# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What were some of the ethical, legal, and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and address issues raised by genomic research that would affect individuals, families, and society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research. Genes are very difficult to understand, because they are so complex and basically define what we are. A better understanding of genes and our DNA can lead to revolutionary medical advancements.

It is important to remember that there are both pros and cons associated with the Human Genome Project. Here is a closer look at some of the most compelling arguments for both sides:

Pro: Booming Business

The Human Genome Project and gene sequencing has had a tremendous amount of commercial success. This project has created $800 billion dollars and has also employed just under 4 million people in such a short period of time. This industry is making money, which makes it influential.

Pro: Health Benefits of HGP

The most important benefit of the Human Genome Project are the medical discoveries that can be linked to HGP. Many serious conditions and diseases can be better understood and treated with the research that is obtained through the Human Genome Project.

Pro: More effective Drugs

Gaining a better understanding of the human genes can lead to intelligent drug modification. This involves allowing scientists to develop drugs that are more effective for individuals with certain genes. This is a revolutionary way to look at medicine.

Not everything about the Human Genome Project is positive, because there are some cons that you should be knowledgeable on:

Cons: Ethical Questions

This topic of the Human Genome project is so polarizing, because many of those opposed see it as genetic modification that is ruining the natural sequence. This makes it a very controversial topic that has people very passionate about their own positions on this issue.

Cons: Privacy Issues

The sharing and study of genes has led to some privacy issues. This is a con because the HGP shares personal information with organizations and government agencies. This leads many to question whether there will come a time when genes will determine if you are given treatments. These privacy issues associated with the Human Genome Project are serious and must be addressed. As more is understood, more changes will be made.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Human Genome Project Pros and Cons - HRFnd

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
office of policy planning and communications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genomic Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A list of resources on the policy and ethics issues related to genetic research, published by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

# data[].attributes.body
this is making it easier for employers and insurance to discriminate against different traits and problems

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
office of policy planning and communications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genomic Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A list of resources on the policy and ethics issues related to genetic research, published by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Designer babies or an end to intractable illnesses: A revolutionary technology is letting scientists learn to rewrite the genetic code, aiming to alter DNA in ways that, among other things, could erase disease-causing genes.

How far should these experiments try to go - fix only the sick, or make changes that future generations could inherit?

Hundreds of scientists and ethicists from around the world gather in Washington this week to debate the boundaries of human genome editing, sort of a biological cut-and-paste tool that allows researchers to spot a gene defect inside living cells and swap it out.

It's all experimental so far, but the promise for new treatments is huge. The ethical quandary: Should it also be attempted in human embryos, altering a gene in not just one person but his or her descendants? Already, China has reported the first laboratory experiment with embryos to start learning how.

"This is really a decision that will affect us all," said Marcy Darnovsky of the Center for Genetics and Society advocacy group, who opposes heritable gene editing. She called it potentially a "society-altering technology."

But pioneer Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, warns that a ban on even basic gene editing research in embryos could block important discoveries. Writing in the journal Nature, she urged scientists to find "an appropriate middle ground."

Here's a look at the science and the controversy, on the eve of the international summit hosted by the U.S. National Academies of Science and Medicine.

----

WHAT IS GENE EDITING

While scientists have long been able to find defective genes, fixing them has been so cumbersome that it's slowed development of genetic therapies. With gene editing, scientists home in on a piece of DNA and use molecular tools that act as scissors to snip that spot - deleting a defective gene, repairing it or replacing it.

There are some older methods but a new tool called CRISPR-Cas9 has been adopted by laboratories worldwide because it's faster, cheaper, simple enough to use with minimal training, and allows altering of multiple genes simultaneously.

----

WHAT IT MIGHT TREAT

The biggest use so far is to rapidly engineer animals with human-like disorders for basic research, but promising gene-editing experiments make regular headlines.

Much like a bone marrow transplant, researchers hope to use CRISPR for diseases like sickle cell, correcting the faulty gene in someone's own blood-producing cells rather than implanting donated ones.

Similarly, doctors in Britain recently treated a 1-year-old with leukemia using donated immune cells that had been experimentally altered with an older editing method to target her cancer. A California company is testing a non-CRISPR way to make HIV patients' immune cells better resist the virus.

