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1) Taylor, Walton and Young - question the view that techniques of neutralisation are never challenging society's dominant values. They point out that denying an act is wrong is quite different from explaining it away as a result of sickness or accident. It may be a complete rejecting of society's values.
2) Steven Box - questions Matza's evidence, which was gained from interviewing young people who had been convinced of offences. They might not genuinely feel remorse but merely be trying to justify themselves.

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Why some young people become delinquents and not others. 

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Why some young people become delinquents and not others. 

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Adolescents are often in a state of 'drift' and the decision to commit crime comes when they experience a mood of fatalism or powerlessness. Deviant act are committed to restore a "sense of humanism". To make them feel potent again.

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Attraction of deviance is explained in terms of subterranean values.
They're similar to mainstream leisure values and encourage enjoying oneself; acting in the spirit of the moment; being aggressive and seeking excitement.
Such values exist in all areas of society along side formal values but are expressed by most people during their leisure activities E.G. drinking in a pub or at a football match.
Delinquents merely express these at the wrong time - they may just have more leisure time than others.

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Examples of Techniques of Neutralisation

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Examples of Techniques of Neutralisation

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Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial that the act was wrong
Appeals to higher loyalties

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He claims that delinquents are sometimes able to neutralise the moral bind of society by making use of "techniques of neutralisation". These are like excuses which release them from society's control.
These techniques often make use of one set of mainstream values to neutralise others.

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Delinquents are not in opposition to society's norms and values. This is shown by the fact that they often express remorse over crimes committed and most express disapproval of crimes such as mugging, fighting with weapons etc.

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Critical of Subcultural  Explanations of Delinquency

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Critical of Subcultural  Explanations of Delinquency

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A) because they make the delinquent seem more distinctive than he actually is
B) they produce an over deterministic view if the origins of deviance.

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Takes a different approach to the to the subcultural classed based theories that see delinquent values as a reaction to the inability to achieve mainstream values.

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1) Criminal subcultures (where IOS exists) - criminals work there way up the career ladder - gain cultural goals
2) Conflict (no IOS) - this can involve violent gang warfare.
3) Reatrist (IOS exists) - in this case individuals fail on both career opportunities and thus retreat into drug or alcohol culture.

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This was the existence of an adult community if criminals, who could provide an apprenticeship to young delinquents so that they could eventually gain the cultural goals. Each step on the IOS would be like training.
E.G. stealing car radios, stealing cars, get a garage to take in car and then achieve the cultural goals.

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However, they believed that Merton didn't recognise the existence of an alternative opportunity structure, namely the Illegitimate Opportunity Structure (IOS)

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Also drew heavily upon Merton's work

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1) Deviance is usually collective
2) Concept of Status Frustration

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However, he criticises merton for not recognising:
a) that crime tends to be collective not individual
b) ignoring non-utilitarian crime E.G. Vandalism

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A.K Cohen Subcultural Theory - Status Frustration

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A.K Cohen Subcultural Theory - Status Frustration

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Cohen agrees with Merton that crime is a mainly working class phenomenon.

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He takes official stats for granted (maybe middle class simply get away with white collar crime)
Marxists argue that it ignores the fact laws are made and enforced by the rich.

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Merton Provides explanations which match crime stats (E.G. explains crime by the poor).
His structural explanation, which accommodates class, explains how those at the bottom struggle to obtain wealth.

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Ignores and fails to explain middle class crime
Assumes crime stats are true. Merton began explaining working class crime on the basis of crime statistics which suggested working class people are more criminal.
Only addresses utilitarian (financially) motivated crime
Makes assumption that the key driver in society is peoples desire for material goods.

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Anomie arises where significant sections of the population recognise that no matter how hard they work they cannot achieve the cultural goals.
He specifically was reflecting on black urban Americans who desired the cultural goals but saw little opportunity for realistically attaining them.

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Cultural goals outweighed legitimate means and so he saw American society as sliding into an unhealthy anomic state.

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Picked up Durkheim's theory of Anomie and developed it in relation to American in the 1950's.

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Argues that pornography safely channels sexual desire away from adultery/ prostitution, which lessons the threat to the family unit.

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Argues that prostitution acts as a safety valve for men's sexual frustration. Therefore the nuclear family is protected.

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1. He suggests some level of crime is useful but how much?
2. Most crime is not political - what explanation of other crimes is there?
3. Functionalism explains how crime might be functional for society but that about individuals who are victims?

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1. This biological analysis is cogent and novel
2. Functionalist analysis can reveal how crime can have latent (unintended) functions
3. An inversion of Mertons notion of manifest/ latent functions.

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Might assume functionalists would be in favour of a society with complete order and no deviance. However, they see crime as necessary and useful.

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Crime is inevitable because socialisation is not a perfect process and some people will be on the periphery of value consensus

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Manchester bombing. People provide free food and free stays at hotels.
There was also the love concert.

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When heinous crimes are committed they actually reinforce the value consensus because people talk of their revulsion of the crime and/or collectively assemble to protest against the action.

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Refer to homework

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Outward physical features betray inward personality characteristics.

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Criminals can be identified by physiognomy

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Criminals can be identified by physiognomy

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E.G. Shifty Eyes

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Throwback to an earlier evolutionary stage.

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When the Event Occurred (Historical Axis)

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When the Event Occurred (Historical Axis)

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E.G. Homosexuality is no longer deviant
E.G. Rape in marriage is now deviant

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The Culture within which the Action Occurs (Cross-cultural Axis)

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The Culture within which the Action Occurs (Cross-cultural Axis)

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E.G. Women in Saudi Arabia can't wear certain clothes and women have to be home by a certain time.
E.G. Weed legalised in Amsterdam.

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1. The culture within which the action occurs (cross-cultural axis)
2. When the event occurred (historical axis)

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A relative concept in that no action in itself is deviant however in social contexts it is deemed deviant.

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Certain actions are wrong regardless of when and where they were executed.

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1. Common Sense
2. Sociological

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Actions that contravenes social norms

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Actions that contravene the law.