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Phonological Awareness: children’s sensitivity to the sound structure of words.

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Print Awareness: a number of specific achievements children generally acquire along a developmental continuum: developing print interest, recognizing print functions, understanding print conventions, understanding print forms, and recognizing print part-to-whole relationships.

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Alphabet Knowledge: knowledge of letters in the alphabet

- own name advantage: recognizing the letters of your own name first
- letter name pronunciation effect: if the letter is in the pronunciation spelling of a letter, such as B (be)
- letter order: becoming familiar with ABC before XYZ
- consonant order: children learn letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned early in development (e.g., B, M) before letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned later (e.g., J, V).

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Differences in form, content, and use

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3 achievements of importance in emergent literacy 

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3 achievements of importance in emergent literacy 

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Children's literacy depends heavily on oral language skills that have been developing since infancy and toddlerhood. Preschoolers build literacy on language.

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Girls tend to be more verbal because they model their language after their mother who tends to be more verbal than their fathers
Boys tend to use NO more often to prohibit a certain behavior or actions

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Researchers will use parallel and interactive play to establish interactions with children

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The earliest period of learning about reading and writing.

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Some ways to help build narration skills is by taking down the student's dictation be it for early literacy based project or a random picture that the student comes to tell you about through out the day

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Researchers also assess communicative functions of children such as requesting, commenting, responding to questions, false starts, repair strategies, and interruptions.

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1. Play telephone to encourage conversations
2. Narrate their actions, ask follow-up questions
3. Surround child with literacy, read alouds, even just having books in the home
4. Use a variety of words when speaking to the child, add in more challenging words that they can decipher in context
5. Point out words and letters in the text when reading aloud

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Preschool age children typically develop a sense of false belief (the fourth achievement in ToM progression out of six) which involves knowing that something can be true but another person might believe something different

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In preschool classroom settings having a mix of both socio-economic statuses and different learning levels produce the best learning results

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Calculation of Development Sentence Scoring

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Calculation of Development Sentence Scoring

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Researchers will calculate average number of points for each utterance and will sometimes compare scores before and after different language interventions.

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A great way to help
They can join in guided reading
Attending to their sibling during conversations

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The ability to understand one’s own mental or emotional state, to understand that others also have mental or emotional states, and to realize that others’ mental and emotional states, beliefs, intentions, and perspectives differ from one’s own.

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Allowing the child to have access to reading materials and conversation.
Keeping up volleys in conversation
Open-ended questions

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Guided reading to children
Using your finger to follow the print brings the children's attention to the print

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Developmental Sentence Scoring is a tool used bty researchers to quantify syntax development. Researchers examine structures from eight different grammatical categories from 1 (most simple form) to 8 (most complex form).

Categories include identifite pronouns, personal pronouns, main verbs, secondary erbs, negatives, conjuctions, interrogative reversals, and wh-questions.

Points can be added if sentence sounds synactically and semantically adultlike.

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Stage 1: No knowledge of word
Stage 2: Emergent knowledge
Stage 3: Contextual knowledge
Stage 4: Full knowledge

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Example of decontextualized language:
"We saw ducks at the pond (last weekend)" recalling event/thing after occurance

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May effect the type of language and feelings. For example, children from lower socio economic status talk more dramatically than those from middle class families

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The goal is to measure synatctic complexity in later stages of syntactic development specifically determining number of complex sentences containing more than one clause.

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Before preschool age, children use contextualized language, which is rooted in the here and now (needs to be physically present)

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Preschoolers learn by watching peers and teachers in preschool setting

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Each child learns things at different times like phonics and early literacy skills

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1. The development of decontextualized language 

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1. The development of decontextualized language 

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Language that relies on itself in the construction of meaning

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Word Awareness: segments words into sentences
Syllable Awareness: segments multisyllable words into syllables
Rhyme Awareness: Recognizes when two words rhyme: match pairs of words that rhyme
Onset Awareness: segments the beginning sound (onset) with the rest of the syllable; blends the beginning sound with the rest of the syllable
Phoneme identity: identifies sounds at the beginning and end of the word; identifies words that start with the same sound

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Mean length of utterance (MLU) in morphemes 

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Mean length of utterance (MLU) in morphemes 

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The goal is to measure synatctic complexity, specifically the average length of utterances in morphemes, therefore calculating total number of morphemes and total number of utterances.

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Researchers will treat interactions as if they were genuine adult conversations, adapt the language to children's needs, and also provide appropriate enthusiasm and attention.