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- Australians discard up to 20% of the food they purchase

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The destruction of habitat surrounding agriculture land has degraded approximately 40% of agricultural land world wide over the past 50 years. People lose direct uses of habitat when habitat is destroyed

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- More than 6 million animals are used in Australian experiments every year
- Non-Animal methods are more effective at providing information that is relevant for human health

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Trophic Cascade are powerful indirect interactions  that can control entire ecosystems, occurring when predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behaviour of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower Trophic level from predation

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In 1975 the national Academy of Sciences measured that 680388.555 kilograms was being dumped into the ocean each hour and 6350293180 kilograms a year!

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Radioactive waste is any pollution that emits radiation beyond what is naturally released by the environment. It’s generated by uranium mining, nuclear power plants, and the production and testing of military weapons, as well as by universities and hospitals that use radioactive materials for research and medicine.

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Overfishing continues because our precious marine resources are poorly managed. Current regulations are not strong enough to limit fishing to sustainable levels and even where laws do exist, they are inadequately enforced.

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Rhino horn, elephant ivory and tiger products continue to command high prices, especially in Asia. In Vietnam, a myth that rhino horn could cure cancer contributed to massive poaching in South Africa however horn now appears to be used and given as a status symbol.

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The issue I am focusing on is ways that we can reduce the amount of litter reaching our oceans. This can be achieved by encouraging people to recycle properly, participate in cleanup events, trying to avoid using single use plastics and other tasks like supporting bans on certain products and also encouraging others to take action and notice towards the issue. Like getting them to try and use less single use plastic items for their food. Also presenting the issue to higher profile people may help towards the issue due to their popularity to help raise awareness and their influence to help take action.

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Every minute, one garbage truck worth of plastic is dumped into the ocean. Yearly, a colossal 1.4 billion pounds of trash ends up in our beautiful oceans. Of this waste, much of it is plastic.

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People have started to support g

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two are the most prevalent types of air pollution. Smog, or “ground-level ozone,” as it is more wonkily called, occurs when emissions from combusting fossil fuels react with sunlight. Soot, or “particulate matter,” is made up of tiny particles of chemicals, soil, smoke, dust, or allergens, in the form of gas or solids, that are carried in the air.

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If too many gases are introduced into the atmosphere, though, more heat is trapped and this can make the planet artificially warm, according to Columbia University.

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The Mississippi River carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year, creating a “dead zone” in the Gulf each summer about the size of New Jersey.

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People who live in places with high levels of air pollutants have a 20% higher risk of death from lung cancer than people who live in less-polluted areas.

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11% of global greenhouse gases caused by humans is often blamed on deforestation.

- Lia

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Causes of air pollution consist of the following
- burning of fossil fuels
- agricultural activities
- exhaust from factories and industries
- mining operations
- indoor air pollution

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At the beginning of the 20th century there were a few million African elephants and approximately 100,000 Asian elephants. Today elephants are now considered endangered, there are about 450,000-700,000 African elephants and 35,000-40,000 Asian elephants.

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hunger.

Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and droughts

One third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never consumed. This food wastage represents a missed opportunity to improve global food security in a world where one in 8 is hungry.

Producing this food also uses up precious natural resources that we need to feed the planet. Each year, food that is produced but not eaten guzzles up a volume of water equivalent to the annual flow of Russia's Volga River.hunger.

Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and droughts

One third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never consumed. This food wastage represents a missed opportunity to improve global food security in a world where one in 8 is hungry.

Producing this food also uses up precious natural resources that we need to feed the planet. Each year, food that is produced but not eaten guzzles up a volume of water equivalent to the annual flow of Russia's Volga River.

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- The Uk is the biggest reported user of animals with 3.9 billion experiments in 2014
Brands that don’t test on animals:
- Lush
- Urban Decay
- Too faced
- Morphe

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Several important commercial fish populations (such as Atlantic bluefin tuna) have declined to the point where their survival as a species is threatened.

Target fishing of top predators, such as tuna and groupers, is changing marine communities, which lead to an abundance of smaller marine species, such as sardines and anchovies.

The marine food chain will be destroyed if all the high predator fish are gone.

