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Nazis were planing on a march into a town with a great deal of holocaust survivors. town tried to stop march.  Supreme court said freedom of speech.

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A claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation.

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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Ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

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The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment.

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The Seventh Amendment, or Amendment VII of the United States Constitution is the section of the Bill of Rights that guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in the federal courts.

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Seditious speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government.

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In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial.

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Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.

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the Fifth Amendment guarantees the right to a grad jury, forbids “double jeopardy,” and protects against Self-incrimination.

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement.

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

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Right to bear arms.

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Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

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Supreme Court had to decide if states could give money to religious schools to hire teachers even if it was specified that the teachers couldn't teach religion.

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udicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this.

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The Free Exercise Clause is the accompanying clause with the establishment of the Constitution

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in U.S. constitutional law, refers to the default standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

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Provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys.

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“separate but equal”

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Believed that the time he spent in a free state ment he should be free.

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State law that bans abortion.

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United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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affirmative action refers to admission policies that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities.

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Literacy tests, along with poll taxes and extra-legal intimidation, were used to deny suffrage to African Americans.

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United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions.

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No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction.

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The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

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Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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Bakke decision [( bak -ee)] An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination.

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Reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).

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De jure segregation is separation enforced by law.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.

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Actions plus words.

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No person shall ... be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.

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The exclusionary rule is a legal rule, based on constitutional law, saying that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.