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My family has supported me my entire life and in return, I reciprocate that care and love.

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I am in my UoO because my first and utmost priority is to make sure I am doing alright. This consists of sleeping and eating properly, managing stress, etc

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My family friends are essentially like extended family since I see them so often and have known them all my life. I make sure my friends know that I am always there for them and help them when necessary.

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I make sure my friends know they can rely on me and am there for them if they need any sort of help or comfort.

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Values are instilled during childhood and each child deserves a safe and loving environment during their formative developmental years. I volunteer to tutor and create fun events for children of varying incomes and abilities to ensure a brighter future for even the neglected citizens of society.

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The kindergarten-readiness gap between low-income and high-income students has not closed in a generation, even though parents are more involved than ever in their children's education and state-funded pre-K, nutrition programs, and prenatal care are more accessible now than in the late 1990s.

That is the major finding of a new report by the Economic Policy Institute, in which researchers Emma Garcia and Elaine Weiss analyzed kindergarten readiness data for socioeconomic groups in 1998 and 2010 to see if gaps in academic readiness have shrunk over time. The researchers found that large gaps for both reading and math performance between kindergarteners of high and low socioeconomic status were nearly the same in 1998 and 2010 even though there are more anti-poverty programs than ever before.

The researchers said that means the effects of poverty are more difficult to alleviate than policymakers may think.

"There is only so much that even comprehensive, well-designed programs can do to mitigate the pressures and effects of disadvantage and low social class," said researcher Emma Garcia in a statement.
Related: New research finds "Magic 8" preschool practices
Although there is evidence that parental involvement and programs like high-quality pre-K can help close the achievement gap, the report suggests that health care and educational programs can not fully allay the effects of poverty. "While such activities as parental time spent with children and center-based pre-K programs cushion the negative consequences of growing up in a [low income] household, they can do only so much," wrote the authors. The stubbornness of the gaps is a "matter of serious concern," they said.

"There is only so much that even comprehensive, well-designed programs can do to mitigate the pressures and effects of disadvantage and low social class."

Economist Emma Garcia

Although communities may see benefits from offering comprehensive support, the researchers said "to really eliminate the inequalities that begin at the very start of children's life, we must tackle severe economic inequality head on." That means investing in social reforms outside of education, Garcia explained in an interview, including unemployment insurance, Social Security disability insurance, and cash assistance. "Education gaps are the results, the consequence, of a combination of factors...education policy and interventions, public policies, and even economic policies," she said.

The persistent kindergarten achievement gap may partly be explained by worsening conditions for low-income children, which may have canceled out any positive impacts of pre-K programs and community services. More than 84 percent of children in the lowest socioeconomic quintile of the federal data used for the study lived in poverty in 2010, compared to 71.3 percent in 1998. Nearly 55 percent of low-income children did not live with two parents in 2010, compared to 45.6 percent in 1998. Despite the growth in state-funded pre-K nationwide since 1998, low-income children were just as likely to be attending center-based prekindergarten in 1998 as in 2010. (Garcia said since then, prekindergarten offerings have most likely grown, but their data does not account for that).

Related: African-American boys who tell better stories as preschoolers may learn to read more quickly

One positive aspect of the findings is the increased involvement of low-income parents in their children's education. There was growth in the number of books at home for low-income children, as well as an increase in the number of activities parents reported participating in with their children.

"Lower social-class parents are actually doing more to prepare their children for school than ever before," said researcher Elaine Weiss in a statement. "But their efforts are simply not enough to counteract the ill effects of poverty and inequality, which have worsened, even as parental efforts and whole-child policies have increased."

That doesn't mean states should shy away from offering public preschool, summer enrichment programs, or mental health and nutrition programs, the authors said. The fact that the kindergarten readiness gap did not increase even as income inequality grew shows that parental investment in children's education and increased access to pre-K programs may have stopped the gap from widening.

"We do not say [preschool] is not making a difference," Garcia said. "We are saying that's not enough, so we need more."

This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Read more about early education and sign up for our weekly newsletter.

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New research finds it hasn't gotten easier for poor kids to catch up - The Hechinger Report

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The kindergarten-readiness gap between low-income and high-income students has not closed in a generation, even though parents are more involved than ever in their children's education and state-funded pre-K, nutrition programs, and prenatal care are more accessible now than in the late 1990s. That is the major finding of a new report by the Economic ...

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I volunteer at a senior citizen because often times, people are neglected and overlooked once they retire.

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Guardians can sell the assets and control the lives of senior citizens without their consent-and reap a profit from it.

For years, Rudy North woke up at 9 A. M. and read the Las Vegas Review-Journal while eating a piece of toast. Then he read a novel-he liked James Patterson and Clive Cussler-or, if he was feeling more ambitious, Freud. On scraps of paper and legal notepads, he jotted down thoughts sparked by his reading. "Deep below the rational part of our brain is an underground ocean where strange things swim," he wrote on one notepad. On another, "Life: the longer it cooks, the better it tastes."

Rennie, his wife of fifty-seven years, was slower to rise. She was recovering from lymphoma and suffered from neuropathy so severe that her legs felt like sausages. Each morning, she spent nearly an hour in the bathroom applying makeup and lotions, the same brands she'd used for forty years. She always emerged wearing pale-pink lipstick. Rudy, who was prone to grandiosity, liked to refer to her as "my amour."

On the Friday before Labor Day, 2013, the Norths had just finished their toast when a nurse, who visited five times a week to help Rennie bathe and dress, came to their house, in Sun City Aliante, an "active adult" community in Las Vegas. They had moved there in 2005, when Rudy, a retired consultant for broadcasters, was sixty-eight and Rennie was sixty-six. They took pride in their view of the golf course, though neither of them played golf.