The University of Massachusetts just reported using a CRISPR technique to switch off, rather than cut and repair, a gene in muscle cells that causes one form of muscular dystrophy.

And Harvard researchers recently edited 62 spots in pig DNA, part of work to use the animals to grow organs for human transplant.

----

THE BIGGEST HURDLE

Safety is a key question because gene editing isn't always precise enough; there's the possibility of accidentally cutting DNA that's similar to the real target. Out-of-body treatments like altering blood cells get around the fear of fixing one problem only to spark another, and efforts to improve precision are under way.

----

THE ETHICS CONTROVERSY

Altering genes in sperm, eggs or embryos can spread those changes to future generations, so-called germline engineering that might one day stop parents from passing inherited diseases to their children.

Chinese scientists reported the first-known attempt to edit human embryos last spring, working with leftovers from fertility clinics that never could have developed into fetuses. They aimed to correct a deadly inherited gene, but uncovered problems that will require more research.

Germline engineering "has been viewed almost universally as a line that should not be crossed," National Institutes of Health Director Francis Collins said at the time.

After all, future generations couldn't consent, and any long-term negative effects might not become apparent for years. There's also concern about babies designed for better intellect, athleticism or appearance rather than to prevent disease.

There's wide agreement that the technique isn't safe enough yet to attempt a pregnancy with an altered embryo. But there are other kinds of germline research. In Britain, for example, researchers have requested permission to gene-edit human embryos in the lab, studying early development in ways that might shed light on miscarriage.

----

IS IT LEGAL

Where you live determines if, or what kind of, research can be performed on embryos. Some countries, especially in Europe, ban germline research. Others, such as China, have guidelines described as unenforceable. Britain allows basic lab research only.

In the U.S., the NIH won't fund research involving germline editing but private funding is allowed.

----

BEYOND MEDICINE

Human gene editing aside, there are environmental concerns, too. Experiments are under way to force genetic changes to spread rapidly through populations of animals and plants - changes that could wipe out invasive species or disease-carrying insects. A California team reported a first step last week, hatching malaria-resistant mosquitoes that could easily spread their new protective gene to their offspring.

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The potential benefits and ethical implications of gene editing

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Designer babies or an end to intractable illnesses: A revolutionary technology is letting scientists learn to rewrite the genetic code, aiming to alter DNA in ways that, among other things, could erase disease-causing genes. How far should these experiments try to go - fix only the sick, or make changes that future generations could inherit?

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Lists all the ethical issues about the HGP

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ActionBioscience - promoting bioscience literacy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ActionBioscience.org examines bioscience issues in biodiversity, environment, genomics, biotechnology, evolution, new frontiers in the sciences, and education. Includes peer-reviewed articles, class lessons, and educator resources

# data[].attributes.body
Possible genetic discrimination could be a negative effect on the community, as it associates medical records and each patients genome sequence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
office of policy planning and communications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genomic Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A list of resources on the policy and ethics issues related to genetic research, published by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ActionBioscience - promoting bioscience literacy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ActionBioscience.org examines bioscience issues in biodiversity, environment, genomics, biotechnology, evolution, new frontiers in the sciences, and education. Includes peer-reviewed articles, class lessons, and educator resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research. Genes are very difficult to understand, because they are so complex and basically define what we are. A better understanding of genes and our DNA can lead to revolutionary medical advancements.

It is important to remember that there are both pros and cons associated with the Human Genome Project. Here is a closer look at some of the most compelling arguments for both sides:

Pro: Booming Business

The Human Genome Project and gene sequencing has had a tremendous amount of commercial success. This project has created $800 billion dollars and has also employed just under 4 million people in such a short period of time. This industry is making money, which makes it influential.

Pro: Health Benefits of HGP

The most important benefit of the Human Genome Project are the medical discoveries that can be linked to HGP. Many serious conditions and diseases can be better understood and treated with the research that is obtained through the Human Genome Project.

Pro: More effective Drugs

Gaining a better understanding of the human genes can lead to intelligent drug modification. This involves allowing scientists to develop drugs that are more effective for individuals with certain genes. This is a revolutionary way to look at medicine.