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As 70% of the earth is covered with water, people actually assumed that all pollutants would be diluted and get disappeared. But in reality, they have not disappeared and their effects can be easily seen as they have entered the food chain.Until 1970’s, the chemicals and garbage was deliberately dumped into the oceans and became as common practice for disposing everything including pesticides and radioactive waste, assuming that it would get dissolved to safe levels

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1. Today dogfighting has been reported in urban, suburban, and rural settings in all regions of the country.

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Why is it done?

Animal testing is done to:

1. advance scientific understanding

2. As models to study diseases:

Humans and animals share hundreds of illnesses. By studying certain animals we can learn how disease affects the body and how the immune system responds, who will be affected and much more

3. To develop and test forms of treatment

Data from animal studies is essential before new therapeutic techniques and surgical procedures can be tested on human patients.

4. To protect the safety of people, animals and the environment

The animal tests provide data on efficacy and safety. They not only identify potential safety concerns, but also determine the doses which will be given to volunteers and patients during the first human trials.

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Dogfighting became prevalent in the US after the Civil War, with professional pits proliferating in the 1860s. And was a source of entertainment for police officers and firemen.

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It is not unusual to see captive wild animals in Asia's zoos in small barren cages, with no environmental enrichment, and inappropriate groupings - such as sociable pack animals housed alone.

Many wild animals, such as elephants, live their lives in chains, unable to display any natural roaming behaviours, or move beyond a few metres.

In many zoos and safari parks in Asia, terrified cows, donkeys, pigs, and chickens dropped into the enclosures of starving lions and tigers as live prey, for the entertainment of crowds.

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Due to genetic manipulation, 90% of broiler chickens (chicken bred specifically for meat production) have trouble walking. Encourage your school cafeteria to go meatless on Mondays to protest

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Oil is the fastest source of deterioration to the ocean, being far more harmful than trash and waste. However, only a small percentage of oil (around 12%) dumped in the ocean comes as a result of actual oil spills. Most oil causing harm in the ocean is a result of drainage from land. Oil spills suffocate marine life to death, and leads to behavioral changes and a breakdown in thermal insulation to those that do survive. It essentially changes the entire ecosystem of an affected area, such as a long coastline or deep ocean.

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Air pollution occurs when the air contains substances that can affect or even cause harm to humans, animals or the wider environment. https://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Air-pollution-and-health

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Deforestation is when trees are cut down to use the wood or make space for new buildings. Deforestation makes global warming worse because trees uses carbon dioxide to live and releases oxygen into the atmosphere.

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• Poaching is the greatest current threat to tigers, rhinos, elephants, gorillas and other African and Asian species. Tigers and rhinos are particularly vulnerable, their body parts being prized in traditional Asian medicine

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What is animal testing?

An animal test is any scientific experiment or test in which a live animal is forced to undergo something that is likely to cause them pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm.

Animals used in laboratories are deliberately harmed, not for their own good, and are usually killed at the end of the experiment.

Animals experiments include: -injecting or force feeding animals with potentially harmful substances

-exposing animals to radiation

-surgically removing animals’ organs or tissues to deliberately cause damage

-forcing animals to inhale toxic gases

-subjecting animals to frightening situations to create anxiety and depression.

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Most air pollution comes from energy use and production says John Walke, director of the Clean Air Project, part of the Climate and Clean Air program at NRDC. “Burning fossil fuels releases gases and chemicals into the air.” And in an especially destructive feedback loop, air pollution not only contributes to climate change but is also exacerbated by it.

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A lot of farming is harming the re-growth of bigger forests. While farmers bring their cattle and other animals, they start to walk on and trample (the animals, not the farmers) whatever trees where trying to grow, from people who have tried to re plant the forest

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• World wildlife fund (also known as WWF) started an organisation in 1997 called African Rhino Program, there were 8,466 white rhinos and 2,599 critically endangered black rhinos remaining in the wild. Today, there are around 17,500 white rhinos and more than 4,000 black rhinos.

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In 2009-10, there were more than 187 food scrap and garden cutting processing facilities in Australia, handling around 211,000 tonnes of food scraps

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Deforestation occurs around the world though tropical rainforests are particularly targeted. If

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Water pollution happens when toxic substances enter water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in the water or depositing on the bed. This degrades the quality of water.

