls. When the faces shown exhibited more dramatic expressions, people with bipolar disorder made over twice as many mistakes as people without a mood or anxiety problem.

All of the above findings were seen even in children who were not symptomatic at the time of the study. In other words, this difficulty with facial expression recognition may be one of the more lasting, permanent parts of the illness, not a symptom. However, the error rate may be particularly evident during mania.

Interestingly, these mistakes in facial recognition appear to be reduced by treatment, at least with one of the standard treatment for bipolar disorder, lamotrigine.

Making quick decisions about emotional matters

If you aren't familiar with reading one of these pictures, and don't want to learn (not too tough, but maybe not necessary), the bottom line here is: people with bipolar disorder, even when they don't have any symptoms, don't seem to use the front part of their brain when making decisions under time pressure. In this particular task, at least, they were not using the part of the brain known to inhibit impulsive action (not as much as were the control subjects).

Researchers are homing in on regions of the brain which act differently in people with bipolar disorder compared to those without the illness. Evidence is growing quite strong that a region of the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex is underactive in people with bipolar disorder even when they are having no symptoms at all. However, to see this difference show up, the the brain image study must be done when participants are working on a task that requires making decisions quickly about something with an emotional overtone. In a recent study, a team from AustraliaLagopoulos found the following result:

The red region is the medial prefrontal cortex. You see here the portion of it which is more active during the task in people without bipolar disorder, compared to those with the illness (the task required a complex sorting of words, some of which had emotional implications). The blue/green region is the hippocampus, which was more active during the task in people with bipolar disorder.

The authors note that this region of the frontal cortex is thought to be important in being able to change one's behavior from a routine response to a new, flexible response based on circumstances. One of my patients to whom I showed this picture asked about her sense that she is no longer able to "multitask". She cannot rely on her brain to make choices between routine or flexible responses unless she really concentrates. She pointed out that people often take up the ability to multitask as a marker of intelligence; and unfortunately, the opposite as well: if you cannot multitask, you aren't "smart". Increasingly, this somewhat subtle cognitive impairment is being recognized as one of the unfortunate consequences of bipolar disorder.

Medications may make a difference, however, at least somewhat. In a study similar to the one shown above,Strakowski researchers compared patients who were not receiving medications with those who were. The following series of MRI slices shows regions of the brain which were more active in those taking medications. As you can see, a region of the brain similar to that emphasized above, the medial frontal cortex, became more active with treatment. Another region which changes substantially is the anterior cingulate gyrus, which has been shown in other studies to play a central role in emotion control.

In general the picture which seems to be developing here is that people with bipolar disorder are working harder with their emotional centers when doing basic thinking work, compared to those without the illness. This may be some form of compensation for decreased activity in more frontal regions of the brain.

The Upside of Bipolar Disorder

Isn't there some good news to go along with all this?

This is a popular line of thought, lately. Several authors have written recently about the benefits of hypomania (The Hypomanic Edge; Exuberance; The Bipolar Advantage; an article by a NY Times science writer). In general, these authors emphasize the high degree of productivity and creativity associated with bipolar-like traits. In the last chapter of my little miniseries here, you'll see a science-based speculation on how bipolar genes might lead to these very positive social outcomes.

Unfortunately, I fear that for many people with bipolar disorder, this line of thought is not going to help much, and could be harmful - if people look at this supposed benefit of bipolar disorder and wonder why they never saw any kind of benefits like that in their own lives. However, I must admit that one of the reasons why I have specialized in bipolar disorder is because it seems like nearly every single person with bipolar disorder I see is unusually creative or intelligent or charismatic or something. Quite a few have been really profoundly intelligent to the point where I have trouble keeping up with their minds.

Perhaps the following might serve as the metaphorical "other side" of the story in the images above:

Robert Schumann

To listen to some of his works, take this link to Wikipedia and scroll to the bottom of the page.

Link to Chapter 3 : The central role of the biological clock

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Chapter 2: Brain Differences in Bipolar Disorder

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Summary This is a hard chapter. If there are any in this series of five chapters you might wish to skip, this would probably be it. The others lead more directly to implications for treatment.

