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It synonyms have are words or phrases that have similar meanings.

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They are often used to avoid the excessive use of words in a text.

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If you do not know the meaning of a word, try to find its synonym in the text. If you can not find a synonym, try to guess its meaning from the context.

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Sometimes you will need to look up the word in a dictionary.

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When you read a factual article,look for definitions of topic-specific vocabulary you are not family with.

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A signal can we a-word or phrase, such as or, in other words, or that is, or punctuation, such as a comma parentheses, or dashes.

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Kathryn had found a supernova, or and exploding star.
The star becomes brighter than the rest of its galaxy

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Galaxy-a huge system of stars and gases

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Text about science examine the reasons (or causes) why something happens and what happens  as a result (or effects).

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These causes and effects are usually clearly indicated by signal words such as because, because of, cause, due to, a reason, result in.

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For example:
His experiments resulted in a thick, cloudy liquid.

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Pronouns are used instead of repeating the same words many times. They commonly refer backward to a name or idea, but they can also refer forward

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It is important to understand which idea the pronoun refers to in order  to fully understand the text.

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These are some of the most commonly used pronouns:

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People
he, she, we, you, they, who, them, my, your, her,his, our, their, me, him.

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Objects and ideas
it, this, these, those, that, there, it's.

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Taking notes in your own words is important. It will help you avoid potential plagiarism.

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If you take notes from a text using the same words, then repeat them in an essay, you could be plagiarizing by accident.

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Writing notes in your own words helps your understand what you are writing about, rather than just copying what you read.

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Creating a text plan as you read can make it much easier to navigate a text

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When you skim read, you are looking for the general meaning of the whole text and of individual paragraphs.

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To create a text plan, note the general meaning of each paragraph the first time you read, and them decide which paragraphs can be grouped together.

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To identify the main ideas of a text, first look at the title, introduction, in any headings. These will give you clues about the topic and the main ideas.

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Then skim quickly over each section, paying particular attention to the first sentences.

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Make a note of the main ideas and look back at these note after you have read the text again.

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You can organize your notes with a map showing relationships between the main ideas.

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Skim the text and white down a phrase that summarizes each main idea. Leave room between each idea.

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Draw a box around each one. Then as you read more closely, add supporting details to your map.

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Write them around each main idea and draw boxes around them. Them draw lines to connect details to the main idea.

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Scanning is a technique used when you are looking for specific information.

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It is important for you to practice this skill as academic reading is usually for a specific purpose such as answering an essay question.

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This skill will help you find information more quickly.

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Previewing key parts of a text  before you read makes it easier for you to understand  its main ideas.

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Look at the pictures, read the title, introducction and any headings in the text, and skim over passage.

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Think about the topic and what you already know about it.

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When you have a sense of what the text is about before you read, you should be able to understand and remember in better.

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Skim reading is a useful skill to learn when you are preparing for academic study

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You are likely to have a lot of texts to read,a lot of research to do,and not enoughtime to read everything on a topic. it is therefore ofter important to decide whetherit is worth reading a text in greater detail.

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You can do this by skimming a text quickly you identify the main ideas using headings, sub-headings, and topic sentences to help give you a bigger picture.

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Summarizing is giving a brief statement of the most important points of a text.

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As you read, highlight or underline the main points of the text.

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Then use the information to write a summary.

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Even when you are just writing a summary for you notes, you should use your own words to avoid potentially plagiarizing the text if you decide to use it in an assignment later.

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In a academic situation, you will do a lot of your reading with a specific essay question in mind.

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When you are taking note for a specific essay, it is a good idea to plan you research questions.

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This will help you to thing about the questions you need to answer and make you reading and note taking more focused.

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Usually different parts of a text perform different functions. Identifying the purpose of different parts of a text can help you recognize the structure and understand its overall purpose.

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Some of these functions are:

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This is the first paragraph in which a new idea is mentioned.

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Authors often group the most important figures and statistics together in one paragraph.

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These paragraphs give real, true information rather than opinion, argument, or speculation. Authors often establish the facts of a situation  before presenting opinion, argument, or speculation.

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These paragraphs present examples and other information to support arguments or to give  context to the topic.

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These paragraphs group together all the arguments on one side of an issue.

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A well-balanced text presents more than one side of an issue. Even if the author is biased they will often present opposing arguments to make the text appear neutral.

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The tone of a text can help you to identify and understand the writer's opinion.

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This is important if you plan to use the  reading in a essay  because it will give you an idea whether the writer is for or against a certain position.

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The author's opinion is often indicated by certain fixed phrases, and the author's choice of adjectives and adverbs.