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This article goes into detail about each theory behind the creation of crop circles. People believe they are the causes of everything from the devil himself, aliens and UFOs, ghosts, undetected energies, mother nature, psychic powers and even Bigfoot. Although many crop circles have been proven to be man made, numerous professionals and spectators still aren't convinced. These theories are a result of a lack of explanation. Because many people believe that the cause of these formations are still unexplained, they have created these various theories to explain them for themselves. Although the article may be biased towards debunking these theories, it is unlikely that all of or even any of these theories are valid.

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This massive 780-foot (238 meters) crop circle appeared in 2001 in the remote area of Milk Hill in Wiltshire, England. The elaborate design is composed of 409 circles that form a pattern called a double, or six-sided, triskelion, which is a motif consisting of three interlocking spirals.

Credit: Handy Marks | public domain

Crop circles - strange patterns that appear mysteriously overnight in farmers' fields-provoke puzzlement, delight and intrigue among the press and public alike. The circles are mostly found in the United Kingdom, but have spread to dozens of countries around the world in past decades. The mystery has inspired countless books, blogs, fan groups, researchers (dubbed "cereologists") and even Hollywood films.

Despite having been studied for decades, the question remains: Who - or what - is making them?

Many people believe that crop circles have been reported for centuries, a claim repeated in many books and websites devoted to the mystery. Their primary piece of evidence is a woodcut from 1678 that appears to show a field of oat stalks laid out in a circle. Some take this to be a first-hand eyewitness account of a crop circle, but a little historical investigation shows otherwise.

A woodcut pamphlet that some claim represents an early crop circle.

The woodcut actually illustrates what in folklore is called a "mowing devil" legend, in which an English farmer told a worker with whom he was feuding that he "would rather pay the Devil himself" to cut his oat field than pay the fee demanded. The source of the harvesting is not unknown or mysterious; it is indeed Satan himself, who - complete with signature horns and a tail - can be seen in the woodcut holding a scythe.

Some claim that the first crop circles (though they were not called that at the time) appeared near the small town of Tully, Australia. In 1966, a farmer said he saw a flying saucer rise up from a swampy area and fly away; when he went to investigate he saw a roughly circular area of debris and apparently flattened reeds and grass, which he assumed had been made by the alien spacecraft (but which police investigators said was likely caused by a natural phenomena such as a dust devil or waterspout). Referred in the press as "flying saucer nests," this story is more a UFO report than a crop circle report.

As in the 1678 mowing devil legend, the case for it being linked to crop circles is especially weak when we consider that the impression or formation was not made in a crop of any kind but instead in ordinary grass. A round impression in a lawn or grassy area is not necessarily mysterious (as anyone with a kiddie pool in the back yard knows). Indeed, mysterious circles have appeared in grass throughout the world that are sometimes attributed to fairies but instead caused by disease.

In fact, the first real crop circles didn't appear until the 1970s, when simple circles began appearing in the English countryside. The number and complexity of the circles increased dramatically, reaching a peak in the 1980s and 1990s when increasingly elaborate circles were produced, including those illustrating complex mathematical equations.

In July 1996, one of the world's most complex and spectacular crop circles appeared in England, across a highway from the mysterious and world-famous Stonehenge monument in the Wiltshire countryside. It was astonishing fractal pattern called a Julia Set, and while some simple or rough circles might be explained away as the result of a strange weather phenomenon, this one unmistakably demonstrated intelligence. The only question was whether that intelligence was terrestrial or extra-terrestrial.

Making the design all the more mysterious, it was claimed that the circle appeared in less than an hour and during the daytime - which, if true, would be virtually impossible for hoaxers to accomplish. The circle became one of the most famous and important crop circles in history.

It was later revealed that the circle had in fact been made in about three hours (by three hoaxers) very early that morning. It simply hadn't been noticed until the following afternoon when spotted from an airplane overhead.

People inspect crop circles within a golden wheat field in Switzerland. The photo was taken on July 29, 2007.

Credit: Jabberocky public domain

Unlike other mysterious phenomenon such as psychic powers, ghosts, or Bigfoot, there is no doubt that crop circles are "real." The evidence that they exist is clear and overwhelming. The real question is instead what creates them - and there are ways to investigate that question.

We can look at both internal and external evidence to evaluate crop circles. Internal information includes the content and meaning of the designs (is there anything that indicates that any information contained in the "messages" is of extraterrestrial origin?), and external information, including the physical construction of the crop designs themselves (is there anything that indicates that the designs were created by anything other than humans?)