Rudy chatted with the nurse in the kitchen for twenty minutes, joking about marriage and laundry, until there was a knock at the door. A stocky woman with shiny black hair introduced herself as April Parks, the owner of the company A Private Professional Guardian. She was accompanied by three colleagues, who didn't give their names. Parks told the Norths that she had an order from the Clark County Family Court to "remove" them from their home. She would be taking them to an assisted-living facility. "Go and gather your things," she said.

Rennie began crying. "This is my home," she said.

One of Parks's colleagues said that if the Norths didn't comply he would call the police. Rudy remembers thinking, You're going to put my wife and me in jail for this? But he felt too confused to argue.

Parks drove a Pontiac G-6 convertible with a license plate that read " CRTGRDN," for "court guardian." In the past twelve years, she had been a guardian for some four hundred wards of the court. Owing to age or disability, they had been deemed incompetent, a legal term that describes those who are unable to make reasoned choices about their lives or their property. As their guardian, Parks had the authority to manage their assets, and to choose where they lived, whom they associated with, and what medical treatment they received. They lost nearly all their civil rights.

Without realizing it, the Norths had become temporary wards of the court. Parks had filed an emergency ex-parte petition, which provides an exception to the rule that both parties must be notified of any argument before a judge. She had alleged that the Norths posed a "substantial risk for mismanagement of medications, financial loss and physical harm." She submitted a brief letter from a physician's assistant, whom Rennie had seen once, stating that "the patient's husband can no longer effectively take care of the patient at home as his dementia is progressing." She also submitted a letter from one of Rudy's doctors, who described him as "confused and agitated."

Rudy and Rennie had not undergone any cognitive assessments. They had never received a diagnosis of dementia. In addition to Freud, Rudy was working his way through Nietzsche and Plato. Rennie read romance novels.

Parks told the Norths that if they didn't come willingly an ambulance would take them to the facility, a place she described as a "respite." Still crying, Rennie put cosmetics and some clothes into a suitcase. She packed so quickly that she forgot her cell phone and Rudy's hearing aid. After thirty-five minutes, Parks's assistant led the Norths to her car. When a neighbor asked what was happening, Rudy told him, "We'll just be gone for a little bit." He was too proud to draw attention to their predicament. "Just think of it as a mini-vacation," he told Rennie.

After the Norths left, Parks walked through the house with Cindy Breck, the owner of Caring Transitions, a company that relocates seniors and sells their belongings at estate sales. Breck and Parks had a routine. "We open drawers," Parks said at a deposition. "We look in closets. We pull out boxes, anything that would store-that would keep paperwork, would keep valuables." She took a pocket watch, birth certificates, insurance policies, and several collectible coins.

The Norths' daughter, Julie Belshe, came to visit later that afternoon. A fifty-three-year-old mother of three sons, she and her husband run a small business designing and constructing pools. She lived ten miles away and visited her parents nearly every day, often taking them to her youngest son's football games. She was her parents' only living child; her brother and sister had died.

She knocked on the front door several times and then tried to push the door open, but it was locked. She was surprised to see the kitchen window closed; her parents always left it slightly open. She drove to the Sun City Aliante clubhouse, where her parents sometimes drank coffee. When she couldn't find them there, she thought that perhaps they had gone on an errand together-the farthest they usually drove was to Costco. But, when she returned to the house, it was still empty.

That weekend, she called her parents several times. She also called two hospitals to see if they had been in an accident. She called their landlord, too, and he agreed to visit the house. He reported that there were no signs of them. She told her husband, "I think someone kidnapped my parents."

On the Tuesday after Labor Day, she drove to the house again and found a note taped to the door: "In case of emergency, contact guardian April Parks." Belshe dialled the number. Parks, who had a brisk, girlish way of speaking, told Belshe that her parents had been taken to Lakeview Terrace, an assisted-living facility in Boulder City, nine miles from the Arizona border. She assured Belshe that the staff there would take care of all their needs.

"You can't just walk into somebody's home and take them!" Belshe told her.

Parks responded calmly, "It's legal. It's legal."

Guardianship derives from the state's parens patriae power, its duty to act as a parent for those considered too vulnerable to care for themselves. "The King shall have the custody of the lands of natural fools, taking the profits of them without waste or destruction, and shall find them their necessaries," reads the English statute De Prerogative Regis, from 1324. The law was imported to the colonies-guardianship is still controlled by state, not federal, law-and has remained largely intact for the past eight hundred years. It establishes a relationship between ward and guardian that is rooted in trust.

In the United States, a million and a half adults are under the care of guardians, either family members or professionals, who control some two hundred and seventy-three billion dollars in assets, according to an auditor for the guardianship fraud program in Palm Beach County. Little is known about the outcome of these arrangements, because states do not keep complete figures on guardianship cases-statutes vary widely-and, in most jurisdictions, the court records are sealed. A Government Accountability report from 2010 said, "We could not locate a single Web site, federal agency, state or local entity, or any other organization that compiles comprehensive information on this issue." A study published this year by the American Bar Association found that "an unknown number of adults languish under guardianship" when they no longer need it, or never did. The authors wrote that "guardianship is generally "permanent, leaving no way out-'until death do us part.' "

When the Norths were removed from their home, they joined nearly nine thousand adult wards in the Las Vegas Valley. In the past twenty years, the city has promoted itself as a retirement paradise. Attracted by the state's low taxes and a dry, sunny climate, elderly people leave their families behind to resettle in newly constructed senior communities. "The whole town sparkled, pulling older people in with the prospect of the American Dream at a reasonable price," a former real-estate agent named Terry Williams told me. Roughly thirty per cent of the people who move to Las Vegas are senior citizens, and the number of Nevadans older than eighty-five has risen by nearly eighty per cent in the past decade.

