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Springfield Business Lawyer | Business Owners & Entity Formation

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At Parks & Jones, each Springfield business lawyer assists businesses from implementing the founder's vision to the orderly succession of ownership.

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Every small business owner needs to be prepared for the immense responsibility of owning a business. Even if your business's legal structure protects you from certain liabilities, you can still be held accountable for your mistakes or crimes and your business may suffer in return.

For business owners in St. Louis, Springfield or Kansas City, it's important to understand state and federal laws and know how to proceed when a legal issue develops. LawInfo has the Missouri small business law information you need from choosing a business structure to writing a business plan.

Financing a Small Business in Missouri

Perhaps the largest hurdle for most small businesses in Missouri is securing funds to pay for assets and the usual startup costs. Few owners can fund their own small businesses. You will probably need to seek business financing.

The good news is that you can find financing from several types of sources. The bad news is that you're competing for that money and those sources may be reluctant to finance unprepared, new businesses. A thorough business plan that details the startup costs and demonstrates your ability to recoup those costs can be critical to getting financing.

Several business financing sources you can use in Missouri include:

Small Business Loan Program-A state program that provides low or zero-interest direct loans for small (15 employees or fewer), Missouri-based businesses.

Bank loans.

Angel investors.

Venture capitals.

Public stock investment.

Missouri Business Entities

When you start a small business in Missouri, the legal structure you choose for it depends on the type of entity it is. There are two major types of business entities in Missouri under which are several distinct types of legal structures:

Non-Statutory Entities-These kinds of businesses don't require registration with the Missouri state government. They are the most basic business structures.

Sole Proprietorships-A business with a single owner who directly manages its operation, makes all decisions, benefits from all of the profits and accepts full liabilities and responsibilities. Missouri law doesn't recognize a separation between the business and its owner.

General Partnerships-Similar to a sole proprietorship except that two or more partners share in the responsibilities, liabilities, management and profits. Like a sole proprietorship, each partner is taxed individually and enjoy flow-through taxation.

Statutory Entities-These kinds of businesses required registration with the state because their legal and tax organization is more complex than those of non-statutory entities. Where non-statutory entities enjoy tax benefits, statutory entities enjoy liability protection.

Limited Partnerships-One or more general partners share the business's liabilities while limited partners enjoy liability protection. Both types of partners enjoy flow-through taxation. While limited partners are sometimes barred from participating in the management of business operations in many states, Missouri permits limited partners to do so while still enjoying liability protections.

Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP)-Similar to general partnerships but every partner enjoys the same liability protections offered to limited partners in limited partnerships. However, every partner is still accountable for personal liability in business matters.

Limited Liability Limited Partnerships (LLLP)-Similar to a limited partnership, but both general partners and limited partners gain the liability protection offered in LLPs (with the same personal liability caveat, though).

Corporations-A business that is owned by shareholders, is operated by directors and exists as its own liable entity separate from its shareholders. Shareholders are shielded from liability but are subject to double taxation since the corporation is itself a taxable entity. There are different types of corporations, each with unique taxation, liability and organization structures.

Speak to an Experienced Business Law Attorney Today

This article is intended to be helpful and informative. But even common legal matters can become complex and stressful. A qualified business lawyer can address your particular legal needs, explain the law, and represent you in court. Take the first step now and contact an attorney in your area from our directory to discuss your specific legal situation.

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Every small business owner needs to be prepared for the immense responsibility of owning a business. Even if your business's legal structure protects you from certain liabilities, you can still be held accountable for your mistakes or crimes and your business may suffer in return. For business owners in St.

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5 Reasons Your Business’s Legal Structure Should Be as Unique as Your Business

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5 Reasons Your Business’s Legal Structure Should Be as Unique as Your Business

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When starting a new business, the "legalese" is often near the bottom of most founders' to-do lists. Product development, relationship development, breaking the mold - these are the things that are going to help you penetrate the market, and they are the reasons you decided to become an entrepreneur.

But, starting a business is inherently a legal process. As a result, not only should the "legalese" not go overlooked; ideally, it should be addressed as early as possible. As an entrepreneur, the last thing you want is to find out your intellectual property is not protected or your company is not prepared to take on outside investment. While it might be easy to buy a corporation or LLC filing package from an online legal document company, there are several reasons why this is not the best option for most startup founders. Below are just a few examples that our Springfield business lawyer often deals with:

1. You Have Unique Goals as a Company Founder

Unique businesses require unique solutions. This is true for everything from software to legal documents. Whether your goals are to disrupt an industry, go public or change the world, your business plan has legal implications, and you need to be prepared.

2. You Have Unique Liability Risks Based on the Products or Services You Sell

Different business entity structures offer different benefits, and one of the primary benefits of forming a limited liability company (LLC) or corporation is the ability to mitigate the risk of personal liability. However, simply filing a form so that you can receive a certificate in the mail is not enough. From selecting the most-appropriate type of business entity to preparing all of the necessary documentation and considering your options for insurance, forming a new company is a process that requires critical consideration and strategic planning.

3. You Have a Unique Capitalization Structure or Aspirations of Securing Outside Investment

Will you be contributing cash to finance the business? Will you be contributing intellectual property? Will you be making a loan? What about your co-founders? Startup founders have numerous options when it comes to investing in their own companies, and their founding documents should reflect the type (or types) of contributions being made. A Springfield business lawyer can assist with properly drafting these documents.