Not everything about the Human Genome Project is positive, because there are some cons that you should be knowledgeable on:

Cons: Ethical Questions

This topic of the Human Genome project is so polarizing, because many of those opposed see it as genetic modification that is ruining the natural sequence. This makes it a very controversial topic that has people very passionate about their own positions on this issue.

Cons: Privacy Issues

The sharing and study of genes has led to some privacy issues. This is a con because the HGP shares personal information with organizations and government agencies. This leads many to question whether there will come a time when genes will determine if you are given treatments. These privacy issues associated with the Human Genome Project are serious and must be addressed. As more is understood, more changes will be made.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Human Genome Project Pros and Cons - HRFnd

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research.

# data[].attributes.body
Making more money for business, better drugs, and health benefits

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research. Genes are very difficult to understand, because they are so complex and basically define what we are. A better understanding of genes and our DNA can lead to revolutionary medical advancements.

It is important to remember that there are both pros and cons associated with the Human Genome Project. Here is a closer look at some of the most compelling arguments for both sides:

Pro: Booming Business

The Human Genome Project and gene sequencing has had a tremendous amount of commercial success. This project has created $800 billion dollars and has also employed just under 4 million people in such a short period of time. This industry is making money, which makes it influential.

Pro: Health Benefits of HGP

The most important benefit of the Human Genome Project are the medical discoveries that can be linked to HGP. Many serious conditions and diseases can be better understood and treated with the research that is obtained through the Human Genome Project.

Pro: More effective Drugs

Gaining a better understanding of the human genes can lead to intelligent drug modification. This involves allowing scientists to develop drugs that are more effective for individuals with certain genes. This is a revolutionary way to look at medicine.

Not everything about the Human Genome Project is positive, because there are some cons that you should be knowledgeable on:

Cons: Ethical Questions

This topic of the Human Genome project is so polarizing, because many of those opposed see it as genetic modification that is ruining the natural sequence. This makes it a very controversial topic that has people very passionate about their own positions on this issue.

Cons: Privacy Issues

The sharing and study of genes has led to some privacy issues. This is a con because the HGP shares personal information with organizations and government agencies. This leads many to question whether there will come a time when genes will determine if you are given treatments. These privacy issues associated with the Human Genome Project are serious and must be addressed. As more is understood, more changes will be made.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Human Genome Project Pros and Cons - HRFnd

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research.

# data[].attributes.body
Many people fear that the HGP will lead to genetic discrimination, in which employers and health insurance companies will treat you differently based on your genetics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Many Americans wonder if participating in genetics research or undergoing genetic testing will lead to being discriminated against based on their genetics. These questions may be the basis for why or why not patients decide to take genetics-based clinical tests or volunteer to participate in the research needed for the development of new tests, therapies, and cures. This page provides an overview of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) and describes what protections GINA does and does not offer.

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In 2008, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act was passed into law, prohibiting discrimination by employers and health insurers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
office of policy planning and communications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genomic Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A list of resources on the policy and ethics issues related to genetic research, published by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research. Genes are very difficult to understand, because they are so complex and basically define what we are. A better understanding of genes and our DNA can lead to revolutionary medical advancements.

It is important to remember that there are both pros and cons associated with the Human Genome Project. Here is a closer look at some of the most compelling arguments for both sides:

Pro: Booming Business

The Human Genome Project and gene sequencing has had a tremendous amount of commercial success. This project has created $800 billion dollars and has also employed just under 4 million people in such a short period of time. This industry is making money, which makes it influential.

Pro: Health Benefits of HGP

The most important benefit of the Human Genome Project are the medical discoveries that can be linked to HGP. Many serious conditions and diseases can be better understood and treated with the research that is obtained through the Human Genome Project.

Pro: More effective Drugs

Gaining a better understanding of the human genes can lead to intelligent drug modification. This involves allowing scientists to develop drugs that are more effective for individuals with certain genes. This is a revolutionary way to look at medicine.

Not everything about the Human Genome Project is positive, because there are some cons that you should be knowledgeable on:

Cons: Ethical Questions

This topic of the Human Genome project is so polarizing, because many of those opposed see it as genetic modification that is ruining the natural sequence. This makes it a very controversial topic that has people very passionate about their own positions on this issue.