Crop circle enthusiasts have come up with many theories about what create the patterns, ranging from the plausible to the absurd. One explanation in vogue in the early 1980s was that the mysterious circle patterns were accidentally produced by the especially vigorous sexual activity of horny hedgehogs. Some people have suggested that the circles are somehow created by localized and precise wind patterns, or by scientifically undetectable Earth energy fields and meridians called ley lines.

Others, such as molecular biologist Horace Drew, suggest that the answer lies instead in time travel or alien life. He theorizes that the patterns could be made by human time travelers from the distant future to help them navigate our planet. Drew, working on the assumption that the designs are intended as messages, believes he has decoded crop circle symbols and that they contain messages such as "Believe," "There is good out there," "Beware the bearers of false gifts and their broken promises," and "We oppose deception" (all, presumably, in English).

However, these odd, pseudo-biblical messages undermine the credibility of the crop circles, or at least the meaning read into them. Of all the information that an extraterrestrial intelligence might choose to convey to humanity - ranging from how to contact them to engineering secrets of faster-than-light travel - these aliens chose to impart intentionally cryptic messages about false gifts, broken promises, and hope for mankind (along with what seems to be a reference to a popular "The X-Files" slogan).

Many who favor an extraterrestrial explanation claim that aliens physically make the patterns themselves from spaceships; others suggest that they do it using invisible energy beams from space, saving them the trip down here. Still others believe that it is human, not extraterrestrial, thought and intelligence that is behind the patterns - not in the form of hoaxers but some sort of global psychic power that manifests itself in wheat and other crops.

Another triskelion crop circle. The symbol can be used to represent cycles, progress or competition.

Credit: Thomas J. Sutter, Jr. public domain

While there are countless theories, the only known, proven cause of crop circles is humans. Their origin remained a mystery until September 1991, when two men confessed that they had created the patterns for decades as a prank to make people think UFOs had landed (they had been inspired by the 1966 Tully UFO report). They never claimed to have made all the circles - many were copycat pranks done by others - but their hoax launched the crop circle phenomena.

Most crop circle researchers admit that the vast majority of crop circles are created by hoaxers. But, they claim, there's a remaining tiny percentage that they can't explain. The real problem is that (despite unproven claims by a few researchers that stalks found inside "real" crop circles show unusual characteristics), there is no reliable scientific way to distinguish "real" crop circles from man-made ones.

While there are always a few exceptions, virtually all crop circles share a set of common characteristics.

Circles. Crop circles, as the name implies, almost always involve circles - rarely triangles, rectangles, or squares, though some designs contain straight or curved lines. Perhaps not coincidentally, a circle is the easiest pattern for hoaxers to create.

This design of three flying birds was created on Aug. 3, 2003, in the county of Wiltshire in southern England. The birds, which resemble swallows, have ever-diminishing circles trailing behind their wing tips.

Credit: public domain

Nocturnal creation. Crop circles are formed overnight, often sighted by farmers or passersby the next morning. Though there seems no logical reason for extraterrestrials or earth energies to only create patterns at night, it is obviously a great advantage for hoaxers to create the designs under the cover of darkness; full moon nights are especially popular.

Camera shyness. Crop circles have never been recorded being made (except, of course, for those created by hoaxers). This is a very suspicious trait; after all, if mysterious earthly forces or aliens are at work, there's no reason to think that they wouldn't happen when cameras are recording.

Access to roads. Crop circles usually appear in fields that provide reasonably easy public access, close to roads and highways. They rarely appear in remote, inaccessible areas. Because of this, the patterns are usually noticed within a day or two of their creation by passing motorists.

There are many theories about what creates crop circles, including aliens, mysterious vortices, time travelers and wind patterns, but they all lack one important element: good evidence. The only known cause of crop circles is humans. Perhaps one day a mysterious, unknown source will be discovered for crop circles, but until the perhaps they are best thought of as collective public art.

Additional resources

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Crop circles - strange patterns that appear mysteriously overnight in farmers' fields-provoke puzzlement, delight and intrigue among the press and public alike. The circles are mostly found in the United Kingdom, but have spread to dozens of countries around the world in past decades.