If you have aspirations of securing outside investment, this is another issue entirely. Your business entity will need to be structured appropriately so that you can offer an attractive investment when the opportunity arises.

4. You Have Unique Jurisdictional Considerations to Take Into Account

Business entities exist under state law, and corporation and LLC laws vary from one state to the next. Whether you form your business entity in your home state or in a business-friendly jurisdiction such as Delaware or Wyoming (which, in itself, is not a decision to be taken lightly), you will need to tailor your organizational documents to the specific requirements of the applicable law.

5. You Have Unique Needs with Regard to Confidentiality and IP Protection

What intellectual property (IP) do you own? What IP assets will your company acquire? What information do you need to keep secret? These are all questions that will further influence the structuring and documentation of your business entity.

Contact a Springfield Business Lawyer to Discuss Your Business Options

If you are starting a business in Springfield or elsewhere in Missouri and would like more information about the steps involved in setting up your business entity properly for now and the future, you should contact a business lawyer about your needs.

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5 Reasons Your Business's Legal Structure Should Be as Unique as Your Business - Parks & Jones

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When starting a new business, the "legalese" is often near the bottom of most founders' to-do lists. Product development, relationship development, breaking the mold - these are the things that are going to help you penetrate the market, and they are the reasons you decided to become an entrepreneur.

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1983 E Seminole St
Springfield, MI 65804

Phone: 417-823-9898
Toll Free: 877-376-5291

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10 Legal Boxes to Check Before Launching Your Online Business

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10 Legal Boxes to Check Before Launching Your Online Business

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You had your light-bulb moment, and now you are ready to introduce your innovative product or service to the world. But, before you go too far, you want to make sure that the legal side of your new business is in order. Contact our Springfield business lawyer to discuss your options and get the help you need to ensure everything goes as smoothly as possible.

Here are 10 boxes to check - ideally before your website goes live:

1. Business Entity Formation

Have you formed a corporation, limited liability company (LLC), or other appropriate business entity? Forming a business entity provides several important benefits (including providing protection for your personal assets), and it is a critical step if you hope to secure outside investment.

2. Business Entity Documentation

In order to obtain the benefits of forming a business entity, you need to do more than just file Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Organization with the appropriate state office. You will need various other forms of documentation as well, and all of your company documents should be custom-tailored to your unique business.

3. Trademark and Copyright Clearance

Did you check to make sure no one else is using the trademark you selected (or a confusingly similar trademark)? Did you pay for the right to use any images or templates you found online? If not, you may receive a cease and desist letter in short order, and you may be facing a complete re-branding of your online presence.

4. Trademark and Copyright Registration

If you selected a unique trademark and developed your own creative presence, you will want to protect them through registration with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the U.S. Copyright Office.

5. Business Banking and Insurance

In order to maintain separation between your business and personal assets, you need to manage your business and personal finances separately. You will likely also want to consider insurance coverage in the event that something goes wrong.

6. Local Compliance

Are you subject to state or local permitting or licensing requirements? Do you need to register to do business as a foreign entity? These are important legal steps that many entrepreneurs overlook.

7. Online Compliance

Do you have a legally-sufficient privacy policy that addresses the relevant state-specific requirements in the United States (and in foreign countries if you will be selling your product or service worldwide)?

8. Contractual Rights and Obligations

From software licenses to real estate leases, it is important to make sure that you have the contractual rights you need to run your business. When working with vendors and other third parties, you will want to make sure that you secure adequate contractual protections as well.

9. Employees and Independent Contractors

If you have hired (or will hire) outside help, unless you are prepared to take on the legal burdens of hiring an employee, you will need to make sure that the relationship is structured so that the person you hire is classified as an independent contractor.

10. Annual Filing Requirements

If it has been a while since you formed your business entity, have you kept up with the requisite annual filing requirements? These vary from state to state, and you will need to make sure you make the necessary filings on an ongoing basis in order to keep your entity in good standing.

Seek Legal Guidance from a Knowledgeable Springfield Business Lawyer

This list is not exclusive, and your specific needs will depend upon a variety of factors that are unique to your new business. If you live in Missouri and would like to speak with an experienced Springfield business lawyer, you can contact our office for a confidential consultation.

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10 Legal Boxes to Check Before Launching Your Online Business - Parks & Jones

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You had your light-bulb moment, and now you are ready to introduce your innovative product or service to the world. But, before you go too far, you want to make sure that the legal side of your new business is in order.

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Table of Contents
"Wherever you see a successful business, someone once made a courageous decision."
- Peter F. Drucker

Every day in Missouri, dozens of new corporations, limited liability companies and partnerships are formed by men and women making the first courageous decision in the life of a successful business. The Business Services Division of the Office of the Secretary of State John R. Ashcroft is charged with processing and filing all registrations for new Missouri business entities, as well as entities from other states seeking to do business here.

The United States Small Business Administration estimates that there are over 500,000 active small businesses in Missouri. The Business Services Division of the Secretary of State's office is committed to providing friendly, convenient and responsive service to our state's business owners and professionals. We understand that the laws impacting and regulating business can be complicated so we have created this guide for doing business in Missouri.