In Nevada, as in many states, anyone can become a guardian by taking a course, as long as he or she has not been convicted of a felony or recently declared bankruptcy. Elizabeth Brickfield, a Las Vegas lawyer who has worked in guardianship law for twenty years, said that about fifteen years ago, as the state's elderly population swelled, "all these private guardians started arriving, and the docket exploded. The court became a factory."

Pamela Teaster, the director of the Center for Gerontology at Virginia Tech and one of the few scholars in the country who study guardianship, told me that, though most guardians assume their duties for good reasons, the guardianship system is "a morass, a total mess." She said, "It is unconscionable that we don't have any data, when you think about the vast power given to a guardian. It is one of society's most drastic interventions."

After talking to Parks, Belshe drove forty miles to Lakeview Terrace, a complex of stucco buildings designed to look like a hacienda. She found her parents in a small room with a kitchenette and a window overlooking the parking lot. Rennie was in a wheelchair beside the bed, and Rudy was curled up on a love seat in the fetal position. There was no phone in the room. Medical-alert buttons were strung around their necks. "They were like two lost children," Belshe said.

She asked her parents who Parks was and where she could find the court order, but, she said, "they were overwhelmed and humiliated, and they didn't know what was going on." They had no idea how or why Parks had targeted them as wards. Belshe was struck by their passive acceptance. "It was like they had Stockholm syndrome or something," she told me.

Belshe acknowledged that her parents needed a few hours of help each day, but she had never questioned their ability to live alone. "They always kept their house really nice and clean, like a museum," she said. Although Rudy's medical records showed that he occasionally had "staring spells," all his medical-progress notes from 2013 described him as alert and oriented. He did most of the couple's cooking and shopping, because Rennie, though lucid, was in so much pain that she rarely left the house. Belshe sometimes worried that her father inadvertently encouraged her mother to be docile: "She's a very smart woman, though she sometimes acts like she's not. I have to tell her, 'That's not cute, Mom.' "

When Belshe called Parks to ask for the court order, Parks told her that she was part of the "sandwich generation," and that it would be too overwhelming for her to continue to care for her children and her parents at the same time. Parks billed her wards' estates for each hour that she spent on their case; the court placed no limits on guardians' fees, as long as they appeared "reasonable." Later, when Belshe called again to express her anger, Parks charged the Norths twenty-four dollars for the eight-minute conversation. "I could not understand what the purpose of the call was other than she wanted me to know they had rights," Parks wrote in a detailed invoice. "I terminated the phone call as she was very hostile and angry."

A month after removing the Norths from their house, Parks petitioned to make the guardianship permanent. She was represented by an attorney who was paid four hundred dollars an hour by the Norths' estate. A hearing was held at Clark County Family Court.

The Clark County guardianship commissioner, a lawyer named Jon Norheim, has presided over nearly all the guardianship cases in the county since 2005. He works under the supervision of a judge, but his orders have the weight of a formal ruling. Norheim awarded a guardianship to Parks, on average, nearly once a week. She had up to a hundred wards at a time. "I love April Parks," he said at one hearing, describing her and two other professional guardians, who frequently appeared in his courtroom, as "wonderful, good-hearted, social-worker types."

Norheim's court perpetuated a cold, unsentimental view of family relations: the ingredients for a good life seemed to have little to do with one's children and siblings. He often dismissed the objections of relatives, telling them that his only concern was the best interest of the wards, which he seemed to view in a social vacuum. When siblings fought over who would be guardian, Norheim typically ordered a neutral professional to assume control, even when this isolated the wards from their families.

Rudy had assured Belshe that he would protest the guardianship, but, like most wards in the country, Rudy and Rennie were not represented by counsel. As Rudy stood before the commissioner, he convinced himself that guardianship offered him and Rennie a lifetime of care without being a burden to anyone they loved. He told Norheim, "The issue really is her longevity-what suits her." Belshe, who sat in the courtroom, said, "I was shaking my head. No, no, no-don't do that!" Rennie was silent.

Norheim ordered that the Norths become permanent wards of the court. "Chances are, I'll probably never see you folks again; you'll work everything out," he said, laughing. "I very rarely see people after the initial time in court." The hearing lasted ten minutes.

The following month, Even Tide Life Transitions, a company that Parks often hired, sold most of the Norths' belongings. "The general condition of this inventory is good," an appraiser wrote. Two lithographs by Renoir were priced at thirty-eight hundred dollars, and a glass cocktail table ("Client states that it is a Brancusi design") was twelve hundred and fifty dollars. The Norths also had several pastel drawings by their son, Randy, who died in a motorcycle accident at the age of thirty-two, as well as Kachina dolls, a Bose radio, a Dyson vacuum cleaner, a Peruvian tapestry, a motion-step exerciser, a LeRoy Neiman sketch of a bar in Dublin, and two dozen pairs of Clarke shoes. According to Parks's calculations, the Norths had roughly fifty thousand dollars. Parks transferred their savings, held at the Bank of America, to an account in her name.

Rennie repeatedly asked for her son's drawings, and for the family photographs on her refrigerator. Rudy pined for his car, a midnight-blue 2010 Chrysler, which came to symbolize the life he had lost. He missed the routine interactions that driving had allowed him. "Everybody at the pharmacy was my buddy," he said. Now he and Rennie felt like exiles. Rudy said, "They kept telling me, 'Oh, you don't have to worry: your car is fine, and this and that.' " A month later, he said, "they finally told me, 'Actually, we sold your car.' I said, 'What in the hell did you sell it for?' " It was bought for less than eight thousand dollars, a price that Rudy considered insulting.

