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https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/wq-iw3-21.pdf

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Conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to transmit electricity, heat, or sound waves

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refers to microscopic bubbles of gaseous oxygen that are mixed in water and available to aquatic organisms for respiration.
Link

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Turbidity is a measure of how many particles are suspended within the body of water

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Thermocline- a steep temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures.

Solubility- Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.

mg/L- The unit for measuring DO
(Dissolved Oxygen), milligrams per liter.

Supersaturation- When the concentration exceeds the point of saturation.

Equilibrate- To bring into or keep in equilibrium.

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pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. pH is the really the measurement of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.

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As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic life is put under stress. The lower the concentration, the greater the stress. Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can result in large fish kills.
Link

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Dissolved oxygen is usually reported in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or as a percent of air saturation. However, some studies will report DO in parts per million (ppm) or in micromoles (umol). 1 mg/L is equal to 1 ppm.

Link

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Safe levels in water are around 4 to 7 pH levels in water. The measurement is in 0 to 14 levels of pH with 0 being very acidic and 14 being base while 7 is neutral.

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pH: Water properties, from the USGS Water-Science School

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pH, acidic and alkaline water, from the USGS Water Science School.

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Nutrients are chemical elements that are essentials to all living things.
Eutrophication: A process that occurs when a body of water recieves an excessive nutrient load.
Nitrate: an ester/salt of nitric acid
Ammonia: one of the primary forms of dissolved nitrogen in water.
Phosphates: The only significant form of dissolved phosphorus in natural water.

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A measure of 10 NTU is the limit for safe drinking water, while a measure of 25 NTU is the limit for water recreation while having a visibility of 20 centimeters in the water

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Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU): Measure of how much of a light that is shown through the water is scattered on the opposite side of the sample

Total Suspended
Solids (TSS): Miligrams per liter of solids

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Suspended - a sediment/particle that is floating in a body of water
Eutrophication - Process of a water body being filled with

Algal blooms - Population spike in algae resulting from eutrophication which depletes the dissolved oxygen in the water, killing animals in the water

Point Source Pollution - Pollution from a substantial, traceable origin

Non-Point Source Pollution - Pollution from a non-substantial, non-traceable origin but collectively makes a problem

Runoff - excess water when the areas water table has been filled and there is still water available in the area

Total Dissolved Solids - The measure of all ions and other particles which have dissolved into a body of water

Erosion - The moving of materials from where they had originated

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Humans cause increased amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in water. These nutrients
may over-fertilize the water, resulting in excess aquatic plant growth. When these plants die and decay they consume oxygen, leading to a drop in concentration.
Link

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Construction sites leading to increased erosion and solids in the water, can also be caused though human activities stirring up sediments on the bottom of the body of water

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Causes
- slowed growth rates, reduced immune systems, and death in fish
- Can change the availability of food and disrupt migration patterns of waterborne species.

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Dissolved oxygen levels should not reach over 110%. When the dissolved oxygen levels drop below 5.0 ppm, there is a direct relationship between the stress of the aquatic life and the lower the concentration.
Link

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Alkaline - having the properties of an alkali, or containing alkali; having a pH greater than 7.
Acidic -

1. having the properties of an acid, or containing acid; having a pH below 7.

Hydroxyl - of or denoting the radical —OH, present in alcohols and many other organic compounds.
Hydrogen - a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
Logarithmic units - is an abstract mathematical unit that can be used to express any quantity (physical or mathematical) that is defined on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function.

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Electricity - a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles
Ions - an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
Dissolve - become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution
Conductor - a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons, move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage
Charge - the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field
Anions - negatively charged ions
Cations - positively charged ions

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According to United States EPA, nitrate concentration in drinking water for humans should never exceed an MCL (maximum containment level) of 10mg/l.

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The conductivity of water is measured in µS/cm; Micro-Siemens per centimeter.

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Nutrient level/concentration or the Maximum Containment Level, is measured in milligrams per liter (mg/l).

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Nitrogen is introduced or brought into the environment by humans through the use of fertilizers and sewage. The nitrates are then brought into water supplies through runoff during rainstorms.

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Typically, the conductivity of drinking water should be between 0.5 to 3 µS/cm. The conductivity of freshwater (i.e. rivers and streams) ranges from 125 to 2200 µS/cm for lowland rivers, 30 to 350 µS/cm for upland rivers, and 20 to 30 µS/cm for lakes and reservoirs. I found the discrepancy between drinkable water and freshwater astonishing because each value is quite far from the drinkable standard.

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High levels of nitrates in water can cause algae blooms, which can kill all life in a lake or pond. Also, high concentrations of nitrates(over 10 mg/l) can make water supplies undrinkable.

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https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1136/circ1136.html#WHATARE

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Some human causes are when humans drive vehicles and burn carbon dioxide and it goes into the air and goes into rain water.

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The problems with pH levels is that if they get to high the pH levels could kill fish or stop there reproduction process, which is caused by acid rain which doesn't affect humans but, does effect the lives of plants and animals killing them or causing problems with the process of life for them.

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Sudden increases of water conductivity are quite often due to water pollution by humans. When solid waste is dumped into water, it can change the composition of the water and thus the conductivity changes with it. This disposal of waste into freshwater can change the charge of ions by allowing molecules to form new bonds with the waste itself.

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The conductivity of water can affect the organisms that live in it, as well as animals that drink it. Fish and other aquatic animals can tolerate certain ranges of water conductivity. This means that if the ionic composition of water changes, it can harm the animals that live in and those that drink it.