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Islam in west Africa

Carried Islam across Sahara

Gold salt trade

Ghana Mali and Songhai

Convert elites of kingdoms

Cities become centers of gov

Major trading cities

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Islam in India

Spreads in India

Not peaceful

Smashed Hindu temples

Muslim community fill in the gaps where Hinduism were less integrated

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The Abbasid Caliphate

Strong gov bureaucracy to control

Became wealthy

Major achievements in sci and math and creates Algebra

Become wealthy by conquering trade routes

Irrigation and agriculture

Lost control of central authority and failed in the 10th century

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In 8th century, islam spread to Spain

Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) blended Roman, German Jewish, and arabic traditions

Fine arts and science

By 1,000 Spain was 75% muslim

By late 10th century toleration began to fade

Reconquista: the reconquest of Muslim Spain by the Christians, Spanned from circa 1000 to 1492

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After several caliphs Ali becomes caliph

After Ali’s death a powerful Meccan clan sets up the Umayyad caliphate (religious state)

This dynasty of Sunni caliphs ruled the Muslim Empire
Umayyad Caliphate

Expand a lot because of conquest

Non muslims had to pay taxes to practice their own religion

Bc people were poor so they converted

Religiously tolerant

Trade , successful and wealthy

Civil wars, growing unrest and failed.

Abbasid Caliphate took their place

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Mecca is weakened with civil wars

Muhammad returns and concurs it and makes Allah the official god and people of Mecca accept it.

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When he is still alive, still in Mecca

Muhammad’s popularity is growing and people of Mecca don’t like

He says all the god in the Kaaba are false and only allah is right

Muhammad and his followers go from Mecca to Madinah called the known as Hijrah

Ummah: a community of people together by the acceptance of Islam

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Muhammad died
After Muhammad died, the Caliph Abu Bakr, ordered the collections of his words and destroyed all other

The sacred text is the Quran

It’s Muhammad’s words directly and what god revealed to him
His death leads to dispute, who should be the leader

Sunni: Caliphs should be chosen based on rightful religious/political lifestyles - selected by the community (majority of Muslims)

Shia: Leadership should descend from Muhammad’s ancestors

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Muhammad was born in Mecca
He became a successful trader
Gabriel tells him he’s the final prophet, so he spreads the words among Arabs

His revelations of the story became the sacred recording of Islam

Rejects all other gods

Believe in other prophets, but he sees himself as the last and most complete

“Seal of prophets”