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*Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
*In those days, all heavy duty work was performed by horses.
*The industrial revolution was all about the development and exploitation of a fantastic new invention, the heat engine.
*Thermodynamics was developed to gain the maximum efficiency from, such heat engines, and the science was so successful, that in a very short space of time, steam engines completely transformed the world, from transportation, to manufacturing, to agriculture.

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*When two objects are separately in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other.
*Whenever two objects are in contact with one another energy will flow between them until they
reach a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Upon reaching this state we say that the two objects are at the same temperature.

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*Developed in 1921 by Walter Nernst.
*Considers the entropy of perfect crystals.
*Lead to the definition of zero on the entropy scale thus enabling determination of absolute entropy

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*Also developed around 1850 by Rudolf Clausius following initial work by Sadi Carnot in 1824.
*Describes the direction in which all processes spontaneously occur. e.g a hot object loses heat to its surroundings.
*Lead to the definition of a new state function called Entropy which fundamentally measures disorder.

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* Developed around 1850 by Rudolf Clausius.
*Adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy for thermodynamic systems.
*Defined thermodynamic energy or internal energy for a thermodynamic system.
*Concerns energy changes and lead to the definition of a new state function called nthalpy.

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Nuclear Reactors

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Reuse of Nuclear Spend Fuel.