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James Knox Polk was the 11th President of the United States. Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented Tennessee

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Henry Clay, Sr. was an American lawyer and planter, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives

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Def: The rights and powers by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

History - The right to be able to freely speak your mind and protest if you think that a federal government law is unconstitutional.

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Def: Aprinciple of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

History: The Monroe Doctrine was propounded by President James Monroe in 1823.Monroe proposed that the US would oppose further colonization of North and South America by European powers but would not interfere in the affairs of existing colonies.

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Def:  Alandmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.

History - Marbury v. Madison, arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history, was the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -- the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution

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Def:  A tariff to protect and promote Americanindustry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

History - Henry clay created the system because he thought it would unify the nation

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Def : The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. ... All in all, the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.

History - The Gold Rush undoubtedly sped up California’s admission to the Union as the 31st state. In late 1849, California applied to enter the Union with a constitution preventing slavery, provoking a crisis in Congress between proponents of slavery and abolitionists. According to the Compromise of 1850, proposed by Kentucky’s Senator Henry Clay, California was allowed to enter as a free state, while the territories of Utah and New Mexico were left open to decide the question for themselves.

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Def: The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.

History - The era of good feelings was during Monroe's presidency. There were no major conflicts between political parties, because the Federalist party had disbanded.

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Def : The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indianlands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

History - All Native Americans were forceably removed from their homes and relocated to reservations in Oklahoma. President Andrew Jackson sent troops out to round them all up to a holding area. (I believe it was in Tennessee.) and then they were marched to Oklahoma, most of them on foot. Many died along the way and they were buried the best they could along the roads. It was winter and hard to dig in the ground so they usually gathered rocks and piled them on top of the body so the animals wouldn't disturb them. This is why this event was called the "Trail of Tears". They were crying for their lost loved ones and because they could not be buried in the tradition of the tribe on sacred land.

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Def : The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.

History - President Polk's first political priority was the annexation of Texas. However, due to the expansionist outcry toward the Oregon Territory, he included the area in his inaugural address in 1845. Polk touted the idea of brinkmanship: that is, using any means necessary, including war, to remove the British from the Oregon Territory.

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Def : A United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

History - In 1819, Missouri petitioned to join the United States. While new states were added to the union several times before, Missouri's entrance into the union sparked a heated controversy in the Senate. In 1819, before Missouri's entrance, the United States was composed of 11 free states and 11 slave states.

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Def : The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

History - Manifest Destiny was significant to the expansion of the United States in the 19th century. It was the primary force that caused the United States to expand west across North America. To Americans, expansion offered self-advancement, self-sufficiency, income and freedom.

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Def :  A shared group feeling in the significance of a geographical and sometimes demographic region seeking independence for its culture or ethnicity that holds that group together.

History - Throughout history people have been attached to their native soil, to the traditions of their parents, and to established territorial authorities; but it was not until the end of the 18th century that nationalism began to be a generally recognized sentiment molding public and private life and one of the great, if not the greatest, single determining factors of modern history.

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Def: A land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired.

History -  Jefferson sent future U.S. president James Monroe (1758-1831) to Paris to aid Livingston in the New Orleans purchase talks