Rudy lingered in the dining room after eating breakfast each morning, chatting with other residents of Lakeview Terrace. He soon discovered that ten other wards of April Parks lived there. His next-door neighbor, Adolfo Gonzalez, a short, bald seventy-one-year-old who had worked as a maître d' at the MGM Grand Las Vegas, had become Parks's ward at a hearing that lasted a minute and thirty-one seconds.

Gonzalez, who had roughly three hundred and fifty thousand dollars in assets, urged Rudy not to accept the nurse's medications. "If you take the pills, they'll make sure you don't make it to court," he said. Gonzalez had been prescribed the antipsychotic medications Risperdal and Depakote, which he hid in the side of his mouth without swallowing. He wanted to remain vigilant. He often spoke of a Salvador Dali painting that had been lost when Parks took over his life. Once, she charged him two hundred and ten dollars for a visit in which, according to her invoice, he expressed that "he feels like a prisoner."

Rudy was so distressed by his conversations with Gonzalez that he asked to see a psychologist. "I thought maybe he'd give me some sort of objective learning as to what I was going through," he said. "I wanted to ask basic questions, like What the hell is going on?" Rudy didn't find the session illuminating, but he felt a little boost to his self-esteem when the psychologist asked that he return for a second appointment. "I guess he found me terribly charming," he told me.

Rudy liked to fantasize about an alternative life as a psychoanalyst, and he tried to befriend the wards who seemed especially hopeless. "Loneliness is a physical pain that hurts all over," he wrote in his notebook. He bought a pharmaceutical encyclopedia and advised the other wards about medications they'd been prescribed. He also ran for president of the residents, promising that under his leadership the kitchen would no longer advertise canned food as homemade. (He lost-he's not sure if anyone besides Rennie voted for him-but he did win a seat on the residents' council.)

He was particularly concerned about a ward of Parks's named Marlene Homer, a seventy-year-old woman who had been a professor. "Now she was almost hiding behind the pillars," Rudy said. "She was so obsequious. She was, like, 'Run me over. Run me over.' " She'd become a ward in 2012, after Parks told the court, "She has admitted to strange thoughts, depression, and doing things she can't explain." On a certificate submitted to the court, an internist had checked a box indicating that Homer was "unable to attend the guardianship court hearing because______," but he didn't fill in a reason.

The Norths could guess which residents were Parks's wards by the way they were dressed. Gonzalez wore the same shirt to dinner nearly every day. "Forgive me," he told the others at his table. When a friend tried to take him shopping, Parks prevented the excursion because she didn't know the friend. Rennie had also tried to get more clothes. "I reminded ward that she has plenty of clothing in her closet," Parks wrote. "I let her know that they are on a tight budget." The Norths' estate was charged a hundred and eighty dollars for the conversation.

Another resident, Barbara Neely, a fifty-five-year-old with schizophrenia, repeatedly asked Parks to buy her outfits for job interviews. She was applying for a position with the Department of Education. After Neely's third week at Lakeview Terrace, Parks's assistant sent Parks a text. "Can you see Barbara Neely anytime this week?" she wrote. "She has questions on the guardianship and how she can get out of it." Parks responded, "I can and she can't." Neely had been in the process of selling her house, for a hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars, when Parks became her guardian and took charge of the sale.

The rationale for the guardianship of Norbert Wilkening, who lived on the bottom floor of the facility, in the memory-care ward, for people with dementia ("the snake pit," Rudy called it), was also murky. Parks's office manager, who advertised himself as a "Qualified Dementia Care Specialist"-a credential acquired through video training sessions-had given Wilkening a "Mini-Mental State Examination," a list of eleven questions and tasks, including naming as many animals as possible in a minute. Wilkening had failed. His daughter, Amy, told me, "I didn't see anything that was happening to him other than a regular getting-older process, but when I was informed by all these people that he had all these problems I was, like, Well, maybe I'm just in denial. I'm not a professional." She said that Parks was "so highly touted. By herself, by the social workers, by the judge, by everyone that knew her."

At a hearing, when Amy complained to Norheim that Parks didn't have time for her father, he replied, "Yeah, she's an industry at this point."

As Belshe spoke to more wards and their families, she began to realize that Lakeview Terrace was not the only place where wards were lodged, and that Parks was not the only guardian removing people from their homes for what appeared to be superficial reasons. Hundreds of cases followed the same pattern. It had become routine for guardians in Clark County to petition for temporary guardianship on an ex-parte basis. They told the court that they had to intervene immediately because the ward faced a medical emergency that was only vaguely described: he or she was demented or disoriented, and at risk of exploitation or abuse. The guardians attached a brief physician's certificate that contained minimal details and often stated that the ward was too incapacitated to attend a court hearing. Debra Bookout, an attorney at the Legal Aid Center of Southern Nevada, told me, "When a hospital or rehab facility needs to free up a bed, or when the patient is not paying his bills, some doctors get sloppy, and they will sign anything." A recent study conducted by Hunter College found that a quarter of guardianship petitions in New York were brought by nursing homes and hospitals, sometimes as a means of collecting on overdue bills.

It often took several days for relatives to realize what had happened. When they tried to contest the guardianship or become guardians themselves, they were dismissed as unsuitable, and disparaged in court records as being neglectful, or as drug addicts, gamblers, and exploiters. (Belshe was described by Parks as a "reported addict" who "has no contact with the proposed ward," an allegation that Belshe didn't see until it was too late to challenge.) Family who lived out of state were disqualified from serving as guardians, because the law prohibited the appointment of anyone who didn't live in Nevada.

Once the court approved the guardianship, the wards were often removed from their homes, which were eventually sold. Terry Williams, whose father's estate was taken over by strangers even though he'd named her the executor of his will, has spent years combing through guardianship, probate, and real-estate records in Clark County. "I kept researching, because I was so fascinated that these people could literally take over the lives and assets of people under color of law, in less than ten minutes, and nobody was asking questions," she told me. "These people spent their lives accumulating wealth and, in a blink of an eye, it was someone else's."