This guide provides basic information regarding the selection and creation of a Missouri statutory entity that serves your needs and purposes. We also provide some suggestions for avoiding some common corporate formation mistakes and difficulties encountered by startup businesses, as well as answers to frequently asked questions. We want to assist you in making the first courageous decision necessary to create a successful Missouri business.

Doing Business with the Office of the Secretary of State

The Missouri Office of the Secretary of State serves as the filing agency and information clearinghouse for businesses operating in the state. A variety of functions performed and completed with the office include the following:

1. Creation Filings: Creation filings are the initial filings which create a statutory entity. For example, a corporation's articles of incorporation are filed to create the corporation.

2. Maintenance Filings: Filings or registrations may be required by circumstances or events which occur during the life of a business entity. For example, if a limited liability company changes its registered agent, or a limited partnership adds a new general partner, certain documents must be filed or amended. In addition, all corporations are required to file an annual corporate registration report and pay an annual fee.

3. Major Transaction Filings: In some instances, a major change in an entity's structure or ownership requires a filing. The most common is a merger of two or more business entities, which requires articles of merger to be filed. Filings related to consolidations and withdrawals must also be made.

4. Dissolutions and Terminations: When a statutory entity is to be terminated, articles of dissolution and requests for termination are filed. In instances where an entity is administratively dissolved or otherwise cancelled or terminated by the Secretary of State, the entity may have some further filing requirements to formally end the entity's existence.

5. UCC Filings: UCC-1 financing statements, the nationally accepted format for recording or providing formal notice of a lien on certain types of property, are filed with the Secretary of State. Many choose to file these statements online.

6. Trademarks and Service Marks: Many businesses choose to reserve the exclusive right to use of original logos or marks related to their products or services in the state by completing a filing with the Secretary of State. These filings are often also made at the federal level with the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

The above list includes only a handful of the most common filings and registrations completed with the Secretary of State. A catalog of the forms along with a schedule of applicable fees for the majority of filings can be found on the Secretary of State's Web site at www.sos.mo.gov.

Why Business Entities Are Formed

Many types of business entities exist in Missouri. Understanding the difference between the various entities is helpful in deciding which type of entity best conforms to your goals. Some entities are designated under Missouri's statutes while others are not.

In general, a single person who is operating a business is a sole proprietor, and a group of people who are operating a business together and sharing profits are a partnership. No filing or registration is needed to form these associations, as they are the default business forms. Until affirmative, specific steps are taken to change that form or identity, the proprietorship or partnership continues in existence.

In order to take advantage of certain legal and practical advantages, a person or group of people might form a corporation or other statutory entity. Without Missouri's authorizing statutes, no corporation, limited liability company, or statutory partnership could be formed, and all individuals and groups doing business would remain sole proprietors or partnerships.

When articles are filed with, and a certificate of existence is issued by the Secretary of State, a business entity is formed or "born." From the time of its creation, a statutory entity is in legal existence and can carry on business, sue and be sued, pay taxes, enter into contracts, own property, and earn income, up until the time it dissolves or "dies." This separate legal existence is the foundation of two of the most important business entity characteristics: 1) the liability protection; and 2) the tax treatment of that particular business form.

Liability Protection

Generally, a corporation's main characteristics form the basis of its business advantages. A corporation, through its statutory creation, is an entity separate and apart from its owners (shareholders), and the liabilities and obligations of the corporation are not those of the owners. This separation of liability is the most crucial component of a corporation or a limited liability company.

Without one of these statutory entities, the owners of a business venture assume all the liabilities of the venture and are responsible for the liabilities and actions of the employees acting for the business. This includes exposure of the owners' personal assets and property such as their homes, holdings and possessions. To avoid such liability, business owners form corporations.

Tax Treatment

Because corporations are separate and apart from their owners, however, they are often subject to taxation on the corporation's income. This results in a double-taxation; the corporation's income is taxed, and then the money distributed to the corporation's owners is also taxed as personal income of the shareholders.

If the corporation was never formed, and the group of business people left the business as a general partnership, that partnership itself would never be taxed, as it is not a separate entity, and the only taxation would be on the partners themselves. To avoid the double-taxation dilemma of corporations, while also enjoying the liability shield of the same, limited liability companies, limited partnerships, and special-election small corporations were invented.

Choosing an Entity

Liability protection and tax benefits are just two of the primary factors in choosing a business entity. This guide includes brief descriptions of a few of the other factors, as well as the process for forming a statutory entity and completing several of the other steps in creating a business.

The decision of which entity to select, however, is a crucial one best made with the advice of professionals with training on the matters such as attorneys, accountants and financial planners.
THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE IS A FILING OFFICE AND RECORDS CLEARINGHOUSE - IT IS NOT AUTHORIZED TO, NOR DOES IT THROUGH THIS DOCUMENT OR OTHERWISE, OFFER LEGAL, ACCOUNTING OR TAX ADVICE. YOUR COMPLIANCE WITH MISSOURI'S STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS IS BEST MANAGED THROUGH CONSULTATION WITH A PROFESSIONAL. THIS HANDBOOK IS DESIGNED TO RAISE QUESTIONS AND POINT OUT FACTORS RELATED TO THE CREATION AND STARTUP OF A MISSOURI BUSINESS. IT IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL ADVICE, NOR DOES IT NECESSARILY PROVIDE ALL OF THE INFORMATION NECESSARY TO START A BUSINESS IN MISSOURI.
Basic Steps in Creating a Business

