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As the economy grew during the Gilded Age, so did cities. Many people moved to the cities for higher wages, business, or, if they were wealthy, to build mansions. In these cities, there was a divide between the extremely wealthy and the poor. This divide was partially caused by urbanization.

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This painting shows problems  in NY caused by urbanization. When Immigrants moved to cities for higher wages, the population grew rapidly. Everyone was crowded together, and there were fewer resources. In the painting, there is only one building, one fire, and one horse. Factories and horses also caused pollution. In the painting, everything is somewhat brown or gray, and the trees are dead.

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Horse Drawn Cabs at Evening New York, Frederick Childe Hassam, 1890

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Horse Drawn Cabs at Evening New York, Frederick Childe Hassam, 1890

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This painting is of Madison Avenue, a trendy place in NY during the Gilded Age. In this painting, wealth is represented by glowing, gold lights and well-dressed people. The painting shows how money from businesses increased urbanization. The wealthy spent money on mansions, clothes, and entertainment, creating new jobs. They also used horse-drawn cabs, which was an efficient way to travel, and helped the horse industry.

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Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890

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Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890

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As an immigrant, Riis was familiar with living in a tenement. He wanted to share his experiences so people would understand how urbanization was affecting the poor.

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Out of forty-eight boys twenty had never seen the Brooklyn Bridge that was scarcely five minutes’ walk away, three only had been in Central Park, fifteen had known the joy of a ride in a horse-car. The street, with its ash-barrels and its dirt, the river that runs foul with mud, are their domain.

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While others were hurt by urbanization, Andrew Carnegie benefited from it. Carnegie argued why the class divide caused by it was actually good for society.

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The laws of accumulation should be left free; the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue. But the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it did, or would have done, of itself. The best in minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows save by using it year-by-year for the general good.

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Excerpt from Interview done by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1848

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Excerpt from Interview done by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1848

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To begin them with the monster intemperance, as he has many horns, let me take hold of him by one at a time, give it a powerful shake and pull, and thus find out his weakest and his strongest points. First, let us consider him civilly, (tho' a most uncivil beast he is) or as a creature of law.

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As the American economy flourished after World War II, new infrastructure and businesses were being built in the cities. Because of this, the American city became tightly intertwined, even in a physically large space.

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Seventh Avenue Greenwich Village, Alfred S. Mira, Circa 1940's

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Seventh Avenue Greenwich Village, Alfred S. Mira, Circa 1940's

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This painting reveals how skyscrapers and other large buildings made the modern city a center of commerce. This increased amount of activity made the city much more compact, bringing together the American people rather than dividing them.

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As the American economy grew, advancements in business and infrastructure made cities less divided, allowing them to become larger and more interconnected.

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As the American economy grew, advancements in business and infrastructure made cities less divided, allowing them to become larger and more interconnected.

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As America experienced its Market Revolution, the rural areas developed into cities. Though urbanization created many social problems, reforms arose to adjust to the new lifestyles.

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Boston Manufacturing Company Waltham Mills, Elijah Smith, painted in 1825

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Boston Manufacturing Company Waltham Mills, Elijah Smith, painted in 1825

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The mass creation of bridges after World War II transformed cities into tightly wound communities. New York City shows how these bridges furthered the interconnectivity of the American city, and added to an already robust economy.

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This is a painting of the Waltham Textile Mills, owned by Lowell's company. As shown, a factory is stationed in what was previously a forest. Also, the beginning of town is shown, creating more of an urban feeling. This mill, along with Lowell Mill, created opportunities for women, but unequal wages at the same time.

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In The Vertical City, Duffus acknowledges Americans' inherent love for skyscrapers. It is this captivation of infrastructure which draws Americans to cities.

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"View of South Street, from Maiden Lane, New York City" William James Bennett, painted in 1827

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"View of South Street, from Maiden Lane, New York City" William James Bennett, painted in 1827

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Skyscrapers are undoubtedly popular with the man of the street. He watches them with tender, if somewhat fearsome, interest from the moment the hole is dug until the last Gothic waterspout is put in place. Perhaps the nearest a New Yorker ever comes to civic pride is when he contemplates the skyline and realizes that there is and has been nothing to match it in the world.

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In the 1940's, urbanization began to manifest itself through small businesses such as department stores. The Tribune notes that these stores integrated into American city life, and supplied goods to people of all classes.

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This painting shows a common port in New York City. Urbanization was fueled by trade and markets as well as the expansion of cities. This shows the amount of people that live in the city and problems of population.

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Now, in the midst of World War II, technology is given a new impetus. What goods resulting from these advances will gain the preference? Airplanes? The many items depending upon electronics? Amid all the potentials of change the department store approaches the future with numerous advantages... Department stores have become a part of the culture of the communities in which they do business.

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A major issue that came along with the growth of cities was disorder and violence. This was a huge problem with urbanization because cities were unregulated and overcrowded. The excerpt puts the issues in the hands of the government and demands for reforms of conflict in cities.

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"Democracy in Cities"-excerpt from Harper's Weekly, 1859 (Baltimore) 

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"Democracy in Cities"-excerpt from Harper's Weekly, 1859 (Baltimore) 

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It will probably take some time before these views prevail, but they will prevail in the end. When they do, our cities will be better governed than they are, and the "irrepressible conflict" between rowdies and the established authorities will be less inconvenient than it is at present.

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Another problem that arose with urbanization was alcohol consumption. The temperance is the idea to ban alcohol due to its negative impact on society which ruins families and jobs. This excerpt highlights the power and influence of alcohol on men. It also calls for reforms in law and in the individual in order to adjust to this new problem during the Market Revolution.