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Alongside the idea that alien UFOs are the cause of crop circles, the idea that they are doing so in order to communicate with us is another coinciding belief. In this article, Dr Horace Drew explains what he believes crop circles are telling us and why it is important to study them.
This is an example of patternicity. Dr. Drew has spent years studying various crop circles and has tried to find messages in the meaningless patterns. There are no identical patterns that can be connected in meaning and the majority of crop circles have been deemed a hoax, therefore is is easy to say that their is no meaning other than an art form mixed with the mystical stigma behind crop circles. Patternicity is a common reason for belief as people often look for meaning in things that aren't there.

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This is an image of an underwater circle created by a male pufferfish's swim patterns during a mating pursuit. This natural formation is much less mysterious than the ones above water and has people questioning if crop circles can also be explained by natural forces that we have yet to discover. Scientists have looked into the idea of something happening to the crops underneath into the earth that could be causing them to fall into the formations. Although we cannot prove this theory either, even more logical theories such as this one are created as a result of unexplained phenomena.

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Image #2 - Hertfordshire Mowing Devil of 1678

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Image #2 - Hertfordshire Mowing Devil of 1678

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This is an image of the woodcut titled "The Mowing Devil" created in 1678 which is believed to be the first depicted crop circle. Although crop circles have only been reported being created for a couple of decades, many people believe that this ancient image is the first of their kind.
This ancient belief has lead people to believe that crop circles are created by the devil himself and have been around for much longer than reported.

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UFOs have been thought responsible for the elaborate crop formations for decades. Although it is an extraordinary claim that cannot be proven, many people still choose to believe in it. This is an example of agenticity, meaning that although UFOs and aliens do not scientifically exist, people created the idea of them to assign as an explanation.

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In this article we learn about a Saskatchewan farmer named Edwin Fuhr who recalls his UFO encounter before discovering five ringed crop circles.
Fuhr explains that he saw lights in his field and went to investigate thinking it was some kind of prank, only to discover what he describes as a real UFO that was hovering a foot above the ground, was moving at an unreal fast rate and was made up of a steel looking material. He claims that he was in a trance, unable to move before they took off out of sight. He then found five crop circles in their place later on.
Fuhr became an international sensation with his story. However, Fuhr was also the only one to witness this and there is no actual evidence to prove what he saw was real. Perception and observation is a common factor that occurs with extraordinary beliefs. It is very possible that Fuhr's eyes were playing tricks on him or that he was actually seeing something completely different from what he recalls. Eye witness accounts are often misconceptions and cannot be completely reliable.

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Kneeling on his living-room floor, Edwin Fuhr reaches beneath a TV cabinet decorated with angel statues and family photos to insert a VHS tape into his video cassette recorder.

It shows Fuhr smoking a cigarette as he looks over a collection of photos scattered on a kitchen table. They're intriguing images of strange circular patterns on a field - remnants of Fuhr's sighting of what he believes were UFOs. Interviews with Fuhr are all over the Internet, but not this one, circa 1988.

A province away, at his Winnipeg home, retired Mountie Ron Morier also has a keepsake from the time when he and Fuhr and a small Saskatchewan town became an international sensation. "UFO Incident: Langenburg, Sask. Sept 1, 1974," reads the cover of Morier's black binder.

Lifting that cover feels like opening a secret document that should be stamped "classified" in bold, red letters. It contains a police report, newspaper clippings, faded photographs and letters from scientists with the Canadian government.

Morier jokingly calls it his X-File, a fitting nod to the sci-fi TV show that often focused on aliens, UFOs and the paranormal. It's a treasure trove any UFO aficionado would covet.

A business card in the binder bears the name Dr. J. Allen Hynek, hinting at just how seriously the "incident" was taken. One of the UFO field's most famous researchers, Hynek worked as a scientific consultant for a U.S. government initiative called project Blue Book, investigating UFO phenomena. Hynek weighed in on the Langenburg event in the media, even reportedly sending a representative to study the site, about 230 kilometres northeast of Regina.

First told before the World Wide Web or even VHS tapes, Fuhr's story today endures in corners of the Net dedicated to UFOs and extra-terrestrial life. A video interview with him on YouTube five years ago had a resurgence in popularity after taking off on the website Reddit. It's had more than 20,000 views.

And yet, some of the story's most interesting parts remain strictly analog, existing only in the possession of two men forever linked to the strange event.

There are no concrete answers for what happened on Fuhr's farm 43 years ago. Just a tantalizing story told by a Saskatchewan farmer, and the RCMP officer who believed him.

A close encounter of the second kind

Seeing a UFO up close is an incredibly rare experience. Most people just see lights in the sky, but Fuhr got closer.