Williams has reviewed hundreds of cases involving Jared Shafer, who is considered the godfather of guardians in Nevada. In the records room of the courthouse, she was afraid to say Shafer's name out loud. In the course of his thirty-five-year career, Shafer has assumed control of more than three thousand wards and estates and trained a generation of guardians. In 1979, he became the county's public administrator, handling the estates of people who had no relatives in Nevada, as well as the public guardian, serving wards when no family members or private guardians were available. In 2003, he left government and founded his own private guardianship and fiduciary business; he transferred the number of his government-issued phone to himself.

Williams took records from Shafer's and other guardians' cases to the Las Vegas police department several times. She tried to explain, she said, that "this is a racketeering operation that is fee-based. There's no brown paper bag handed off in an alley. The payoff is the right to bill the estate." The department repeatedly told her that it was a civil issue, and refused to take a report. In 2006, she submitted a typed statement, listing twenty-three statutes that she thought had been violated, but an officer wrote in the top right corner, " NOT A POLICE MATTER." Adam Woodrum, an estate lawyer in Las Vegas, told me that he's worked with several wards and their families who have brought their complaints to the police. "They can't even get their foot in the door," he said.

Acting as her own attorney, Williams filed a racketeering suit in federal court against Shafer and the lawyers who represented him. At a hearing before the United States District Court of Central California in 2009, she told the judge, "They are trumping up ways and means to deem people incompetent and take their assets." The case was dismissed. "The scheme is ingenious," she told me. "How do you come up with a crime that literally none of the victims can articulate without sounding like they're nuts? The same insane allegations keep surfacing from people who don't know each other."

In 2002, in a petition to the Clark County District Court, a fifty-seven-year-old man complained that his mother had lost her constitutional rights because her kitchen was understocked and a few bills hadn't been paid. The house they shared was then placed on the market. The son wrote, "If the only showing necessary to sell the home right out from under someone is that their 'estate' would benefit, then no house in Clark County is safe, nor any homeowner." Under the guise of benevolent paternalism, guardians seemed to be creating a kind of capitalist dystopia: people's quality of life was being destroyed in order to maximize their capital.

When Concetta Mormon, a wealthy woman who owned a Montessori school, became Shafer's ward because she had aphasia, Shafer sold the school midyear, even though students were enrolled. At a hearing after the sale, Mormon's daughter, Victoria Cloutier, constantly spoke out of turn. The judge, Robert Lueck, ordered that she be handcuffed and placed in a holding cell while the hearing continued. Two hours later, when Cloutier was allowed to return for the conclusion, the judge told her that she had thirty days in which to vacate her mother's house. If she didn't leave, she would be evicted and her belongings would be taken to Goodwill.

The opinions of wards were also disregarded. In 2010, Guadalupe Olvera, a ninety-year-old veteran of the Second World War, repeatedly asked that his daughter and not Shafer be appointed his guardian. "The ward is not to go to court," Shafer instructed his assistants. When Olvera was finally permitted to attend a hearing, nearly a year after becoming a ward, he expressed his desire to live with his daughter in California, rather than under Shafer's care. "Why is everybody against that?" he asked Norheim. "I don't need that man." Although Nevada's guardianship law requires that courts favor relatives over professionals, Norheim continued the guardianship, saying, "The priority ship sailed."

When Olvera's daughter eventually defied the court's orders and took her father to live at her seaside home in Northern California, Norheim's supervisor, Judge Charles Hoskin, issued an arrest warrant for her "immediate arrest and incarceration" without bail. The warrant was for contempt of court, but Norheim said at least five times from the bench that she had "kidnapped" Olvera. At a hearing, Norheim acknowledged that he wasn't able to send an officer across state lines to arrest the daughter. Shafer said, "Maybe I can."

Shafer held so much sway in the courtroom that, in 2013, when an attorney complained that the bank account of a ward named Kristina Berger had "no money left and no records to explain where it went," Shafer told Norheim, "Close the courtroom." Norheim immediately complied. A dozen people in attendance were forced to leave.

One of Shafer's former bookkeepers, Lisa Clifton, who was hired in 2012, told me that Shafer used to brag about his political connections, saying, "I wrote the laws." In 1995, he persuaded the Nevada Senate Committee on Government Affairs to write a bill that allowed the county to receive interest on money that the public guardian invested. "This is what I want you to put in the statute, and I will tell you that you will get a rousing hand from a couple of judges who practice our probate," he said. At another hearing, he asked the committee to write an amendment permitting public guardians to take control of people's property in five days, without a court order. "This bill is not 'Big Brother' if you trust the person who is doing the job," he said. (After a senator expressed concern that the law allowed "intervention into somebody's life without establishing some sort of reason why you are doing it," the committee declined to recommend it.)

Clifton observed that Shafer almost always took a cynical view of family members: they were never motivated by love or duty, only by avarice. " 'They just want the money'-that was his answer to everything," she told me. "And I'm thinking to myself, Well, when family members die they pass it down to their children. Isn't that just the normal progression of things?"

After a few months on the job, Clifton was asked to work as a guardian, substituting for an absent employee, though she had never been trained. Her first assignment was to supervise a visit with a man named Alvin Passer, who was dying in the memory-care unit of a nursing home. His partner of eight years, Olive Manoli, was permitted a brief visit to say goodbye. Her visits had been restricted by Shafer-his lawyer told the court that Passer became "agitated and sexually aggressive" in her presence-and she hadn't seen Passer in months. In a futile attempt to persuade the court to allow her to be with him, Manoli had submitted a collection of love letters, as well as notes from ten people describing her desire to care for Passer for the rest of his life. "I was absolutely appalled," Clifton said. "She was this very sweet lady, and I said, 'Go in there and spend as much time with him as you want.' Tears were rolling down her cheeks."