Cons: Privacy Issues

The sharing and study of genes has led to some privacy issues. This is a con because the HGP shares personal information with organizations and government agencies. This leads many to question whether there will come a time when genes will determine if you are given treatments. These privacy issues associated with the Human Genome Project are serious and must be addressed. As more is understood, more changes will be made.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Human Genome Project Pros and Cons - HRFnd

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Human Genome Project is also referred to as HGP and involves a global collaboration to gain more information about human genes. This project began around 1990 and was sponsored by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The point of this project is to make more genes available for research.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
office of policy planning and communications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genomic Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A list of resources on the policy and ethics issues related to genetic research, published by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What were some of the ethical, legal, and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and address issues raised by genomic research that would affect individuals, families, and society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What were some of the ethical, legal, and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and address issues raised by genomic research that would affect individuals, families, and society.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
office of policy planning and communications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genomic Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A list of resources on the policy and ethics issues related to genetic research, published by the National Human Genome Research Institute.

# data[].attributes.body
With the HGP genetic health issues can be detected and treated early

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
NYU School of Medicine

At least since thirsty Sumerians began brewing beer thousands of years ago, Homo sapiens has had a tight relationship with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the unicellular fungus better known as brewer's yeast. Through fermentation, humans were able to harness a microscopic species for our own ends. These days yeast cells produce ethanol and insulin and are the workhorse of science labs.

That doesn't mean S. cerevisiae can't be further improved-at least not if Jef Boeke has his way. The director of the Institute for Systems Genetics at New York University's Langone Health, Boeke is leading an international team of hundreds dedicated to synthesizing the 12.5 million genetic letters that make up a yeast's cells genome.

In practice, that means gradually replacing each yeast chromosome-there are 16 of them-with DNA fabricated on stove-size chemical synthesizers. As they go, Boeke and collaborators at nearly a dozen institutions are streamlining the yeast genome and putting in back doors to let researchers shuffle its genes at will. In the end, the synthetic yeast-called Sc2.0-will be fully customizable.

"Over the next 10 years synthetic biology is going to be producing all kinds of compounds and materials with microorganisms," says Boeke. "We hope that our yeast is going to play a big role in that."

Think of the project as something like Henry Ford's first automobile-hand built and, for now, one of a kind. One day, though, we may routinely design genomes on computer screens. Instead of engineering or even editing the DNA of an organism, it could become easier to just print out a fresh copy. Imagine designer algae that make fuel; disease-proof organs; even extinct species resurrected.

Jef Boeke leads an effort to create yeast with a man-made genome.

"I think this could be bigger than the space revolution or the computer revolution," says George Church, a genome scientist at Harvard Medical School.

Researchers have previously synthesized the genetic instructions that operate viruses and bacteria. But yeast cells are eukaryotic-meaning they confine their genomes in a nucleus and bundle them in chromosomes, just as humans do. Their genomes are also much bigger.

That's a problem because synthesizing DNA is still nowhere near as cheap as reading it. A human genome can now be sequenced for $1,000, with the cost still falling. By comparison, to replace every DNA letter in yeast, Boeke will have to buy $1.25 million worth of it. Add labor and computer power, and the total cost of the project, already under way for a decade, is considerably more.

Along with Church, among others, Boeke is a leader of GP-write, an organization advocating for international research to reduce the cost of designing, engineering, and testing genomes by a factor of a thousand over the next decade. "We have all kinds of challenges facing ourselves as a species on this planet, and biology could have a huge impact on them," he says. "But only if we can drive down costs."

Bottom up

A scientist named Ronald Davis at Stanford first suggested the possibility of synthesizing the yeast genome at a conference in 2004-though initially, Boeke didn't see the point. "Why would anyone want to do this?" he recalls thinking.

But Boeke came around to the idea that manufacturing a yeast genome might be the best way to comprehend the organism. By replacing each part, you might learn which genes are necessary and which the organism can live without. Some team members call the idea "build to understand."