Around 10:30 a.m. on Sept. 1, 1974, the then 36-year-old was swathing his fields when he saw five saucer-shaped objects on the edge of a slough.

Thinking they were duck blinds and that someone was playing a joke on him, Fuhr got off of his swather for a closer look, but still kept at least 15 feet back. He says the saucers were hovering a foot off the ground and rotating at a high rate of speed. Their surface looked like highly-polished steel.

Fuhr stopped, backed up and got on his swather. He sat there for the next 15 minutes watching them hover, too scared to move.

"They had me in a trance," says Fuhr, now 79. "I didn't even know what to do, cause I sat there and I thought, 'Well gee whiz.' "

According to Fuhr, the objects then took off - emitting a grey vapour from underneath - and disappeared into the sky. They made no sound. The objects flew away so fast that they were gone "like that," says Fuhr, clapping his hands.

He waited a few more minutes to make sure they were gone, then walked to the edge of the slough where he saw five ring patterns in the field. The grass in the centre of each circle was standing, while the grass surrounding that was flattened in a clockwise circle.

With no idea what he had just seen, Fuhr headed home home for lunch. His wife Karen and his parents could tell something was wrong.

"When he came in he just sat there," remembers Karen. "All of the sudden we asked him, 'Is there something wrong?' And ... well then he started telling us."

The Langenburg incident came at the tail end of a golden age for UFO sightings, when reports of seeing physical craft had tapered off.

Even more tantalizing, the Langenburg UFOs - if that's what they were - had left behind a physical trace, the circles. This classifies the sighting as a close encounter of the second kind.

Investigating the landing site

Later that night, Ron Morier, then a 27-year-old RCMP constable, got a phone call at the Langenburg detachment.

Fuhr's brother-in-law Carl Zorn asked if the police had fielded any UFO reports. Zorn had heard of Fuhr's experience in a phone call. Although the cop and the in-law were skeptical, both men thought there was little reason to think Fuhr would make up such a tale.

"He's the last guy in the world that would. I mean he was a teetotaller. He's a churchgoer, a very quiet, shy man," says Morier.

He decided to check it out. Being an RCMP officer in small-town Saskatchewan in the 1970s, he had time. Morier and his colleagues provided what he wistfully refers to as "gold-plated policing." No job was too small.

"Back in those days, anytime anybody approached us about anything, we responded," says Morier.

The next day, he checked out the markings in Fuhr's field. What caused them? Morier still doesn't know to this day.

Five circles fit with the same five objects Fuhr saw. Morier's report says the flattened portion of the circles was approximately 18 inches. The total diameter of two of the circles was 12 feet, while the other three were 10.5 feet.

There was no physical evidence in the area that would indicate someone had driven in and made the circles.

"Whatever made those impressions in his slough there came from the sky and left the same way," says Morier.

Fuhr was the only person at the farm who saw the UFOs. Despite how fantastic the story was, Morier could not come up with a reason why this quiet farmer would make it up.

"He is a responsible person, and his information is considered reliable," wrote Morier in his report.

He doesn't think Fuhr was seeking fame, or even wanted his brother-in-law to tell police about it.

"Why would he want thousands of people coming to his little place there and trampling all over his yard and his fields and all of that?" asks Morier.

The fire in the field

Once the story got picked up by the media, thousands of people flocked to Fuhr's farm. He says cars were lined up "bumper to bumper" along the road from his farm to Langenburg.

It couldn't have come at a worse time.

It was harvest time, and people were literally getting in the way of the family's work. Tourists, UFO enthusiasts and onlookers from all over were trying to get to the site and to Fuhr.

"They were chasing us down in the middle of the field," he recalls, saying some drove right in front of his combine.

"My brother was getting upset and dad was getting upset," says Fuhr. "I said, 'What the heck am I supposed to do?' "

He says a plane carrying Australians who wanted to see the site even landed on a field adjacent to his farm.

Hoping to deter onlookers, Fuhr's father finally set fire to the grass surrounding the slough where the circles were. It didn't help though, as markings were still visible on the ground. Fuhr thinks they may have been made by legs stretching out from the UFOs.

The phone at the family's home was also tied up with people from all over the world calling Fuhr. He says one call came from the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong. The two-hour conversation, Fuhr says, involved Armstrong telling Fuhr that astronauts saw UFOs when travelling through space, but were told not to divulge that to the public.