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By-Nelcy Ramirez
Drugs are some kind of chemicals that affect our brain by getting inside our communication system and interfering with the way neurons usually receive and send and process information to the br

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Introducing the Human Brain

The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. This three-pound mass of gray and white matter sits at the center of all human activity-you need it to drive a car, to enjoy a meal, to breathe, to create an artistic masterpiece, and to enjoy everyday activities. The brain regulates your body's basic functions, enables you to interpret and respond to everything you experience, and shapes your behavior. In short, your brain is you -everything you think and feel, and who you are.

How does the brain work?

The brain is often likened to an incredibly complex and intricate computer. Instead of electrical circuits on the silicon chips that control our electronic devices, the brain consists of billions of cells, called neurons, which are organized into circuits and networks. Each neuron acts as a switch controlling the flow of information. If a neuron receives enough signals from other neurons that it is connected to, it fires, sending its own signal on to other neurons in the circuit.

The brain is made up of many parts with interconnected circuits that all work together as a team. Different brain circuits are responsible for coordinating and performing specific functions. Networks of neurons send signals back and forth to each other and among different parts of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves in the rest of the body (the peripheral nervous system).

To send a message, a neuron releases a neurotransmitter into the gap (or synapse) between it and the next cell. The neurotransmitter crosses the synapse and attaches to receptors on the receiving neuron, like a key into a lock. This causes changes in the receiving cell. Other molecules called transporters recycle neurotransmitters (that is, bring them back into the neuron that released them), thereby limiting or shutting off the signal between neurons.

How do drugs work in the brain?

Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and process signals via neurotransmitters. Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter in the body. This allows the drugs to attach onto and activate the neurons. Although these drugs mimic the brain's own chemicals, they don't activate neurons in the same way as a natural neurotransmitter, and they lead to abnormal messages being sent through the network.

Other drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the neurons to release abnormally large amounts of natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals by interfering with transporters. This too amplifies or disrupts the normal communication between neurons.

What parts of the brain are affected by drug use?

Drugs can alter important brain areas that are necessary for life-sustaining functions and can drive the compulsive drug use that marks addiction. Brain areas affected by drug use include:

The basal ganglia, which play an important role in positive forms of motivation, including the pleasurable effects of healthy activities like eating, socializing, and sex, and are also involved in the formation of habits and routines. These areas form a key node of what is sometimes called the brain's "reward circuit." Drugs over-activate this circuit, producing the euphoria of the drug high. But with repeated exposure, the circuit adapts to the presence of the drug, diminishing its sensitivity and making it hard to feel pleasure from anything besides the drug.

The extended amygdala plays a role in stressful feelings like anxiety, irritability, and unease, which characterize withdrawal after the drug high fades and thus motivates the person to seek the drug again. This circuit becomes increasingly sensitive with increased drug use. Over time, a person with substance use disorder uses drugs to get temporary relief from this discomfort rather than to get high.

The prefrontal cortex powers the ability to think, plan, solve problems, make decisions, and exert self-control over impulses. This is also the last part of the brain to mature, making teens most vulnerable. Shifting balance between this circuit and the circuits of the basal ganglia and extended amygdala make a person with a substance use disorder seek the drug compulsively with reduced impulse control.

Some drugs like opioids also disrupt other parts of the brain, such as the brain stem, which controls basic functions critical to life, including heart rate, breathing, and sleeping. This interference explains why overdoses can cause depressed breathing and death.

How do drugs produce pleasure?

Simple activities in everyday life can produce small bursts of neurotransmitters in the brain bringing pleasurable feelings. Drugs can hijack that process.

Pleasure or euphoria-the high from drugs-is still poorly understood, but probably involves surges of chemical signaling compounds including the body's natural opioids (endorphins) and other neurotransmitters in parts of the basal ganglia (the reward circuit). When some drugs are taken, they can cause surges of these neurotransmitters much greater than the smaller bursts naturally produced in association with healthy rewards like eating, hearing or playing music, creative pursuits, or social interaction.

It was once thought that surges of the neurotransmitter dopamine produced by drugs directly caused the euphoria, but scientists now think dopamine has more to do with getting us to repeat pleasurable activities (reinforcement) than with producing pleasure directly.

How does dopamine reinforce drug use?

The feeling of pleasure is how a healthy brain identifies and reinforces beneficial behaviors, such as eating, socializing, and sex. Our brains are wired to increase the odds that we will repeat pleasurable activities. The neurotransmitter dopamine is central to this. Whenever the reward circuit is activated by a healthy,

pleasurable experience, a burst of dopamine signals that something important is happening that needs to be remembered. This dopamine signal causes changes in neural connectivity that make it easier to repeat the activity again and again without thinking about it, leading to the formation of habits.