The family seemed to have suffered a form of court-sanctioned gaslighting. Passer's daughter, Joyce, a psychiatric nurse who specialized in geriatrics, had been abruptly removed as her father's co-guardian, because she appeared "unwilling or (more likely) unable to conduct herself rationally in the Ward's best interests," according to motions filed by one of Shafer's attorneys.

She and Manoli had begged Norheim not to appoint Shafer as guardian. "Sir, he's abusive," their lawyer said in court.

"He's as good as we got, and I trust him completely," Norheim responded.

Joyce Passer was so confused by the situation that, she said, "I thought I was crazy." Then she received a call from a blocked number. It was Terry Williams, who did not reveal her identity. She had put together a list of a half-dozen family members who she felt were "ready to receive some kind of verbal support." She told Passer, "Look, you are not nuts. This is real. Everything you are thinking is true. This has been going on for years."

During Rennie North's first year at Lakeview Terrace, she gained sixty pounds. Parks had switched the Norths' insurance, for reasons she never explained, and Rennie began seeing new doctors, who prescribed Valium, Prozac, the sedative Temazepam, Oxycodone, and Fentanyl. The doses steadily increased. Rudy, who had hip pain, was prescribed Oxycodone and Valium. When he sat down to read, the sentences floated past his eyes or appeared in duplicate. "Ward seemed very tired and his eyes were glassy," Parks wrote in an invoice.

Belshe found it increasingly hard to communicate with her parents, who napped for much of the day. "They were being overmedicated to the point where they weren't really there," she said. The Norths' grandsons, who used to see them every week, rarely visited. "It was degrading for them to see us so degraded," Rudy said. Parks noticed that Rennie was acting helpless, and urged her to "try harder to be more motivated and not be so dependent on others." Rudy and Rennie began going to Sunday church services at the facility, even though they were Jewish. Rudy was heartened by what he heard in the pastor's message: "Don't give up. God will help you get out of here." He began telling people, "We are living the life of Job."

At the end of 2014, Lakeview Terrace hired a new director, Julie Liebo, who resisted Parks's orders that medical information about wards be kept from their families. Liebo told me, "The families were devastated that they couldn't know if the residents were in surgery or hear anything about their health. They didn't understand why they'd been taken out of the picture. They'd ask, 'Can you just tell me if she's alive?' " Liebo tried to comply with the rules, because she didn't want to violate medical-privacy laws; as guardian, Parks was entitled to choose what was disclosed. Once, though, Liebo took pity on the sister of an eighty-year-old ward named Dorothy Smith, who was mourning a dog that Parks had given away, and told her that Smith was stable. Liebo said that Parks, who was by then the secretary of the Nevada Guardianship Association, called her immediately. "She threatened my license and said she could have me arrested," Liebo told me.

After Liebo arrived, Parks began removing wards from Lakeview Terrace with less than a day's notice. A woman named Linda Phillips, who had dementia, was told that she was going to the beauty salon. She never returned. Marlene Homer, the ward whose ailments were depression and "strange thoughts," was taken away in a van, screaming. Liebo had asked the state ombudsman to come to the facility and stop the removals, but nothing could be done. "We stood there completely helpless," Liebo said. "We had no idea where they were going." Liebo said that other wards asked her if they would be next.

Liebo alerted the compliance officer for the Clark County Family Court that Parks was removing residents "without any concern for them and their choice to stay here." She also reported her complaints to the police, the Department of Health Services, the Bureau of Health Care, and Nevada Adult Protective Services. She said each agency told her that it didn't have the authority or the jurisdiction to intervene.

At the beginning of 2015, Parks told the Norths that they would be leaving Lakeview Terrace. "Finances are low and the move is out of our control," Parks wrote. It was all arranged so quickly that, Rudy said, "we didn't have time to say goodbye to people we'd been eating with for seventeen months." Parks arranged for Caring Transitions to move them to the Wentworth, a less expensive assisted-living facility. Liebo said that, the night before the move, Rudy began "shouting about the Holocaust, that this was like being in Nazi Germany." Liebo didn't think the reference was entirely misguided. "He reverted to a point where he had no rights as a human being," she said. "He was no longer the caregiver, the man, the husband-all of the things that gave his life meaning." Liebo also didn't understand why Belshe had been marginalized. "She seemed like she had a great relationship with her parents," she said.

Belshe showed up at 9 A. M. to help her parents with the move, but when she arrived Parks's assistant, Heidi Kramer, told her that her parents had already left. Belshe "emotionally crashed," as Liebo put it. She yelled that her parents didn't even wake up until nine or later-what was the rush? In an invoice, Kramer wrote that Belshe "began to yell and scream, her behavior was out of control, she was taking pictures and yelling, 'April Parks is a thief.' " Kramer called the police. Liebo remembers that an officer "looked at Julie Belshe and told her she had no rights, and she didn't."

Belshe cried as she drove to the Wentworth, in Las Vegas. When she arrived, Parks was there, and refused to let her see her parents. Parks wrote, "I told her that she was too distraught to see her parents, and that she needed to leave." Belshe wouldn't, so Parks asked the receptionist to call the police. When the police arrived, Belshe told them, "I just want to hug my parents and make sure they're O.K." An officer handed her a citation for trespassing, saying that if she returned to the facility she would be arrested.

Parks wrote that the Norths were "very happy with the new room and thanked us several times," but Rudy remembers feeling as if he had "ended up in the sewer." Their room was smaller than the one at Lakeview Terrace, and the residents at the Wentworth seemed older and sicker. "There were people sitting in their chairs, half-asleep," Rudy said. "Their tongues hung out."