In general, there are several basic steps for forming a business, as well as several recommended or common steps:

1. Confer with and secure the assistance of professionals. Accountants, attorneys, tax professionals, financial advisors, bankers, business consultants and other professionals can all be invaluable resources when starting a business. Many business plans include an expense item dedicated to these services. The business world is highly regulated and law-intensive, and the advice of trained professionals is often indispensable. The Missouri Bar Association's Lawyer Referral Service is a good resource for locating an attorney. To obtain a referral for a certified public accountant (CPA) or other accounting professional, contact the Missouri Society of Certified Public Accountants or the Missouri Society of Accountants.

2. Choose and create a business entity. The type of entity under which you will do business is possibly the most critical decision you will make. To learn more about the types of Missouri business entities, the filing required to create them, and the questions to pose to your attorneys and other professionals, review the section on Missouri Business Entities in this guide.

3. Register fictitious names. If you plan to do business under a name other than your own name or the exact name of your business entity, you must file a fictitious name registration. For more information, see the section on Fictitious Names in this guide.

4. Register with federal and state agencies. Several federal and state registrations are required for business entities including:

Registration with the Internal Revenue Service to obtain a federal employer identification number (FEIN), even if the business does not have employees. (For more information, see the section on FEINs in this Handbook.)

Registration with the Missouri Department of Revenue, for certain taxes, which can be completed online or with a Form 2643. (For more information, see the section on DOR Registration in this guide.)

Registration with the Division of Employment Security. (For more information, see the Section on Missouri Division of Employment Security in this guide.)

5. Recommended Steps. In addition to the above steps, all of which are commonly required of most statutory entities, a successful business will address, at a minimum, several other issues. New businesses often register their trademarks or service marks with the Secretary of State and with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Consultation with tax experts often leads to specific IRS filings, such as a small business election for a subchapter-S corporation.

In addition, new businesses seeking financing or equity investors will prepare a detailed business plan, and, in some instances, will need to create securities offerings. The process of raising capital, through the sale of a corporation's stock for example, also is regulated by state and federal law. When raising capital, a business should confirm that it is in compliance with applicable state laws (sometimes referred to as "Blue Sky Laws" and Federal securities laws).

If a business will have employees, it is wise to consult with an employment law expert to determine all the requirements and obligations related to labor and workplace regulations.

Missouri Business Entities

Until affirmative steps are taken to form a statutory entity, a business operates as a sole proprietorship or possibly as a general partnership.

Non-Statutory Entities:

(1) Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a business where a single owner has complete control over a business, enjoys all the profits, makes all decisions and has the liability and responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business. A sole proprietorship is not recognized as an entity separate from its owner or proprietor and is not taxed separately. The income the owner receives from the business is taxed at the owner's personal income tax rate. All of the contract, tort, lease and other obligations and liabilities of the business are the direct obligations and liabilities of the owner. A sole proprietorship may be owned jointly by a married couple. For additional information regarding the ownership of a married couple please visit https://www.irs.gov/help-resources/tools-faqs/faqs-for-individuals/frequently-asked-tax-questions-answers/small-business-self-employed-other-business/entities/entities.

The sole proprietorship is the simplest business form to adopt and maintain, as there are almost no required filings or registrations other than tax filings. If a sole proprietorship is doing business under a name other than the owner's true name, a fictitious name filing must be made with the Secretary of State, and renewed every five years. The startup costs for a sole proprietorship are minimal, and the business is tied inextricably to the owner.

Though sole proprietorships are the simplest business form to adopt, and allow for autonomous control by the single owner of the business, this form provides no liability protection to the owner. In addition, the owner is not able to raise capital by selling interests in the business, such as taking on other investors who would share in the profits and create a partnership. When a sole proprietorship grows or needs an influx of capital, it is not uncommon for it to convert to a statutory entity.

(2) General Partnership

When a sole proprietor takes on a partner or secures an investment from another person or persons who will share in the profits of the business, or when two or more persons team up to create and carry on a business and share the profits as co-owners, a partnership has been formed.

No registration with the state is required to form a partnership. While a written partnership agreement is not required, such an agreement is customary and recommended. In addition, if a partnership is doing business under a name other than the owners' true names, a fictitious name filing must be made with the Secretary of State and renewed every five years.

A partnership agreement will often detail the delegation of management duties among the partners and the plan for allocation and distribution of business income to the partners. It might also address restrictions on transfer of ownership interests in the partnership and what happens upon the death or withdrawal of a partner. If the partners in a partnership do not reach another agreement or differ as to the agreement which was reached, state law provides that partners have equal authority in the partnership management, and that they also have equal financial interests - even if they contribute different amounts to the partnership. The

Unlike a sole proprietorship, the partners in a partnership are no longer solely liable for the responsibilities and liabilities of the business. Instead, each of the partners shares total responsibility and liability for the debts and obligations of the partnership. Each partner is an agent of the partnership and can bind the partnership to many obligations, and thus can create a wide range of liabilities. Each partner's liability includes total personal liability for the wrongful acts or omissions of the other partner(s).

