# data[].attributes.body
Control systems for large infrastructures such as industrial power plants.

# data[].attributes.body
Interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.

# data[].attributes.body
A person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data.

# data[].attributes.body
A whistleblower is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

# data[].attributes.body
Cyberbullying or cyber harassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means.

# data[].attributes.body
To blackmail someone is to use secret information to get something from them, usually money.

# data[].attributes.body
A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

# data[].attributes.body
The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.

# data[].attributes.body
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

# data[].attributes.body
Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for millions of years.

# data[].attributes.body
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

# data[].attributes.body
The using up of a resource.

# data[].attributes.body
International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states or organizations either to protect

# data[].attributes.body
An individual’s or a socioeconomic class’s standard of living is the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to them in a certain geographic area, usually a country.

# data[].attributes.body
The law or principle of comparative advantage holds that under free trade, an agent will produce more of and consume less of a good for which they have a comparative advantage.

# data[].attributes.body
The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in Syria fought between the Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad.

# data[].attributes.body
The use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a religious or political aim.

# data[].attributes.body
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

# data[].attributes.body
The right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime

# data[].attributes.body
Devotion, especially excessive or undiscriminating devotion, to the interests or culture of a particular nation-state.

# data[].attributes.body
DescriptionChristian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among British and American Protestants as a reaction to theological liberalism and cultural modernism.

# data[].attributes.body
Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

# data[].attributes.body
Anarchy refers to a society, entity, group of people, or a single person that rejects hierarchy.

# data[].attributes.body
An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

# data[].attributes.body
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equal rights.

# data[].attributes.body
Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama is an American political scientist, political economist, and author.

# data[].attributes.body
The introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles.

# data[].attributes.body
The policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system.

# data[].attributes.body
The policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

# data[].attributes.body
The Strategic Defense Initiative was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons. The concept was first announced publicly by President Ronald Reagan on 23 March 1983.

# data[].attributes.body
The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

# data[].attributes.body
The Gulf of Tonkin incident, also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. It involved either one or two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.

# data[].attributes.body
Was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. He was also Prime Minister and President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

# data[].attributes.body
The Bay of Pigs is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazones located on the southern coast of Cuba. By 1910, it was included in Santa Clara Province, and then instead to Las Villas Province by 1961.

# data[].attributes.body
The Korean War was a war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.

# data[].attributes.body
The Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962.

# data[].attributes.body
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.

# data[].attributes.body
The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

# data[].attributes.body
Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.body
The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet Union and seven Eastern Bloc satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.

# data[].attributes.body
A puppet state, puppet regime, or puppet government is a state that is de jure independent but is de facto completely dependent upon an outside power. It is nominally sovereign but effectively controlled by a foreign or otherwise alien power, for reasons such as financial interests, economic or military support.

# data[].attributes.body
A notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989.

# data[].attributes.body
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.

# data[].attributes.body
The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western European countries, Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement.

# data[].attributes.body
The United Nations Security Council is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with ensuring international peace and security, accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its charter.

# data[].attributes.body
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-operation and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

# data[].attributes.body
An American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (nearly $100 billion in 2018 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

# data[].attributes.body
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.

# data[].attributes.body
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

# data[].attributes.body
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by local collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews—around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe—between 1941 and 1945.

# data[].attributes.body
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.

# data[].attributes.body
Was a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II.

# data[].attributes.body
The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in history.

# data[].attributes.body
A German term for “lightning war,” blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower.

# data[].attributes.body
Appeasement in an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.

# data[].attributes.body
The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu.

# data[].attributes.body
A form of radical, right-wing, authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

# data[].attributes.body
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s.

# data[].attributes.body
An Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Mao Zedong, also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

# data[].attributes.body
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1922 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.

# data[].attributes.body
The most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Fourteen Points

In a speech to Congress in January 1918, Wilson laid out his idealistic vision for the world after World War I, which was at the time sometimes referred to as "the war to end all wars."

In addition to specific territorial settlements based on an Allied victory, Wilson's so-called Fourteen Points emphasized the need for national self-determination for Europe's different ethnic populations.

Wilson also proposed the founding of a "general association of nations" that would mediate international disputes and foster cooperation between different nations in the hopes of preventing war on such a large scale in the future. This organization eventually became known as the League of Nations.

When German leaders signed the armistice ending hostilities in World War I on November 11, 1918, they believed Wilson's vision would form the basis for any future peace treaty. This would not prove to be the case.