Rennie spent nearly all her time in her wheelchair or in bed, her eyes half-closed. Her face had become bloated. One night, she was so agitated that the nurses gave her Haldol, a drug commonly used to treat schizophrenia. When Rudy asked her questions, Rennie said "What?" in a soft, remote voice.

Shortly after her parents' move, Belshe called an editor of the Vegas Voice, a newspaper distributed to all the mailboxes in senior communities in Las Vegas. In recent months, the paper had published three columns warning readers about Clark County guardians, writing that they "have been lining their pockets at the expense of unwitting seniors for a very long time."

At Belshe's urging, the paper's political editor, Rana Goodman, visited the Norths, and published an article in the Voice, describing Rudy as "the most articulate, soft spoken person I have met in a very long time." She called Clark County's guardianship system a "(legal) elder abuse racket" and urged readers to sign a petition demanding that the Nevada legislature reform the laws. More than three thousand people signed.

Two months later, the Review-Journal ran an investigation, titled "Clark County's Private Guardians May Protect-Or Just Steal and Abuse," which described complaints against Shafer going back to the early eighties, when two of his employees were arrested for stealing from the estates of dead people.

In May, 2015, a month after the article appeared, when the Norths went to court to discuss their finances local journalists were in the courtroom and Norheim seemed chastened. "I have grave concerns about this case," he said. He noted that Parks had sold the Norths' belongings without proper approval from his court. Parks had been doing this routinely for years, and, according to her, the court had always accepted her accounting and her fees. Her lawyer, Aileen Cohen, said, "Everything was done for the wards' benefit, to support the wards."

Norheim announced that he was suspending Parks as the Norths' guardian-the first time she had been removed from a case for misconduct.

"This is important," Rudy, who was wearing a double-breasted suit, said in court. "This is hope. I am coming here and I have hope." He quoted the Bible, Thomas Jefferson, and Euripides, until Belshe finally touched his elbow and said, "Just sit down, Dad."

When Rudy apologized for being "overzealous," Norheim told him, "This is your life. This is your liberty. You have every right to be here. You have every right to be involved in this project."

After the hearing, Parks texted her husband, "I am finished."

Last March, Parks and her lawyer, along with her office manager and her husband, were indicted for perjury and theft, among other charges. The indictment was narrowly focussed on their double billings and their sloppy accounting, but, in a detailed summary of the investigation, Jaclyn O'Malley, who led the probe for the Nevada Attorney General's Office, made passing references to the "collusion of hospital social workers and medical staff" who profited from their connection to Parks. At Parks's grand-jury trial, her assistant testified that she and Parks went to hospitals and attorneys' offices for the purpose of "building relationships to generate more client leads." Parks secured a contract with six medical facilities whose staff agreed to refer patients to her-an arrangement that benefitted the facilities, since Parks controlled the decisions of a large pool of their potential consumers. Parks often gave doctors blank certificates and told them exactly what to write in order for their patients to become her wards.

Parks and other private guardians appeared to gravitate toward patients who had considerable assets. O'Malley described a 2010 case in which Parks, after receiving a tip from a social worker, began "cold-calling" rehabilitation centers, searching for a seventy-nine-year-old woman, Patricia Smoak, who had nearly seven hundred thousand dollars and no children. Parks finally found her, but Smoak's physician wouldn't sign a certificate of incapacity. "The doctor is not playing ball," Parks wrote to her lawyer. She quickly found a different doctor to sign the certificate, and Norheim approved the guardianship. (Both Parks and Norheim declined to speak with me.)

Steve Miller, a former member of the Las Vegas City Council, said he assumed that Shafer would be the next indictment after Parks, who is scheduled to go to trial next spring. "All of the disreputable guardians were taking clues from the Shafer example," he said. But, as the months passed, "I started to think that this has run its course locally. Only federal intervention is going to give us peace of mind."

Richard Black, who, after his father-in-law was placed into guardianship, became the director of a grassroots national organization, Americans Against Abusive Probate Guardianship, said that he considered the Parks indictment "irrefutably shallow. It sent a strong message of: We're not going to go after the real leaders of this, only the easy people, the ones who were arrogant and stupid enough to get caught." He works with victims in dozens of what he calls "hot spots," places where guardianship abuse is prevalent, often because they attract retirees: Palm Beach, Sarasota, Naples, Albuquerque, San Antonio. He said that the problems in Clark County are not unusual. "The only thing that is unique is that Clark County is one of the few jurisdictions that doesn't seal its records, so we can see what is going on."

Approximately ten per cent of people older than sixty-five are thought to be victims of "elder abuse"-a construct that has yet to enter public consciousness, as child abuse has-but such cases are seldom prosecuted. People who are frail or dying don't make good witnesses-a fact that Shafer once emphasized at a 1990 U.S. congressional hearing on crimes against the elderly, in which he appeared as an expert at preventing exploitation. "Seniors do not like to testify," he said, adding that they were either incapable or "mesmerized by the person ripping them off." He said, "The exploitation of seniors is becoming a real cottage industry right now. This is a good business. Seniors are unable to fend for themselves."

In the past two years, Nevada has worked to reform its guardianship system through a commission, appointed by the Nevada Supreme Court, to study failures in oversight. In 2018, the Nevada legislature will enact a new law that entitles all wards to be represented by lawyers in court. But the state seems reluctant to reckon with the roots of the problem, as well as with its legacy: a generation of ill and elderly people who were deprived of their autonomy, and also of their families, in the final years of their lives. Last spring, a man bought a storage unit in Henderson, Nevada, and discovered twenty-seven urns-the remains of Clark County wards who had never been buried.

