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the German emperor

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wealthy Prussian landowners

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a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favour of the Russian one.

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desire to unite

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nationalist movement of Italy

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10. What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany? (WHII.8c,d)

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10. What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany? (WHII.8c,d)

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Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.

Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.

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9. What events led to the unification of Italy? (WHII.8c,d)

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9. What events led to the unification of Italy? (WHII.8c,d)

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Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.

The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

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8. How did nationalism and democracy influence national revolutions? (WHII.8b)

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8. How did nationalism and democracy influence national revolutions? (WHII.8b)

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National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism.

The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.

In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

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7. What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna? (WHII.8a)

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7. What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna? (WHII.8a)

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“Balance of power” doctrine

Restoration of monarchies

New political map of Europe

New political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)

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6. What was the legacy of Napoleon? (WHII.8a)

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6. What was the legacy of Napoleon? (WHII.8a)

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Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination

Napoleonic Code

Awakening of feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

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5. How did the Monroe Doctrine impact revolutions in Latin America? (WHII.7d)

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5. How did the Monroe Doctrine impact revolutions in Latin America? (WHII.7d)

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The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823.

Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.

The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

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4. What were the contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar to revolutions in Latin America/ (WHII.7c)

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4. What were the contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar to revolutions in Latin America/ (WHII.7c)

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Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French

Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain

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3. How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements? (WHII.7b)

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3. How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements? (WHII.7b)

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Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America

Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.

Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

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2. How did Spain and Portugal maintain control of their Latin American domains? (WHII. 7a)

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2. How did Spain and Portugal maintain control of their Latin American domains? (WHII. 7a)

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Rigid class structure

Viceroys / colonial officers

Creoles

Mestizos

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1. What were the characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America in the nineteenth century? (WHII. 7a)

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1. What were the characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America in the nineteenth century? (WHII. 7a)

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Colonial governments mirrored the home governments.

Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.

A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.

Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority.

Havana

Mexico City

Lima

São Paulo

Buenos Aires