Paris Peace Conference

The Paris Peace Conference opened on January 18, 1919, a date that was significant in that it marked the anniversary of the coronation of German Emperor Wilhelm I, which took place in the Palace of Versailles at the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.

Prussian victory in that conflict had resulted in Germany's unification and its seizure of Alsace and Lorraine provinces from France. In 1919, France and its prime minister, Georges Clemenceau, had not forgotten the humiliating loss and intended to avenge it in the new peace agreement.

Treaty of Versailles Terms

The " Big Four" leaders of the victorious Western nations-Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France and, to a lesser extent, Vittorio Orlando of Italy-dominated the peace negotiations in Paris. Germany and the other defeated powers-Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey-were not represented at the Paris Peace Conference. Also absent was Russia, which had fought as one of the Allied powers until 1917, when, following the Russian Revolution, the country's new Bolshevik government concluded a separate peace with Germany and withdrew from the conflict.

The Big Four themselves had competing objectives in Paris: Clemenceau's main goal was to protect France from yet another attack by Germany. He sought heavy reparations from Germany as a way of limiting German economic recovery after the war and minimizing this possibility.

Lloyd George, on the other hand, saw the rebuilding of Germany as a priority in order to reestablish the nation as a strong trading partner for Great Britain. For his part, Orlando wanted to expand Italy's influence and shape it into a major power that could hold its own alongside the other great nations.

Wilson opposed Italian territorial demands, as well as previously existing arrangements regarding territory between the other Allies; instead, he wanted to create a new world order along the lines of his Fourteen Points. The other leaders saw Wilson as too naive and idealistic, and his principles were difficult to translate into policy.

In the end, the European Allies imposed harsh peace terms on Germany, forcing the nation to surrender around 10 percent of its territory and all of its overseas possessions. Other key provisions of the Treaty of Versailles called for the demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland, limited Germany's army and navy, forbade it to maintain an air force, and required it to conduct war crimes trials against Kaiser Wilhelm II and other leaders for their aggression.

Most importantly, Article 231 of the treaty, better known as the " war guilt clause," forced Germany to accept full responsibility for starting World War I and pay enormous reparations for Allied war losses.

How Did the Treaty of Versailles Lead to World War II?

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, sparking the outbreak of the war. Though the treaty included a covenant creating the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at preserving peace, the harsh terms imposed on Germany helped ensure that peace would not last for long.

Germans were furious about the treaty, seeing it as a diktat, or dictated peace; they bitterly resented the sole blame of war being placed at their feet. The nation's burden of reparations eventually topped 132 billion gold Reichsmarks, the equivalent of some $33 billion, a sum so great that no one expected Germany to be able to pay in full; in fact, economists like John Maynard Keynes predicted the European economy would collapse if it did.

Keynes was not the only prominent critic of the Treaty of Versailles: The French military leader Ferdinand Foch refused to attend the signing ceremony, as he thought the treaty didn't do enough to secure against a future German threat, while the U.S. Congress failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and later concluded a separate peace with Germany. The United States would never join the short-lived League of Nations.

November Criminals

In the years following the Treaty of Versailles, many ordinary Germans believed they had been betrayed by the "November Criminals," those leaders who signed the treaty and formed the post-war government.

Radical right-wing political forces-especially the National Socialist Workers' Party, or the Nazis-would gain support in the 1920s and '30s by promising to reverse the humiliation of the Versailles Treaty.

With the onset of the Great Depression after 1929, economic unrest destabilized the already vulnerable Weimar Republic government in Germany, setting the stage for Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's fateful rise to power in 1933.

Sources

The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles. U.S. Department of State: Office of the Historian.
"The Treaty of Versailles: An Uneasy Peace," WBUR.org (excerpt from Michael Neiberg, The Treaty of Versailles: A Concise History), August 13, 2017.
Treaty of Versailles. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Chateau de Versailles.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Treaty of Versailles: Definition, Terms, Dates & WWI - HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 and set harsh terms for Germany's surrender to Allied powers after World War I, setting the stage for World War II.

# data[].attributes.body
Was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
League of Nations - New World Encyclopedia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The official languages of the League of Nations were French, English and Spanish (from 1920). In 1921, there was a proposal by the Under-Secretary General of the League of Nations, Dr. Nitobe Inazō, for the League to accept Esperanto as their working language.

# data[].attributes.body
A secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany formed there own alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, known as the Triple alliance. They were also referred to as the Central Powers.

# data[].attributes.body
In the early 20th century, the Balkans were called a "powder keg" because the political situation in the region was very unstable.