So even though a partnership allows the sharing of duties and pooling of the talents of each partner, it also creates broader liability exposure for each co-owner. Partnership liability is "joint and several," a legal term which means that each partner has the duty to fully perform the entire obligation of the partnership. It also means that each partner may be sued and the entire judgment can be collected from one partner even if responsibility or fault for the obligation falls on the business itself or among the several partners.

While unlimited liability is the most material disadvantage of the partnership form, the flow-through taxation characteristic is the most advantageous. Similar to a sole proprietorship, and unlike a corporation that has not elected Subchapter-S status, the partnership itself does not pay taxes. Instead, the individual partners are taxed on their income from the partnership. The partners may divide and allocate the income from the business among themselves in a variety of manners. The partnership form does allow the partners or initial principals to raise capital by selling interests in the partnership, though they do have to convince their investors that the general liability of a partner is worth the risk.

Though partnerships and sole proprietorships are common business forms in Missouri, many entrepreneurs and business people elect to form a statutory entity to take advantage of liability protection, tax benefits and generally recognized corporate structures, and so that they may raise capital in a traditional manner. Choosing among the variety of statutory entities available requires careful consideration. The advice and counsel of an attorney, accountant and other professionals is highly recommended.

Statutory Entities:

(1) Corporation

A general business corporation (commonly referred to as a C corporation) is probably the most well known, and most complex, of the Missouri statutory entities. Corporations are characterized by their separate legal existence from their owners, the specific formalities that must be satisfied to maintain active status, and the double-taxation feature that can only be avoided by corporations that are eligible through specific IRS filings.

The concept of the corporation was initially created to allow business owners to shield themselves from the liabilities of their business association, in most instances a partnership. A corporation owns its own property, signs contracts, earns income, incurs its own expenses and debts, and can sue or be sued. Because the owners of a corporation, called shareholders, do not actually have title to the corporation's property and do not sign its contracts in their own name, nor directly receive the income enjoyed by the corporation, the owners are not personally liable for the corporation's debts and liabilities. This protection from personal liability is the key attraction of corporations; it allows a person to invest in a business without risking the loss of assets other than the amount of investment in the business.

Ownership, management and maintenance of a corporation involves four distinct types of participants:incorporators, shareholders, directors and officers.

The incorporators are the individuals who sign and file the articles of incorporation that create the corporation. Incorporators are generally free from liability for a corporation's obligations or debts, though in some instances incorporators, when acting as or on behalf of a corporation prior to its incorporation as "promoters," may be liable for the liabilities created by such acts.

The shareholders are the owners of the corporation as evidenced by the stock or shares they own. They are generally not involved in day-to-day management or decision making, though in small corporations with few shareholders, it is not uncommon for one person to be a shareholder and a director and/or officer.

The directors, appointed or voted onto the board by the shareholders, are charged with controlling the property and business of the corporation. Directors traditionally address the long-range or "big picture" issues for a corporation, and leave the day-to-day business to the officers.

Each general business corporation must have a president and secretary, and can have other officers as prescribed by the corporation's bylaws.

The Missouri laws that create the artificial entity known as a corporation include specific provisions requiring adherence to certain formalities and activities by the directors and officers running a corporation. Each corporation's articles of incorporation, filed with the Secretary of State to formally create the entity, must include specific information, and may only be amended pursuant to specific statutory limitations.

Missouri law also provides for the creation of a set of bylaws which serve as the rules and regulations for the operation of the corporation. Missouri law requires a corporation to hold an annual shareholders' meeting, as well as an annual meeting of the board of directors; minutes of both proceedings must be taken and maintained.

Corporations must also issue stock certificates to their stockholders and make the corporate records, including annual and other meeting minutes, and a record of the stock issued and outstanding, available to the stockholders. In addition, a Missouri corporation must have a board of directors elected by the shareholders and corporate officers, including at a minimum a president and secretary, chosen by the board of directors. The corporate positions are detailed in the corporation's annual registration report filed with the Secretary of State every year. Failure to file an annual report can lead to administrative dissolution, and in such an event the corporation may no longer carry on its day to day business. The combination of these and other formal requirements make the maintenance of a corporation more onerous than the maintenance of a limited liability company or other statutory entity.

In the formation of a corporation, it must be decided whether the shareholders will have "cumulative" voting rights in electing directors and whether shareholders will have "preemptive" rights in purchasing stock.

"Cumulative" voting is a mechanism which can increase the influence on the election of directors by holders of less than a majority of the voting stock.

"Preemptive" rights allow stockholders to purchase stock in subsequent sales of stock, affording them the ability to maintain their percentage ownership of the corporation.

Missouri law provides for the default inclusion of both cumulative voting and preemptive rights for stockholders unless otherwise addressed in the articles of incorporation. (Cumulative voting rights may also be addressed in a corporation's bylaws.)

Because a corporation, with its specific statutory formalities, is a separate entity from its owners, it is recognized as a taxable entity by the Internal Revenue Service. The income of a corporation is taxed in the same manner as the income of an individual, though the corporate tax scheme and rates differ from personal income tax. Not only is the corporation's income taxed, but when corporate earnings are distributed to stockholders, in the form of dividends, the stockholder receiving the money is also taxed. Therefore, each dollar earned by a corporation, and then passed along to its owners, is in effect taxed twice.

