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A. Religious differences between groups of people, as well as discrimination can lead to conflict and violence among ethnic groups. Religious differences can cause attempts at conversion in other ethnic groups, which could cause anger towards the other group. Discrimination against certain ethnic groups can lead to violence against the discriminators due to protests or acts against this discrimination.
B. The eastern boundary of Western Christianity in the year 1500 is an example of the international implication of ethnic conflict. This line runs along what are now the boundaries between Finland and Russia and between the Baltic states and Russia, cuts through Belarus and Ukraine separating the more Catholic western Ukraine from Orthodox eastern Ukraine, swings westward separating Transylvania from the rest of Romania, and then goes through Yugoslavia almost exactly along the line now separating Croatia and Slovenia from the rest of Yugoslavia. This created a major divide between these groups of people, economically, religiously, and in other ways. This could and has created ethnic conflict.
C. Ethnic conflict is inevitable. This is because no two ethnic groups will ever agree on every single topic. This will lead to minor disputes or major, depending on the number of misalignments there are between the people. Therefore, there will always be conflict between ethnic groups as long as there is more than one.

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A. Ethnic conflict resulting in violence can be caused by religious differences. Religious extremists consider their religion to be supreme and they reach high lengths to prove their beliefs. Sometimes acts like these lead to violence. An example of this would be the Rohingya genocide; a conflict between Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims. An ethnic cleansing rooted in islamophobia, amongst other things. Another cause is deeming the opposing ethnicity as inferior. When one ethnic group is far superior to the other, it causes a power imbalance. Although the Holocaust was a racial matter rather than an ethnic conflict, it still depicts the result of one group of people deeming themselves superior compared to the rest.

B. An international ethnic conflict is Boko Haram residing in Northeastern Nigeria and other countries in Africa. Boko Haram is a terrorist group that wishes to create an Islamic state by overthrowing the government; they are religious extremists. To achieve their goal, they inflict violence upon anything or anyone that crosses their path. The presence of Boko Haram has damaged Nigeria’s fertile lands and destroyed a lot of buildings with bombs. It has also affected economic growth, along with politicians' lack of leadership.

C. Although ethnic differences do not necessarily mean conflict and/or violence, the world is evolving which means that conflict amongst ethnicities and nations is inevitable. According to the assigned article, “The most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another.” Just like humans argue because of differences, civilizations are bound to clash because of differences.

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A) One cause of ethnic conflict and violence is cultures/civilizations having different views and opinions on political, social, and economic aspects. For example, cultures are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition, and religion. These differences are the products of centuries and differences among cultures have generated the most prolonged and the most violent conflicts. Disagreement regarding religion, government, and society can cause ethnic conflict and violence. Another cause of ethnic conflict and violence is the processes of economic modernization and social change throughout the world are separating people from long-standing local identities. For example, civilizations/cultures are facing differing opinions within their group regarding old traditions and beliefs that challenge more modern ideas. In regards to religion, there are fundamentalists who believe in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture in religion, while the other hand there are those who are more concerned with secular humanism. The differences within a culture can also contribute to conflict and violence within a culture/civilization

B) The Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be an example of a global, international implication of ethnic conflict on countries. Public declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine created early tension in the region. Following the implementation of the Mandate for Palestine, which included a binding obligation on the British Government for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" the tension grew into sectarian conflict between Jews and Arabs. The rise of religious and anti-Semitism led to a resurgence of pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe in the late 19th century, stimulating Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe. Zionism aimed to establish a Jewish state in Palestine and the Balfour Declaration of 1917 announced by Great Britain provided for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. This resulted in increasing tensions and hostilities between the Jewish community and the Arab community in the region.

C) Ethnic conflict is inevitable because cultures are bound to disagree on topics regarding politics, religion, society, economics, and beliefs in general. Differences between civilizations are real and important, and conflict between civilizations will supplant ideological and other forms of conflict. Ultimately, due to the differences between cultures, humans will be unable to come together and live in a society that has qualities that contradicts their beliefs and traditions.

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A. One cause of ethnic conflict and violence is the increase of integration. Or rather that interaction between ethnic groups are becoming more common. An example provided in the article is how North Africans immigrating to France caused conflict. Seeing people that are incredibly different from you often causes unneeded violence. Another cause of ethnic conflict and violence could very well be religion. Differing religions and beliefs cause many conflicts. Relgion gives people a sense of identity, but also gives them hatred for those different than them.
B. The Holocaust could be considered an ethnic conflict, though bordering more on ethnic cleansing. The hatred for Judaism and Jews, and the feeling of superiority for those who were Catholic and German caused massive genocide and torture amongst the Jews. Though the Holocaust was primarily in Germany, the Jews taken in came from multiple other countries surrounding.
C. Ethnic conflict is inventible due to how different we are. There is simply no way we can reach pure harmony due to these differences. Humans mostly find solace in those who are the same as them, not the opposite. Seeing someone who is purely different from you is very confusing, which can further lead to violence due to said confusion.