# data[].attributes.body
The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

# data[].attributes.body
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

# data[].attributes.body
Opium Wars, two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1911/12.

# data[].attributes.body
A term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally.

# data[].attributes.body
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

# data[].attributes.body
The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by Western European powers during the period of the New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.

# data[].attributes.body
Treatment for malaria.

# data[].attributes.body
An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

# data[].attributes.body
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

# data[].attributes.body
The lowest class of citizens in ancient Rome.

# data[].attributes.body
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

# data[].attributes.body
International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

# data[].attributes.body
The amount of a commodity, product, or service available and the desire of buyers for it, considered as factors regulating its price.

# data[].attributes.body
The activity or condition of competing.

# data[].attributes.body
One's personal interest or advantage, especially when pursued without regard for others.

# data[].attributes.body
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

# data[].attributes.body
A company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

# data[].attributes.body
An establishment for traders carrying on business in a foreign country.

# data[].attributes.body
Was the first practical steam engine and was one of the driving forces of the industrial revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically from 1763 to 1775 with support from Matthew Boulton.

# data[].attributes.body
What is used in the production process to produce output—that is, finished goods and services. The utilized amounts of the various inputs determine the quantity of output according to the relationship called the production function.

# data[].attributes.body
A person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

# data[].attributes.body
The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis.

# data[].attributes.body
The practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.

# data[].attributes.body
A German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.

# data[].attributes.body
Adam Smith was a Scottish economists, philosopher, and author as well as moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a leading figure during Scottish Enlightenment.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and political economist and the author of "The Wealth of Nations," considered the first book written on economics.

# data[].attributes.body
The British Agricultural Revolution, or Second Agricultural Revolution, was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Between the eighth century and the eighteenth, the tools of farming basically stayed the same and few advancements in technology were made. This meant that the farmers of George Washington's day had no better tools than the farmers of Julius Caesar's day. In fact, early Roman plows were superior to those in general use in America eighteen centuries later.

All that changed in the 18th century with the agricultural revolution, a period of agricultural development that saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology.

Listed below are many of the inventions that were created or greatly improved during the agricultural revolution.

Plow & Moldboard - By definition, a plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cut a furrow or small ditch for sowing seeds. A moldboard is a wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow.

Seed Drills - Before drills were invented, seeding was done by hand. The basic idea of drills for seeding small grains was successfully developed in Great Britain, and many British drills were sold in the United States before one was manufactured in the States. American manufacture of these drills began about 1840. Seed planters for corn came somewhat later, as machines to plant wheat successfully were unsuited for corn planting. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented his seed drill and is perhaps the best-known inventor of a mechanical planter.

Machines That Harvest - By definition, a sickle is a curved, hand-held agricultural tool used for harvesting grain crops. Horse drawn mechanical reapers later replaced sickles for harvesting grains. Reapers were then replaced by the reaper-binder (cuts grain and binds it in sheaves) and in turn was replaced by the swather before being replaced by the combine harvester. The combine harvester is a machine that heads, threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field.

The Rise of the Textile Industry - The cotton gin had turned the whole South toward the cultivation of cotton. While the South was not manufacturing any considerable proportion of the cotton it grew, the textile industry was flourishing in North. A whole series of machines similar to those used in Great Britain had been invented in America and mills paid higher wages than in Britain. Production was also far ahead of the British mills in proportion to hands employed, which meant the U.S. was ahead of the rest of the world.

Wages in America - Take-home pay, measured by the world standard, was high. Additionally, there was a good supply of free land or land that was practically free. Wages were high enough that many could save enough to buy their own land. Workers in textile mills often worked only a few years to save money, buy a farm or to enter some business or profession.

Advances in Transportation Lines - The steamboat, and the railroad enabled transportation to the West. While steamboats traveled all the larger rivers and the lakes, the railroad was growing rapidly. Its lines had extended to more than 30 thousand miles. Construction also went on during the war, and the transcontinental railway was in sight. The locomotive had approached standardization and the American railway was now comfortable for passengers with the invention of Pullman sleeping cars, the dining cars, and the automatic air brake developed by George Westinghouse.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief History of the Agricultural Revolution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Between the eighth century and the eighteenth, the tools of farming basically stayed the same and few advancements in technology were made. This meant that the farmers of George Washington's day had no better tools than the farmers of Julius Caesar's day.

# data[].attributes.body
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the US, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in Great Britain in 1835

# data[].attributes.body
Any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

# data[].attributes.body
Was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance.

# data[].attributes.body
A meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815,

# data[].attributes.body
A state that is de jure independent but is de facto completely dependent upon an outside power.