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A time period in which many artistic developments took place and three of the greatest artists in history were present:  Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael Sanzio and Leonardo da Vinci.

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1492 - Christopher Columbus Discovers the New World

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1492 - Christopher Columbus Discovers the New World

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Christopher Columbus led three ships out of the Spanish port of Palos with the goal of reaching Asia and The Indies but he actually ended up finding Cuba which he thought was China and Hispaniola which he thought was Japan.

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A piece by Martin Luther that questions the practice of indulgence rather than criticizes it and it is based on the idea that salvation can be reached through faith and by divine grace only.

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A temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation.

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Spain's Armada is defeated by an English naval force under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake.

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1648/1649 - Peace of Westphalia; Execution of Charles I 

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1648/1649 - Peace of Westphalia; Execution of Charles I 

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This peace settlement brought an end to the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and Germany, Charles I was the first monarch to be put on trial. The trial was for treason and it led to his execution.

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The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of the parliament of England. The overthrowing of King James II brought the uprising of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.

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This invention helped transform the production of textiles. Factories were able to produce cotton much quicker and did not need to be situated near rivers any

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The financial status in France caused dissatisfaction with the monarchy and contributed to national unrest. The French wanted liberty and equality. There was much violence and chaos.

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The Congress of Vienna imposed order on Europe based on the principles of monarchical government and a balance of power. Monarchs were restored in France, Spain, and other states recently under Napoleon’s control, There was an exchange of territories which, at times, was unfair to the weaker states.

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1848- The Nationalist Revolutions (Liberalism)

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1848- The Nationalist Revolutions (Liberalism)

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These revolutions were a series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.