Subchapter-S corporation status

To avoid this double taxation, corporations often make a Subchapter-S small business election with the Internal Revenue Service. When this election is made, the small business corporation itself is not taxed on its income, but the income is instead allocated to the income of the shareholder. While this small business election is a good solution for the double-taxation issue, it does come with certain conditions.

Only United States citizens may be shareholders in S corporations and partnerships and corporations cannot be shareholders.

S corporations may only have one class of stock.

As of 2005, S corporations may have no more than 100 shareholders.

Most S corporations are also required to adopt a tax year ending December 31 rather than a fiscal tax year ending on some other date.

Aside from the taxation advantage and the ownership and stock limitations imposed on S corporations, these corporations have many of the same characteristics as a traditional general business corporation. S corporations have officers, directors and shareholders similar to a general business corporation, and must comply with the same corporate formalities.

Subchapter S elections are made with the IRS; the Missouri Secretary of State has no record or knowledge of such status or election.

Other Types of Corporations

In addition to general business corporations, Missouri law recognizes two other for-profit corporate forms that provide personal liability protection for shareholders.

Close corporation

A close corporation is characterized by its traditionally small size, its consolidated management structure, and the statutory restrictions on the transfer of its shares. There are approximately 6,000 close corporations in Missouri.

Missouri law provides that a statutory close corporation's shareholders generally may not transfer their shares of stock without allowing the corporation's other shareholders a right of first refusal. There are certain exempted transfers, including transfers specifically allowed in the articles of incorporation, transfers to similarly situated existing shareholders, and transfers to immediate family members. In essence, Missouri laws restricting share transfers in close corporations acts as a statutory shareholders' agreement.

A close corporation may operate without a board of directors and it is common for the shareholders of a close corporation to take an active role in the management and operation of the entity. A close corporation is not required to adopt bylaws if legally required provisions are found in the articles of incorporation or a shareholders' agreement.

The close corporation election is made in the entity's articles of incorporation; if an existing corporation chooses to elect close corporation status, it may amend its articles to do so if it has no more than 50 shareholders. A corporation may also terminate its statutory close corporation status by amending its articles to remove the designation or election. Unless specifically elected, a close corporation will not be given subchapter-S status.

Professional Corporation

The second alternative for-profit corporation form is the professional corporation, which is organized to carry out one or more professional services. The shareholders of the professional corporation must be licensed or authorized to practice a certain profession, which includes accountants, architects, engineers, attorneys, dentists, physicians, veterinarians, real estate salespeople and registered nurses. The articles of incorporation filed to form a professional corporation must be accompanied by a certificate of the licensing authority of the subject profession.

Professional corporations are managed in a manner similar to general corporations, though all directors and officers of a professional corporation, other than the secretary, must be qualified persons with respect to the underlying profession of the entity. The shares of a professional corporation may only be owned by similarly qualified persons, or by partnerships, other professional corporations or limited liability companies that are wholly owned by other licensed individuals.

Unless specifically elected, a professional corporation will not be given subchapter-S status.

(2) Limited Liability Company

A relatively new business form in Missouri (first recognized by the State in 1993), the limited liability company* or LLC* is increasingly popular. There are about 127,000 limited liability companies currently active in Missouri and almost 25,000 were organized in 2004 alone. The key characteristics of a limited liability company are the limited liability for its owners and the beneficial tax treatment they enjoy.

Just as shareholders of a corporation are protected from corporate liabilities, the owners or "members" of a limited liability company are generally not personally liable for the debts of the business, and a member's financial risk is limited to the amount of his or her investment. Unlike a corporation, however, the income and losses of a limited liability company are not attributed to the company, but instead flow through to the members, avoiding the double-taxation encountered by corporations.

A Missouri limited liability company is created by filing articles of organization with the Secretary of State. The articles are filed by the company's organizer or organizers, who can be, but are not required to be, members of the company. In addition to articles of organization, Missouri statute requires all limited liability companies to have an operating agreement.

The operating agreement is an internal document (it is not filed with the Secretary of State or any other government agency) that establishes the rules and regulations for the conduct of the company's business and affairs, and the rights, powers and duties of the company's members, managers and employees. An operating agreement often addresses whether the company is member-managed or manager-managed and will also address, among other things:

1. The classes or groups of members and their rights and benefits;

2. Voting structure for company decisions;

3. Restrictions on transfer of membership interests;

4. Allocation of income and losses among the members; and

5. Tax elections for the company.

A limited liability company is either managed by its members or a specifically appointed manager or managers. The person or people vested with management responsibility have the right and authority to manage the affairs and business of the company, limited only by the operating agreement or Missouri statutes. If the members choose a manager or managers, they do so in an operating agreement, which might also include the parameters of a manager's authority. Managers do not have to be members of the company. It should be noted that under Missouri statute, members of a member-managed company are liable for all state taxes to be paid by the company. If the company has a manager or managers, they are liable for such taxes.

Although the management structure of a limited liability company may have the added complexity of being manager-managed, a limited liability company generally involves much less in the way of business formalities than does a corporation. A limited liability company is not required to hold annual meetings of members or managers, is not required to keep minutes of any particular meeting, does not have to issue certificates evidencing equity ownership, and does not have to elect officers or directors.