"It's a different take on trying to understand how living things work," says Leslie Mitchell, a postdoctoral fellow in the NYU lab and one of the main designers of the synthetic yeast. "We learn what gaps in our knowledge exist in a bottom-up genetic approach."

Joel Bader, a computer scientist at Johns Hopkins, signed on to develop software that let scientists see the yeast chromosomes on a screen and keep track of versions as they changed, like a Google Docs for biology. And in 2008, to make the DNA, Boeke launched an undergraduate course at Hopkins called "Build a Genome." Students would learn basic molecular biology as each one assembled a continuous stretch of 10,000 DNA letters that would go toward the synthetic-yeast project. Later, several institutions in China joined to share the workload, along with collaborators in Britain, Australia, and Japan.

A video produced by New York University describes the analysis of yeast with partly synthetic DNA.

"We assign chromosomes to individual teams, like assigning a chapter of a book, and they have the freedom to decide how to do it, as long as it's based 100 percent on what we design," says Patrick Cai, a synthetic biologist at the University of Manchester and the yeast project's international coordinator.

Next steps

It took Boeke and his team eight years before they were able to publish their first fully artificial yeast chromosome. The project has since accelerated. Last March, the next five synthetic yeast chromosomes were described in a suite of papers in Science, and Boeke says that all 16 chromosomes are now at least 80 percent done. These efforts represent the largest amount of genetic material ever synthesized and then joined together.

It helps that the yeast genome has proved remarkably resilient to the team's visions and revisions. "Probably the biggest headline here is that you can torture the genome in a multitude of different ways, and the yeast just laughs," says Boeke.

George Church of Harvard University at a meeting of genome engineers.

The Center of Excellence for Engineering Biology

Boeke and his colleagues aren't simply replacing the natural yeast genome with a synthetic one ("Just making a copy of it would be a stunt," says Church). Throughout the organism's DNA they have also placed molecular openings, like the invisible breaks in a magician's steel rings. These let them reshuffle the yeast chromosomes "like a deck of cards," as Cai puts it. The system is known as SCRaMbLE, for "synthetic chromosome recombination and modification by LoxP-mediated evolution."

The result is high-speed, human-driven evolution: millions of new yeast strains with different properties can be tested in the lab for fitness and function in applications like, eventually, medicine and industry. Mitchell predicts that in time, Sc2.0 will displace all the ordinary yeast in scientific labs.

The ultimate legacy of Boeke's project could be decided by what genome gets synthesized next. The GP-write group originally imagined that making a synthetic human genome would have the appeal of a "grand challenge." Some bioethicists disagreed and sharply criticized the plan. Boeke emphasizes that the group will "not do a project aimed at making a human with a synthetic genome." That means no designer people.

Ethical considerations aside, synthesizing a full human genome-which is over 250 times larger than the yeast genome-is impractical with current methods. The effort to advance the technology also lacks funding. Boeke's yeast work has been funded by the National Science Foundation and by academic institutions, including partners in China, but the larger GP-write initiative has not attracted major support, other than a $250,000 initial donation from the computer design company Autodesk. Compare that with the Human Genome Project, which enjoyed more than $3 billion in US funding.

"This is a revolution we don't want to fall behind on," says Church. "If the federal government and all 50 states don't want to do this, we will reap what we sow. We will be left behind."

In the meantime, the labor goes on, base pair by base pair. Amid the journal covers and team photographs, Boeke has a quote on the door of his office, attributed to the geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." Whatever grand project succeeds Sc2.0-perhaps synthesizing the genome of a mouse, or engineering pigs to develop safe organs for human transplant-it will increasingly be humans directing that evolution. If that's the case, Sc2.0 may end up being the second most important achievement ever to feature yeast-after beer.

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Why redesigning the humble yeast could kick off the next industrial revolution

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NYU School of Medicine At least since thirsty Sumerians began brewing beer thousands of years ago, Homo sapiens has had a tight relationship with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the unicellular fungus better known as brewer's yeast. Through fermentation, humans were able to harness a microscopic species for our own ends.

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One of the cons it talks about in this article is that people want to give consent when it comes to people doing research on their own genetics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What were some of the ethical, legal, and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and address issues raised by genomic research that would affect individuals, families, and society.