"He said 'It's real all right.' "

Asked about the possibility of people making crank calls, Fuhr says the conversation convinced him it was indeed Armstrong.

Fuhr never began turning people away, or refusing to pick up the phone. He shrugs, and says he accepted that people were interested.

"I couldn't do nothing about it. You know how people are," he says. "Once the public finds out there's something out there, they'll all come out and see."

A farmer made famous

Fuhr and his wife now live a quiet life in a bungalow in Langenburg. He retired from farming in 1989 and runs a landscaping and snow blowing business. To keep his mind occupied, Fuhr does carpentry in his spare time.

And he also enjoys reading books about UFOs.

Some of those books even mention Fuhr's story, one of North America's most famous UFO encounters. It was even featured on a History Channel documentary about UFOs. A cheesy dramatization of the sighting was made, with an actor playing Fuhr sitting on what looked more like a backhoe than a swather.

The setting for the video is a poor backdrop for Saskatchewan, with hills and trees in the background rather than fields. When the actor playing Morier arrives on scene, he's wearing the stereotypical red serge, dress uniform of the RCMP - definitely not what he wore for daily duties.

Fuhr still gets the odd phone call from people curious about his encounter. He's taken no pains to make himself hard to find, and is happy to oblige anyone who calls and wants to hear the story he's told countless times.

"To me, it don't matter. I'll talk to anybody. If they want the story, I'll tell them the story."

He's friendly, funny, welcoming - and still in surprisingly good spirits about the attention.

The land where the sighting happened still gets its share of visitors. It's now farmed by Fuhr's nephew, who tells those searching for the famous site that he has no idea what they're talking about.

"He doesn't want nothing to do with it," says Fuhr.

The most he ever got for sharing his story was a complimentary breakfast from CTV when visiting the studio for an interview. And that's all right with him. Asked about ever making money from his story, he tilts his head, ponders the prospect, but then shrugs it off.

"To me it don't matter. It's out, the story's out long already."

Fuhr doesn't give much thought to his status as a UFO celebrity. "If I had to think about all that I think I'd go bananas," says Fuhr.

He is so humble about the experience, he doesn't even like to take credit for it. "It was not my doings. It's somebody from outer space that's doing it, not me," says Fuhr. "I'm a spectator just as well as all the rest are."

Saskatchewan's own Fox Mulder

After the Langenburg incident, Morier took his share of ribbing from his colleagues, who sometimes called him Mulder, after the X-Files investigator.

But it never negatively affected his career in the RCMP, which was extensive.

Morier became a composite artist and also trained to reconstruct the facial features of unidentified deceased people using sculpting techniques. During the rise of the computer, he worked on the RCMP's initiative to begin doing composite sketches digitally.

After retiring from the RCMP with 27 years of service, he travelled all over the U.S. while working as a consultant on the TV show America's Most Wanted. His last job was teaching at the Northwest Law Enforcement Academy in Winnipeg for 14 years.

Morier occasionally grants interview requests from the media or UFO researchers. But he knows they will inevitably lead to more phone calls.

"I don't know why I do it cause I know it's going to come back and bite me in the ass again," he says.

Years ago, Morier was contacted by an engineer from Japan who wanted to learn more about the sighting. While the subject is a hotbed for conspiracy theories, every person who reached out to him seemed legitimate.

"I didn't talk to any kooks, I don't think."

Morier has never tried to hide from the event. If anything, he's preserved it with his binder.

"I'm a bit of a collector that way. I've got lots of old reports and stuff," says Morier.

One of the most precious items in the binder is a handwritten letter from the National Research Council to Fuhr. Dated Oct. 4, 1974, just over a month after Fuhr's sighting, the letter explains how scientists have been unable to find any evidence that aliens landed in Fuhr's farm, and asks for more samples.

The NRC says it no longer possesses any research on the Langenburg incident. Only one brief record acknowledging Fuhr's sighting exists at the Library Archives of Canada.

Morier has no ill feelings about the Langenburg incident, or its persistence to keep popping up in his life. He still has fond memories of policing the small community.

"To be honest with you it was the best time of my life," says Morier.

I want to believe

Fuhr is convinced what he saw that day was extraterrestrial.

Over the years, he has taken an interest in the subject of UFOs, and is well read on the subject. He refers to government cover-ups, Roswell and popular theories that aliens may be concerned about global conflicts on Earth.

No scientific investigation has ever found evidence that alien craft landed at Fuhr's farm. There were no other witness reports. The truth comes down to Fuhr.

