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1.All matter is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms.

2.All atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements.

3.Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds.

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Video about classification of elements:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_f8bB1kf6M
Link to website about classisfication of elements:
https://www.toppr.com/bytes/periodic-classification-elements/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y
Link to the website about ions
1. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/College_of_Marin/Marin%3A_CHEM_114_-_Introductory_Chemistry_(Daubenmire)/04%3A_Atoms_and_Elements/4.7%3A_Ions%3A_Losing_and_Gaining_Electrons
2. https://sciencing.com/calculate-charge-ion-5955179.html

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Video about Atomic Theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJ-6Qy05u_Q
Link to website about Atomic Theory:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/john-dalton-and-atomic-theory/

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1. Atoms were thought to be the building blocks of matter, however Thomson discovered the electron which is smaller and lighter than an atom.
2. He found that electrons are negatively charged. This caused confusion because an atom is charge-neutral.
3. He suggested that negatively charged electrons were small particles within a positively charged sphere.
4. Thomson used a plum pudding model (I'll use a blueberry muffin for example since we're American) to explain that electrons are the berries and the muffin represents the positively charged sphere.

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Link to the website about the Cathode Ray Experiment 

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Link to the website about the Cathode Ray Experiment 

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https://explorable.com/cathode-ray-experiment

Link to video about the Cathode Ray Experiment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nLESblUAHY

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The gold foil experiment was a test by Earnest Rutherford to prove the plum-pudding model which was what he thought a atom looked like.
The model is a bubble with floating electrons in it.
the experiment

1.  they shot bigger particle through the foil

2. they expected them to go through with little changes in their trajectory

3.  but some of them bounced back while the other ones went straight through

4. this proved their model wrong

this lead him to find this out about atoms:

1. most of the mass and all of the positive charge is in the core of the atom called the nucleus

2. most of the volume of the atom is empty space

3. there are three types of atoms: protons+, neutrons, and electrons-

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Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pZj0u_XMbc
Website: https://www.britannica.com/science/Rutherford-atomic-model

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Video about Protons Neutrons and Electrons

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Video about Protons Neutrons and Electrons

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzxCwYXz250
Link to website about Protons Neutrons and Electrons
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(Tro)/04%3A_Atoms_and_Elements/4.4%3A_The_Properties_of_Protons%2C_Neutrons%2C_and_Electrons

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1. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

2. The number of protons for different isotopes of an element do not change.

3. There are a wide range of number of neutrons in an element.

4. Valence electrons are particularly important because, these electrons are the ones that are most important in chemical bonding by sharing or gaining electrons

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The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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1.  The mass of a proton is
- 1.67262*10^-27 kg
- 1.0073 amu
- charge: 1+
2. The mass of a neutron is
- 1.67493*10^-27 kg
- 1.0087 amu
- charge: 0

3. The mass of an electron is
- 0.0009*10^-27 kg
- 0.00055 amu
- charge: 1-
4. Protons and electrons have electrical charges; fundamental property of protons and electrons just as mass is a fundamental property of matter.
5. Positive and negative charges attract one another.
6. Matter is usually charge-neutral due to the canceling effect of protons and electrons.

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-The number of protons is the number of a particular element, meaning Aluminum with an atomic number of 13 will always be aluminum and it won’t change.
-The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its atomic number and is represented by the symbol Z.
-To calculate the atomic mass, you add the mass of protons and neutrons.
Link to website about about Atomic Mass and Atomic Number:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Furman_University/CHM101%3A_Chemistry_and_Global_Awareness_(Gordon)/03%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/3.4%3A_Atomic_Mass_and_Atomic_Number
Video link about Atomic Mass and Atomic Number:

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Atomic Number & Mass Number | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | FuseSchool

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Link: When the Number of Neutrons varies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZqz8wB6P90
Link: What are Isotopes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EboWeWmh5Pg

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1. Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can also be made into sheets of metal and wires, and appear to be shiny. They tend to lose electrons when they undergo chemicals. Some examples of metals are: Iron, Magnesium, Chromium, and Sodium.
2. Nonmetals are found in the upper right side of the periodic table. There is a dividing line between metals and nonmetals is a zig-zag and its is found between boron and astatine.They have varied properties, some are solids at room temperature and some are gases, but as a whole they all tend to be poor conductors of electricity and heat.  Nonmetals gain electrons when they undergo chemical changes. Some examples are:  oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and iodine.
3. The elements that lie along the zig-zag are metalliods (also known as semiconductors) and semimetals and display mixed properties. Semimetals are useful and manufactured to make electronics such as computers and cell phones. Some examples of metalliods are : Silicon, Arsenic, and Germanium.
4. Transition elements are in columns labled with a number and the letter B.
5. Each column represents a family/ group. For example, 1A is a noble gas group, they do not form compounds. 1A are Alkali metals have a high reactio to water while 2A is not as reactant

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1. Ions: often lose or gain electrons to form charged particles
2. The charge of an ion is located on the upper right corner of the symbol
3. cations are positively charged ions
4. anions are negatively charged ions
5. cations and anions always occur together so matter is neutrally charged.

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Isotope Meme