Not only does this spell disaster for aquatic ecosystems, the pollutants also seep through and reach the groundwater, which might end up in our households as contaminated water we use in our daily activities, including drinking.

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Australian households throw out more than $5 billion of edible food each year. This is more than Australians spend on digital equipment and more than it costs to run the Australian Army.

•About half of all municipal waste is comprised of organic material, most of which is household waste.

•The decomposition of organic waste is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from landfill.

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Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource and causes pollution. This is because when fossil fuels are burned it realises carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is also the case with petrol, the non renewable resource most cars use today. The petrol is used isn’t eh car and releases carbon dioxide and smoke at the pipe at the back of the car. Oil is also a non renewable resource and also causes pollution.

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One million sea birds and 100,000 marine mammals are killed annually from plastic in our oceans.

44 percent of all seabird species, 22 percent of cetaceans, all sea turtle species and a growing list of fish species have been documented with plastic in or around their bodies.

In samples collected in Lake Erie, 85 percent of the plastic particles were smaller than two-tenths of an inch, and much of that was microscopic. Researchers found 1,500 and 1.7 million of these particles per square mile.

Virtually every piece of plastic that was ever made still exists in some shape or form (with the exception of the small amount that has been incinerated).

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1. Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year.
2.According to the Humane Society, registration of a single pesticide requires more than 50 experiments and the use of as many as 12,000 animals.
3. Several cosmetic tests commonly performed on mice, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs include: skin and eye irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed on shaved skin or dripped into the eyes without any pain relief.

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It takes 500-1,000 years for plastic to degrade.

Billions of pounds of plastic can be found in swirling convergences in the oceans making up about 40 percent of the world's ocean surfaces. 80 percent of pollution enters the ocean from the land.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is located in the North Pacific Gyre off the coast of California and is the largest ocean garbage site in the world. This floating mass of plastic is twice the size of Texas, with plastic pieces outnumbering sea life six to one.

Plastic constitutes approximately 90 percent of all trash floating on the ocean's surface, with 46,000 pieces of plastic per square mile.

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10 species that have become extinct due to deforestation. Deforestation affected an estimated 13 million species, these are the following 10 species that have become extinct due to deforestation St Helena Redwood, Hawaiian Crow, Flabellidium Spinosum ,Lachanodes Arborea, Pygmy Raccoon, Carpoxylon Palm, Darwin’s Fox, Amani Flatwing and the Hinton’s oak

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Several tuna species are in peril. Bluefin are critically endangered with just 2% of their 1950 biomass left, bigeye recently fell below the 20% level necessary for replacement, and yellowfin are also down more than 70%.

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100,000 marine creatures a year die from plastic entanglement and these are the ones found.

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5. Europe, the world’s largest cosmetic market, Israel and India have already banned animal testing for cosmetics, and the sale or import of newly animal-tested beauty products.

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When you flush a toilet you have just used 12 litres of water. This is only 19% of the water used in a home 35% of water used in a home is used for watering gardens. On average a garden sprinkler uses up to 1000 litres of water per hour

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4. Up to 90% of animals used in U.S. labs are not counted in the official statistics of animals tested. Take a stand by kidnapping your friends’ products that were tested on animals (seriously!). Sign up for Kidnapped Cosmetics.

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The shower is typically the biggest water user (34% of indoor water use in the average Australian home), followed by the toilet (26%) and laundry (23%).

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When adult females are killed, the babies can be sold, and the skulls of the dead may be used to create souvenirs that are sold illegally throughout Kalimantan. (A part of Indonesia)

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• Dogs and cats of all shapes and sizes, many of them family pets still wearing their collars, are snatched from the streets and forced into tiny cages.

• Many suffer From broken limbs as they are transported vast distances, without food or water, to meat markets.

• The tortuous transport and inhumane slaughter methods suffered by each and every one of these innocent dogs and cats is some of the most extreme animal abuse in Asia.

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Habitat loss is the main threat to 85% of species.

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• Because everything is made of plastic for convenience tons of plastic is dumped in the ground and the ocean everyday.