Just as drugs produce intense euphoria, they also produce much larger surges of dopamine, powerfully reinforcing the connection between consumption of the drug, the resulting pleasure, and all the external cues linked to the experience. Large surges of dopamine "teach" the brain to seek drugs at the expense of other, healthier goals and activities.

Cues in a person's daily routine or environment that have become linked with drug use because of changes to the reward circuit can trigger uncontrollable cravings whenever the person is exposed to these cues, even if the drug itself is not available. This learned "reflex" can last a long time, even in people who haven't used drugs in many years. For example, people who have been drug free for a decade can experience cravings when returning to an old neighborhood or house where they used drugs. Like riding a bike, the brain remembers.

Why are drugs more addictive than natural rewards?

For the brain, the difference between normal rewards and drug rewards can be likened to the difference between someone whispering into your ear and someone shouting into a microphone. Just as we turn down the volume on a radio that is too loud, the brain of someone who misuses drugs adjusts by producing fewer neurotransmitters in the reward circuit, or by reducing the number of receptors that can receive signals. As a result, the person's ability to experience pleasure from naturally rewarding (i.e., reinforcing) activities is also reduced.

This is why a person who misuses drugs eventually feels flat, without motivation, lifeless, and/or depressed, and is unable to enjoy things that were previously pleasurable. Now, the person needs to keep taking drugs to experience even a normal level of reward-which only makes the problem worse, like a vicious cycle. Also, the person will often need to take larger amounts of the drug to produce the familiar high-an effect known as tolerance.

Long-term drug use impairs brain functioning.

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Drugs and the Brain | National Institute on Drug Abuse

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The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. This three-pound mass of gray and white matter sits at the center of all human activity-you need it to drive a car, to enjoy a meal, to breathe, to create an artistic masterpiece, and to enjoy everyday activities.

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Alcohol can be an abuse that cant get out of hand.The brain

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https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana

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They found that the brains of children with the condition were slightly smaller in five regions

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Tremiah Harvey

http://psycheducation.org/the-biologic-basis-of-bipolar-disorder/1035-2/

When you have bipolar disorder, studies show that in most people there frontal lobe changes.  When you get a MRI or  CAT scan it shows that the frontal lobe which is for decision making and controlling impulsive behavior shrinks.  This has the same result where they have seen severe depression which remain untreated. People with bipolar disorder often make mistakes interpreting others facial expressions. This disorder mainly messes with their body's internal clock.  It affects their sleeping and waking.  It can even affect their hunger, thirst and satisfaction.

http://www.oreilly.com/medical/bipolar/news/causes.html

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A concussion occurs when you it gets knocked or hit herd on the head and the brain it pushed on the skull and the outside of the brain gets bronze. fibers can permanently lose their ability to send signals and communicate with other brain cells. Second time injuries can be much worse. And it is hard to focus and you get headaches and you are sensitive too light.Head doctor. http://www.brainfacts.org/About-Neuroscience/Ask-an-Expert/Articles/2015/What-happens-in-the-brain-during-and-after-a-concussion

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by- ariday C.
Dyslexia occurs in children with normal vision and intelligence.

Symptoms include late talking, learning new words slowly, and a delay in learning to read.

Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized education program.

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By: Natalia G.
Symptoms: sad, lonely, lost, not enough sleep, crying, slowness in activity, thoughts of suicide, gain or lose weight, don't feel like eating, contently thinking.
Treatments: therapy

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by David Carrillo

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Caffeine and what it's doing to your body. 

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Caffeine and what it's doing to your body. 

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https://www.google.com/search?q=brain+on+caffeine&rlz=1CASMAE_enUS764US764&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj8I-UgcvWAhVErFQKHRYcCR4Q_AUICigB&biw=1024&bih=438&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=_ When we drink coffee, caffeine binds to our brain's adenosine receptors, preventing the chemical from binding with the receptors and making us tired. For those of us who regularly drink coffee in copious amounts, our brains develop more adenosine receptors, so it takes more coffee to keep us awake. There for the coffee that we drink is forcing us to stay awake and is using our reserve energy instead of letting us get the sleep that we actually do need to function.