Whether his recent YouTube interview, or footage from the old VHS interview in 1988, most of the details are remarkably similar. The fact he has kept it so consistent over the years is one of things that makes it so compelling for Winnipeg-based science writer Chris Rutkowski.

"You'd think that after all these years he might want to embellish the story, but he tends to tell the same story over and over again. The story as of late hasn't developed into glowing green goo and aliens with almond-shaped eyes and that type of thing," says Rutkowski, who publishes an annual survey on UFO reports in Canada. "It's a very straight story, so it's compelling to think that this probably really did happen as he describes it."

But is it proof enough?

"I guess the assumption is if it's not ours, whose is it? But on the other hand we just don't have the proof to make that quantum jump to say this definitely was proof of alien visitation in Langenburg," says Rutkowski.

The story was compelling enough to be taken seriously by the federal government. Grass and soil samples were sent to the upper atmosphere research branch of the National Research Council, but no conclusions could ever be drawn.

The scientists were intrigued by a black substance found as a precipitate, especially in a sample that was taken from one of the rings that appeared to be burned. The sample was sent to Simon Fraser University for x-ray fluorescence analysis, but no conclusions could be drawn.

Fuhr doesn't really care who believes or doesn't. People have been telling him since the 1970s that it was all in his head.

"I had a guy from Quebec come out, and he figures I was smoking pot," says Fuhr.

But to this day, Morier still believes Fuhr is being honest about what he saw.

"Why would he just out of the blue make this up?'" says the former officer.

The media ran with Morier's findings, and in some cases used them as confirmation that flying saucers had landed. A headline from a newspaper in Newfoundland read "RCMP officer convinced UFOs were real."

While Morier believes Fuhr to be truthful, he doesn't believe in UFOs or little green men. The uncertainty of the Langenburg incident frustrated Morier because as intriguing as it was, it didn't yield any answers.

"It bugged me a little that it didn't confirm or not confirm that they do exist," he says. "I still don't know."

Morier notices Fuhr seems more outspoken in his interviews now than the quiet farmer he knew. He commends him for sticking to his story.

"Good on him. He'll never know and we'll never know I guess," says Morier.

"But boy that would've been quite an experience that day to see what he saw."
mmelnychuk@postmedia.com

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Inside Saskatchewan's most famous UFO sighting

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Kneeling on his living-room floor, Edwin Fuhr reaches beneath a TV cabinet decorated with angel statues and family photos to insert a VHS tape into his video cassette recorder. It shows Fuhr smoking a cigarette as he looks over a collection of photos scattered on a kitchen table.

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Video #3 - Doug and Dave - South Today 1991

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Video #3 - Doug and Dave - South Today 1991

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Doug Bower and Dave Chorley shocked the world in 1991 when they went public claiming that they were responsible for creating crop circles for over 13 years, including ones that had been deemed "genuine" by various experts including well known  Pat Delgado and Collin Andrews. In this video they demonstrate for the media and two experts how they fooled everyone for over a decade.
After watching the demonstration, Pat Delgado claims that there is no way for the pair to have created the genuine formations he has studied as in order to make the circles, they had to leave footprint evidence behind.
This is an excellent example of confirmation biased as over the years of discovering the now known man made circles, people have been baffled and chosen to believe in the extraordinary explanations behind them and chose to ignore the logical explanation.

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Video #2 - Pat Delgado Operation Blackbird

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Video #2 - Pat Delgado Operation Blackbird

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In this interview with Crop Circle Researcher Pat Delgado, we learn about his observational project called "Operation Blackbird" where him and a crew are observing an untouched cornfield over night to see what may happen.
This interview immediately show appeal to authority as Delgado is labeled as an expert on the topic, giving him credibility to viewers.
Delgado also talks about how they are going to measure any "energy" that may occur within the field to explain crop circles.
Delgado lists various explanations to the cause of crop circles including aliens and ghosts. He also disregards any realistic explanations that are brought up in the interview.

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This video reports on an Australian "dust" circle found in 2006. The reporter explains that a group of teenagers claimed that the night earlier they witness seeing strange lights flying above where the circle was found the next day. They also found local indigenous elder to interview on the subject whom shared ancient stories of aliens visiting earth and why he believes they are all true. The overall tone of this new report is biased to catch viewers' attention and play on the idea of the circles being a supernatural cause. I would not trust this video as a reliable source for research as they did not explore any other possibilities for the circles.

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Emily Southwell - Working Individually