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What drives poachers is purely for financial gain.  A single rhino horn can go for $300k so you can see how profitable the industry can be.

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Animals are the most effected by deforestation it doesn’t matter if they in rivers, oceans, forests, mountains, or skies. The most affected groups of animals are those who are native to a specific area or ecosystem that are close to a forest. When deforestation happens these animals and plants species are unable to move or adapt to a new region mostly to them to become extinct

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- 95% of 🤬 passed by animal tests are immedia discarded as useless or dangerous to humans
- Torture is legal when it comes to animal testing
- What can you do to stop animal Testing: contact chemical laboratories

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Deforestation is the removal of trees in the wilderness and the mass production of industrial wood.
A way to stop this would be to create A tree farm or bye local farms and plat trees on the land.

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Deforestations impact on the investment 

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Deforestations impact on the investment 

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Deforestation has a very negative impact on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species such as birds, squirrels, monkeys, bears and snakes/lizards. 80% of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

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At the beginning of the 20th century there were a few million African elephants and approximately 100 000 Asian elephants. elephants are now considered endangered, there are about 450 000 - 700 000 African elephants and 35 000 - 40 000 Asian elephants.

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Overfishing continues because our precious marine resources are poorly managed. Current regulations are not strong enough to limit fishing to sustainable levels and even where laws do exist, they are inadequately enforced.

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China’s air pollution is so extreme that in 2015 researches estimated it contributed to 1.6 million deaths per year in the country.

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The materials that are found the most are plasticmfollowed by cardboard and metals

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Rhinoceroses, like elephants, suffer the misfortune of having an external protrusion that humans arbitrarily place a crazily high value upon. Crazy, crazyhigh: rhino horn was reported to be selling for $65,000 per kilo in 2012, making it more expensive by weight than gold, diamonds

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In 2014, the crucial elements of the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act were signed into law as part of the Farm Bill. This provision makes attending an animal fight anywhere in the U.S. a federal offense, and imposes additional penalties for bringing a child under 16 to an animal fight.

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• all the world nearly one billion hungry people could be fed on less than a quarter of the food that is wasted in the us, uk and Europe.
• If food wasted were a country it would be the 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases ( after China & the USA)
•over 1/3 of all food products globally goes to waste.
•in most developed countries over half of all food waste take place in the home

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- Over 5 million tonnes of food ends up as landfill, enough to fill 9,000 Olympic sized swimming pools.
- Australians throw out 8 million worth of edible foods each year
THE DIFFERENT THPES OF FOODS WE WASTE IN Australia
- fresh produce ( 33% )
- leftovers ( 28% )
- products that can be packaged ( 15% )
- drinks ( 9% )
- frozen food items ( 9% )
- takeaway food ( 7% )

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When food ends up in landfill, it rots in the absence of oxygen and produces methane, a greenhouse gas that is 25 times stronger than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere.

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There are many causes of deforestation half of the trees that are cut down are used as fuel but there are also other reasons why people cut down trees

To make more land available for housing and urbanization

To harvest timber to create commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes

To create ingredients that are highly prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm trees

To create room for cattle ranching

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•  Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to interfere with animals and keep them locked up in captivity, where they are bored, cramped, lonely, deprived of all control over their lives, and far from their natural homes.

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Air pollution that causes smog affects dolphins and makes them suffer from black lung diseases.

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For example, the release of methyl isocyanate gas at Union Carbide plant in Bhopal in 1984 killed over 2,000 people, and over 200,000 suffered respiratory problems

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Microplastics in the cosmetic inderstys by Samara and Leah 

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Microplastics in the cosmetic inderstys by Samara and Leah 

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• There are fewer than 7000 African wild dogs left in the world, and only about 400 in South Africa. In Somkhanda, dogs are injured by snares left by local poachers to trap antelope or wildebeest

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Average daily water use is as little as 100 litres per person. In some coastal areas more than 800 litres per person. The current average daily water use is 340 litres per person, or 900 litres per household.

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Some countries have extreme cases of pollution. Some countries around the area of Asia like South Korea and China. The reason they have such bad pollution is because they are a very industrial country and so their materials go out to the ocean which causes pollution

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• The rate of deforestation is 160,000 square kilometers per year, which is equal to 1% of  forest habitat each year.