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a. explain TWO causes of ethnic conflict and violence: global politics is one of the causes. it causes civilizations to crash because of difference of opinion. social change is another one of the causes. as society evolves, beliefs change. however, some stay the same. this can cause conflict in how a life should really be lived. it can cause questions of one’s identity.

b. discuss ONE global, international implication of ethnic conflict on countries: the basque conflict was an international ethnic conflict, also known as the Spain-ETA conflict. this was a political matter that lasted 52 years. in those 52 years, much happened. a social and political organization wanted independence from Spain and France. they decided to plan a movement against a terrorist organization, the ETA. this conflict had both political and military dimensions. In the end, this conflict resulted in over one thousand deaths and many injuries. In 2011, the ETA surrendered and disbanded.

c. discuss ONE reason why or why not ethnic conflict is inevitable: ethnic conflict is inevitable because countries are bound to have a misunderstanding of some sort. different countries have different people with different opinions. different opinions can lead to conflict if handled poorly. since these traits are in everyone, ethnic conflict will eventually happen.

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DYLAN STOREY                                                             A) Two causes of ethnic conflict and violence are different views/opinions and cultural supremacy. There were two nations that had different views on how a nation should be ruled by. One nation thought that liberal democracy was better and wanted the other nation to change to a democracy. The other nation believed that communism was best and wanted to remain communist. This formed a conflict which then led to a cold war. Another cause is cultural supremacy when one ethnic group believes it is better than a different ethnic group. For example, Nazis believed that they were superior to Jewish people because they had blue eyes and blonde hair. Because of them believing that a conflict emerged which caused violence. The Nazis sought out Jews and were trying to eradicate them and make them work.                                                       B) The Protestant and Ottoman Empire. A line runs along what are now the boundaries between Finland and Russia and between the Baltic states and Russia, cuts through Belarus and Ukraine separating the more Catholic western Ukraine from Orthodox eastern Ukraine, swings westward separating Transylvania from the rest of Romania, and then goes through Yugoslavia almost exactly along the line now separating Croatia and Slovenia from the rest of Yugoslavia. The peoples to the north and west of this line are Protestant or Catholic; they shared the common experiences of European history, so they are generally economically better off than the peoples to the east. The peoples to the east and south of this line are Orthodox or Muslim; they historically belonged to the Ottoman or Tsarist empires and were only lightly touched by the shaping events in the rest of Europe; they are generally less advanced economically; they seem much less likely to develop stable democratic political systems. The Velvet Curtain of culture has replaced the Iron Curtain of ideology as the most significant dividing line in Europe. As the events in Yugoslavia show, it is not only a line of difference; it is also at times a line of bloody conflict which can start to arise an international problem.                                                   C) I believe ethnic conflict is inevitable because people will always have a different view on something, or people will think that they are better than one another. Those thoughts can lead to an argument which can lead to a conflict and so on. Humans or people usually fight for what they think is right whether it is peacefully like protest, or violently like wars.        

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DYLAN STOREY                                                             A) Two causes of ethnic conflict and violence are different views/opinions and cultural supremacy. There were two nations that had different views on how a nation should be ruled by. One nation thought that liberal democracy was better and wanted the other nation to change to a democracy. The other nation believed that communism was best and wanted to remain communist. This formed a conflict which then led to a cold war. Another cause is cultural supremacy when one ethnic group believes it is better than a different ethnic group. For example, Nazis believed that they were superior to Jewish people because they had blue eyes and blonde hair. Because of them believing that a conflict emerged which caused violence. The Nazis sought out Jews and were trying to eradicate them and make them work.                                                       B) The Protestant and Ottoman Empire. A line runs along what are now the boundaries between Finland and Russia and between the Baltic states and Russia, cuts through Belarus and Ukraine separating the more Catholic western Ukraine from Orthodox eastern Ukraine, swings westward separating Transylvania from the rest of Romania, and then goes through Yugoslavia almost exactly along the line now separating Croatia and Slovenia from the rest of Yugoslavia. The peoples to the north and west of this line are Protestant or Catholic; they shared the common experiences of European history, so they are generally economically better off than the peoples to the east. The peoples to the east and south of this line are Orthodox or Muslim; they historically belonged to the Ottoman or Tsarist empires and were only lightly touched by the shaping events in the rest of Europe; they are generally less advanced economically; they seem much less likely to develop stable democratic political systems. The Velvet Curtain of culture has replaced the Iron Curtain of ideology as the most significant dividing line in Europe. As the events in Yugoslavia show, it is not only a line of difference; it is also at times a line of bloody conflict which can start to arise an international problem.                                                   C) I believe ethnic conflict is inevitable because people will always have a different view on something, or people will think that they are better than one another. Those thoughts can lead to an argument which can lead to a conflict and so on. Humans or people usually fight for what they think is right whether it is peacefully like protest, or violently like wars.        

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Read the following articles and answer the following question.
1. www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/S6800/courseworks/foreign_aff_huntington.pdf

A. Explain TWO causes of ethnic conflict and violence.
B. Discuss ONE global, international implication of ethnic conflict on countries.
C. Discuss ONE reason why or why not ethnic conflict is inevitable.