Limited liability companies also do not have to file annual reports with the Secretary of State. Membership interests are also freely transferable. Further, while Missouri corporation law imposes certain obligations on a corporation's directors and officers in the performance of their duties, the limited liability company statutes provide increased flexibility in setting the terms of the duties imposed on those managing the company.

(3) Limited Partnership

To eliminate the personal liability risk for some partners in a partnership, business associates might form a limited partnership. A limited partnership has two types of partners: general partners and limited partners. Although the limited partnership enjoys the same flow-through taxation as a general partnership, the personal liability exposure of the two types of partners differs.

A limited partnership must have at least one general partner. General partners have the same characteristics, and face the same liability risks, as the partners in a general partnership. General partners (a limited partnership must have at least one) have the ability to bind the partnership and the partners therein, and the liabilities and debts of the limited partnership are also the liabilities of the general partners.

Limited partners, on the other hand, are protected by statute from liability for the obligations of the limited partnership. Until 1997, the trade-off for this liability protection was a limitation on the limited partner's involvement in the management or day-to-day affairs of the limited partnership. This changed in 1997, however, and now a limited partner appears to remain protected from limited partnership liability even if he participates in the management or control of the business, or votes on any matter.

A limited partnership is formed by filing a certificate of limited partnership with the Secretary of State. Though it is not required, most limited partnerships have a partnership agreement that spells out the relationships, duties, benefits and privileges of the partners. The partnership agreement is not filed with the Secretary of State. Also, limited partnerships are not required to file annual reports.

Missouri law does not require a limited partnership to conduct annual partner meetings, nor does it impose many of the other formalities imposed on corporations. The law does require a limited partnership to maintain certain records, however, including, but not limited to: a list of current and past partners and their general or limited status; a copy of the limited partnership agreement (if any); and a copy of the limited partnership's tax returns for the three most recent years. Any time a limited partnership admits a new general partner, or a general partner withdraws, the limited partnership must file an amendment to its certificate. Failure to file can lead to a cancellation of the certificate of limited partnership by the Secretary of State.

Partnership interests in a limited partnership are not freely transferable and though an interest may be assigned, the assignee only receives the distributions to which the original partner would have been entitled. Unless the partnership agreement provides otherwise, an assignee may become a full limited partner if he or she secures the consent of all the remaining partners. Finally, if the partnership agreement does not address the issue, a partner in a limited partnership ceases to be a partner upon assignment of his or her interest.

(4) Limited Liability Partnership

In order to create a liability shield for all partners one may chose to form a limited liability partnershipor LLP. Once a partnership is registered as a limited liability partnership, no partner is liable or accountable in any manner for the debts, obligations or liabilities of the partnership. There is an exception to this limited liability rule, however, as a partner is liable for his own negligent or wrongful acts or misconduct. This liability shield for all partners in a limited liability partnership is the only significant difference between a general partnership and a limited liability partnership, and provides a partnership with the same liability protections found in a corporation without the need to adhere to corporate formalities or suffer corporate taxation.

To secure limited liability partnership classification, a partnership files an application with the Secretary of State. Registration as an LLP is good for one year after the date of registration, and the registration can be renewed each year thereafter. The fee for initial registration and yearly renewal is dependent upon the number of partners in the partnership, but in no case exceeds $200. Registration as a limited liability partnership does not dissolve a partnership, and Missouri law specifically states that the registered partnership is for all purposes the same partnership that existed before registration and continues to be a general partnership during registration.

Other than the registration and renewal requirements necessary to obtain and maintain limited liability partnership status, all other management, ownership and maintenance issues and requirements for a limited liability partnership are the same as those of a general partnership.

(5) Limited Liability Limited Partnership

Just as a general partnership can register as a limited liability partnership, thus affording all of its partners a liability shield, a limited partnership can elect to register as a limited liability limited partnership or LLLP. This registration gives all of the partners in the limited partnership, including the general partners, protection from personal liability for the debts, obligations or liabilities of the partnership.

The partners in an LLLP do have liability exposure for their own negligence, wrongful acts or omissions, just as the partners in an LLP. In short, partners in an LLLP have the same liability shield as those in an LLP; in fact, the Missouri law that establishes the LLLP liability shield directly states partners in an LLLP have the limitation on liability afforded to partners of an LLP under the LLP statutes.

As in an LLP, other than the limited liability afforded to all partners, an LLLP is the same limited partnership as it was before registration. The same rules for registration as an LLP apply for registration as an LLLP; registration is good for one year, and the registration must be renewed for every year in which the limited partnership desires to have LLLP status.

Foreign Entity Registration

Many of the approximately 450,000 business operating in the State of Missouri were originally formed or created in a state or jurisdiction other than Missouri. A corporation, limited liability company, limited partnership, limited liability partnership or limited liability limited partnership organized in another state cannot transact business in Missouri unless it first registers with and receives approval from the Secretary of State.

The most common issue arising for foreign entities is whether in fact their activities in Missouri qualify as doing or transacting business. Some entities establish permanent offices in Missouri and employ several Missouri workers, and thus they are without question doing business in the state. Others, however, may only complete a single transaction or project in Missouri, or may never physically appear in the state, instead doing business by telephone and electronically. These latter circumstances often cause a business to inquire as to whether it must register.