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Most food that gets thrown away is fresh food that people didn’t end up using

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By 2050, the global demand for food could increase.

- Lia

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Air pollution in India is estimated to cause 527, 700 deaths every year

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found people aged 18 to 24 and households with incomes over $100,000 throw away the most food. The two main reasons for the waste were food being left in the fridge or freezer too long and people not finishing their meals.

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Poaching is a deadly crime against wildlife. Wildlife officials say that legal hunters 🤬 tens of millions of animals every year.

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There are two type of Mirco plastic Primary plastic and secondary plastic . Primary plastic are plastic that are made to be small 5mm or less like shampoo and toothpaste. Secondary plastic are plastic that degrat from bigger plastic like clothing or plastic bo

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The Government estimates food waste costs the Australian economy $20 billion each year.

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Plastic bags and micro plastic in particular are mistaken for jellyfish and fish eggs which are not a tasty diet for the animals that eat them. What’s more is what’s in Australian seabirds, with a shocking study revealing 90-100% of Flesh-footed Shearwater chicks on Lord Howe island contain plastic! In 2011, one chick was found to have more than 275 pieces of plastic in its stomach (that’s the equivalent to an average human ingesting 10kg of plastic)!

More than 268,940 tonnes of litter is estimated to be floating in the Earth’s oceans – that’s the incredible weight of over 1,300 Blue Whales! 80% of this plastic on our coast and in our waters, is being generated from land. Litter is often lost or blown from inland, comes through stormwater drains or thoughtlessly dropped.

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The most affected regions include the Amazon Rainforest, Sumatran Jungles, and forests of British Columbia the Amazon is being cleared for more land and farming at a rate of 20,000 square miles per year. Sumatran Rainforest are being destroyed and replaced by massive palm plantations to help feed human obsession with palm oil.

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When water is poisoned, many animals die. Six months after the 2010 BP oil spill, which affected 16,000 miles of U.S. coastline, over 8,000 animals were reported dead. Animals are also often injured or killed by the contaminated water

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Deaths caused by air pollution cost the European Union €161 billion

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Plastic lasts forever – every bit of plastic ever made is still out there somewhere, and it can take thousands of years to degrade down into smaller particles. Most plastics (including plastic bags) can be recycled, but there’s so much plastic to go around, and a surprisingly small quantity is actually recycled. Some plastics, like plastic bags, are light and can be carried by the wind to far distances, like the ocean and water ways.

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As apart of the study between 1993 to 2009 the study showed that habitat loss in 10% or more took place in 91 eco regions

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W

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There are lots of causes and factors that contribute to climate change/ global warming etc. Gases released primarily by the burning of fossil fuels and the tiny particles produced by incomplete burning trap the sun’s energy in the atmosphere. Scientists call these gases “greenhouse gases” (GHGs) because they act like the wrong way reflective glass in our global greenhouse.

FACT:

Scientists date the beginning of the current warming trend to the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th century when coal first came into common use.

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When we trash food, plastic, paper and everything else, it must go somewhere, right? But often that somewhere is a place we we choose not to think about. The true story is that somewhere is actually everywhere: this is the story of how our  our trash affects the whole planet.

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Fisheries management is very complicated, across national and international jurisdictions, and often out of sight in the deep sea. Scientists and marine biologists are working with some of the best minds in ocean conservation to protect the oceans and to restore fish stocks because there are not plenty more fish in the sea and soon there will be none.

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1. The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times, primarily from fossil fuel emissions. The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification which is steadily impacting ocean life as well. Future global climate change indicates that continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all components of the climate system. Limiting climate change will require substantial and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas emissions

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In 2012, 668 rhinos were poached in South Africa. In January 2013 there were 946 rhinos poached, the rhinos were being poached at a rate of 2 per day.

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Microbeads are tiny plastic pellets used in personal care, cosmetic and household cleaning products.

Marine litter is ingested species throughout the food chain. This means when we eat seafood we are consuming Microplastics.

Microplastics are also made by from larger plastics breaking down.