In the wake of Parks's indictment, no judges have lost their jobs. Norheim was transferred from guardianship court to dependency court, where he now oversees cases involving abused and neglected children. Shafer is still listed in the Clark County court system as a trustee and as an administrator in several open cases. He did not respond to multiple e-mails and messages left with his bookkeeper, who answered his office phone but would not say whether he was still in practice. He did appear at one of the public meetings for the commission appointed to analyze flaws in the guardianship system. "What started all of this was me," he said. Then he criticized local media coverage of the issue and said that a television reporter, whom he'd talked to briefly, didn't know the facts. "The system works," Shafer went on. "It's not the guardians you have to be aware of, it's more family members." He wore a blue polo shirt, untucked, and his head was shaved. He looked aged, his arms dotted with sun spots, but he spoke confidently and casually. "The only person you folks should be thinking about when you change things is the ward. It's their money, it's their life, it's their time. The family members don't count."

Belshe is resigned to the fact that she will be supporting her parents for the rest of their lives. Parks spent all the Norths' money on fees-the hourly wages for her, her assistants, her lawyers, and the various contractors she hired-as well as on their monthly bills, which doubled under her guardianship. Belshe guesses that Parks-or whichever doctor or social worker referred her to the Norths-had assumed that her parents were wealthier than they actually were. Rudy often talked vaguely about deals he had once made in China. "He exaggerates, so he won't feel emasculated," Belshe said. "He wasn't such a big businessman, but he was a great dad."

The Norths now live in what used to be Belshe's home office; it has a window onto the living room which Belshe has covered with a tarp. Although the room is tiny, the Norths can fit most of their remaining belongings into it: a small lamp with teardrop crystals, a deflated love seat, and two paintings by their son. Belshe rescued the art work, in 2013, after Caring Transitions placed the Norths' belongings in trash bags at the edge of their driveway. "My brother's paintings were folded and smelled," she said.

The Norths' bed takes up most of the room, and operates as their little planet. They rarely stray far from it. They lie in bed playing cards or sit against the headboard, reading or watching TV. Rudy's notebooks are increasingly focussed on mortality-"Death may be pleasurable"-and money. "Money monsters do well in this society," he wrote. "All great fortunes began with a crime." He creates lists of all the possessions he has lost, some of which he may be imagining: over time, Rennie's wardrobe has become increasingly elaborate and refined, as have their sets of China. He alternates between feeling that his belongings are nothing-a distraction from the pursuit of meaning-and everything. "It's an erasure," he said. "They erase you from the face of the earth." He told me a few times that he was a distant cousin of Leon Trotsky, "intellect of the revolution," as he called him, and I wondered whether his newfound pride was connected to his conflicted feelings about the value of material objects.

A few months after the Norths were freed, Rudy talked on the phone with Adolfo Gonzalez, his neighbor from Lakeview Terrace, who, after a doctor found him competent, had also been discharged. He now lived in a house near the airport, and had been reunited with several of his pets. The two men congratulated each other. "We survived!" Rudy said. "We never thought we'd see each other on the other side." Three other wards from Lakeview Terrace had died.

Rennie has lost nearly all the weight she gained at Lakeview Terrace, mostly because Belshe and her husband won't let her lounge in her wheelchair or eat starchy foods. Now she uses a walker, which she makes self-deprecating jokes about. "This is fun-I can teach you!" she told me.

In July, Rennie slipped in the bathroom and spent a night in the hospital. Belshe didn't want anyone to know about her mother's fall, because, she said, "this is the kind of thing that gets you into guardianship." She told me, "I feel like these people are just waiting in the bushes."

Two days after the fall, Rennie was feeling better-she'd had thirteen stitches-but she was still agitated by a dream she had in the hospital. She wasn't even sure if she'd been asleep; she remembers talking, and her eyes were open.

"You were loopedy-doopy," Scott Belshe, Julie's husband, told her. They were sitting on the couch in their living room.

"It was real," Rennie said.

"You dreamed it," Scott told her.

"Maybe I was hallucinating," she said. "I don't know-I was scared." She said that strangers were making decisions about her fate. She felt as if she were frozen: she couldn't influence what was happening. "I didn't know what to do," she told Scott. "I think I yelled for help. Help me. " The worst part, she said, was that she couldn't find her family. "Honest to God, I thought you guys left me all alone." ♦

This article appears in the print edition of the October 9, 2017, issue, with the headline "The Takeover."

Rachel Aviv joined The New Yorker as a staff writer in 2013.
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For years, Rudy North woke up at 9 A. M. and read the Las Vegas Review-Journal while eating a piece of toast. Then he read a novel-he liked James Patterson and Clive Cussler-or, if he was feeling more ambitious, Freud. On scraps of paper and legal notepads, he jotted down thoughts sparked by his reading.

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Minority communities and those facing discrimination like LGBTQ, blacks, etc

# data[].attributes.subject
Minority communities and those facing discrimination like LGBTQ, blacks, etc

# data[].attributes.body
I advocate for these communities through social media and make sure to stand up for them anytime I see them being maltreated

# data[].attributes.body
I am a part of the Indian community and participate in several cultural events. Additionally, there is a strong relationship between those of this community, allowing dependency and trust.

# data[].attributes.body
I advocate for female equality through social media and rallies. Despite being half the world's population, women are portrayed as weaker and are given less opportunities.

# data[].attributes.body
Those of the low-income community are rarely given the resources they need to improve their socio-economic situation, thus setting forth a perpetual system of poverty throughout generations. I volunteer with low-income children and families to provide the possibility of a brighter future.

# data[].attributes.headline
Anyone facing critical disasters (ex. hurricanes, earthquakes) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Anyone facing critical disasters (ex. hurricanes, earthquakes) 

# data[].attributes.body
Those facing devastations like natural disasters need direct relief, so I try my best to donate as much money, basic needs, and clothing as possible during these situations.