The obligation to register as a foreign entity is determined on a case-by-case basis. This determination is not made by the Secretary of State, however, and is ultimately the decision of a court of law. As a practical matter, the obligation of a business to register is rarely heard by a court, and the entity's decision of whether to register is often based upon the advice of an attorney who reviews past court decisions which examined particular circumstances.

Some foreign entities may fit within one of the specific exemptions from filing; many of the laws requiring a foreign entity to register identify specific activities, which are not considered to rise the level of "transacting business" in the state. Some of those activities include bringing or defending a lawsuit, maintaining bank accounts, borrowing money or taking a mortgage, or collecting debts. The exceptions also include conducting an isolated transaction completed within 30 days which will not be repeated in a similar nature.

Failure to properly register a foreign entity can lead to the revocation or unavailability of certain rights or privileges including the ability to maintain a lawsuit in the State. In addition, failure to file can lead to a civil fine or an injunctive action brought by the Secretary of State to restrain the further transaction of business.

The filing fee for an application for registration of a foreign corporation is $155, and a list of specifically identified exempt activities is provided by statute. The fee for a foreign limited partnership registration application is $105, and specific exemptions are provided by statute. The fee is the same, $105, for a foreign limited liability company registration application, and the statutorily specified exemptions are also similar.

Internal Revenue Service and Department of Revenue Registrations

After an entity selection is made and the entity is created by a filing with the Secretary of State if required, most businesses will need to complete certain registrations with the Internal Revenue Service and the Missouri Department of Revenue.

The IRS filing involves obtaining a federal employer identification number (FEIN) by submitting a Form SS-4 application either with an online filing or by mail or facsimile. The IRS Web site includes detailed instructions on completing an SS-4.

For S-corporations, IRS filings involve Form 2553 for an Election by a Small Business Corporation. (For more information, go to the IRS Web site http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f2553.pdf for a form, http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i2553.pdf, for instructions.) To ensure that a Subchapter-S election will allow a new corporation to receive beneficial tax treatment for the first year in which it is paying taxes, Form 2553 should be filed within the first two and one half months following incorporation. If a timely filing is not completed, Subchapter-S status will apply for the tax year following the year in which the election is made.

The Department of Revenue filing is made by completing a Form 2643 Missouri Tax Registration Application. This filing can be completed on the DOR Web site. This application can be used to register with the state for several types of tax, including sales tax, withholding tax, unemployment tax and corporate/income franchise tax.

Fictitious Names

Once the principals of a business select a statutory entity and secure their identification numbers, they must register their "fictitious name" or names. A fictitious name is any name under which a person or company is doing business other than their true or corporate name. For instance, John Doe and Jane Smith may be the shareholders of Doe and Smith Ventures Inc., but operate a shop called John and Jane's Coffee Shop. Doe and Smith Ventures Inc. must register the fictitious name under which it is doing business, John and Jane's Coffee Shop.

Fictitious name registration is completed through a filing with the Secretary of State. The filing may be completed online at the Secretary of State's Web site, or by mail. The fee for this filing is seven dollars, and the registration must be renewed every five years. Under Missouri law, failure to file a fictitious name is a Class D misdemeanor.

Employment Security

Missouri businesses must file certain information with the Missouri Division of Employment Security to determine whether a business must participate in funding state unemployment benefits. In Missouri, the Division of Employment Security pays unemployment insurance benefits to workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own. If liable, an employer pays a tax collected by the state.

The unemployment insurance account is funded entirely by employers who are determined liable for such insurance under Missouri law. An employer with only one employee may be liable for the unemployment tax; if liable, an account is established for an employer, and that employer's tax is determined based on past payments made and benefits paid to the employers' former workers. If an employer complies with the unemployment insurance laws, they may be able to take a credit on federal unemployment tax returns if the state taxes are paid timely.

Registration with the Division of Employment Security can be accomplished simultaneously through online registration with the Department of Revenue. As an alternative, a business can register by completing a Report to Determine Liability Status, a form for which can be found at the Division of Employment Security Web site.

Conclusion

We hope this information is a helpful guide to you as you make your initial business decisions. Please keep in mind that while this publication contains a considerable amount of information, it is simply a guide and is not a substitute for the advice of a professional.

The Business Services Division of the Secretary of State's office is committed to helping small business owners cut red tape and streamline processes with our office. We wish you the best of luck in your business endeavors.

The information in this Guide is intended to give you a general understanding of the various types of entities which you could form for your business, The information is not a substitute for the advice of a lawyer, tax advisor or other professional. Taxation issues, startup capital, liability concerns, delegation of management responsibilities, allocation and distribution of company income and profits, succession plans, limits on transfer of ownership, contract matters and customer relations all enter into the determination of which entity is optimal for a business. We encourage you to enlist the services of an attorney and/or professional in reaching your own conclusion. Our Web site includes a link to the Missouri Bar Association's Attorney Referral Service, which can also be reached at (573) 636-3635.

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"Wherever you see a successful business, someone once made a courageous decision." - Peter F. Drucker Every day in Missouri, dozens of new corporations, limited liability companies and partnerships are formed by men and women making the first courageous decision in the life of a successful business.

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Springfield Business Lawyers | Business Succession Planning

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Our Springfield business lawyers help your business succession including legal planning and arrangements to secure the future of their business.